home · networks · Crossing wires during electrical installation. European standards for electrical wiring, installation of sockets and switches. The modern standard for installing sockets and switches

Crossing wires during electrical installation. European standards for electrical wiring, installation of sockets and switches. The modern standard for installing sockets and switches

Any repair necessarily involves electrical work that is carried out during preparatory work. Eurostandard - work carried out in strict accordance with certain standards can guarantee the electrical and fire safety of the premises. In accordance with safety requirements, it is necessary to use electrical wiring with grounding.

Any repair necessarily involves electrical work that is carried out during the preparatory work. - work carried out in strict accordance with certain standards can guarantee the electrical and fire safety of the premises. In accordance with safety requirements, it is necessary to use electrical wiring with.

It is advisable to replace all electrical wiring in the room to avoid copper and aluminum connections. It is best to use copper wiring. Install sockets and switches. In case of layout features, use special channels for laying the cable. It is forbidden to lay wires under skirting boards and through openings in windows.

Use for work high-quality fittings that comply with GOST standards. In addition to the features of the technology, it implies the professionalism of specialists and high-quality warranty service.

At the request of the client. our company will install switches clearly in those places where it will be convenient for you. Regardless of any standards and without sacrificing safety.

Installing sockets.

Sockets can also be installed at different distances from the floor, but in this case, it is the most rational, since they are installed at a distance of 30 cm from the floor. This is much more convenient than the Soviet version familiar to us, when they were installed at a distance of 90 cm from the floor, this allows you to comfortably use Appliances and hide wires. But here, too, you need to remember the purpose of the room in which the sockets are installed, since, for example, in the kitchen, sometimes wires are needed above the table where the equipment is directly used. And a few words about the technical part of the topic of installing sockets, we all use European standard sockets, since those sockets that were in the recent past do not allow using most household appliances. There is such a thing as adapters, but their use is far from safe, as it can lead to fire. In European standard sockets, the diameter of the pins is 0.8 mm larger than in domestic ones. The distance between them is also different. The current strength in euro sockets is 10 A or 16 A, in domestic ones - 6.3 A or 10 A. That is, in this case, the European standard for installing sockets provides great opportunities for using household appliances.

Eurostandard installation of sockets and switches.

When it comes to repairs, everyone is faced with the question of how to install sockets and switches in their home. There is no single standard in this matter, since it depends only on the convenience and needs of each person.
To understand this issue in more detail, let's start with switches.

There are three options for installing switches:

Soviet. It consists in the fact that switches are installed at a distance of about 160 cm from the floor. For many people, this option was and remains the most suitable. Firstly, people are used to the fact that the switch is at eye level, and secondly, this option is the most rational when there is low furniture near the switch that does not allow the switch to be installed lower. Also quite a few an important factor is the presence of children, kids are very fond of playing with light, and in this option this is impossible.

Eurostandard installation of switches. This option is more modern and for some more comfortable. With the European standard, the switches are installed at a distance of 90 cm from the floor. This allows you to turn the light off and on without raising your hand or just passing by.
Installation of switches at the request of the client. The electricians of our company will install the switches clearly in the places where it will be convenient for you. Regardless of any standards and without sacrificing safety.

Installing sockets.

Sockets can also be installed at different distances from the floor, but in this case, the European standard for installing sockets is the most rational, since they are installed at a distance of 30 cm from the floor. This is much more convenient than the Soviet version we are used to, when they were installed at a distance of 90 cm from the floor, this allows you to comfortably use household appliances and hide wires. But here, too, you need to remember the purpose of the room in which the sockets are installed, since, for example, in the kitchen, sometimes wires are needed above the table where the equipment is directly used.

And a few words about the technical part of the topic of installing sockets, we all use European standard sockets, since those sockets that stood in the recent past do not allow the use of most household appliances. There is such a thing as adapters, but their use is far from safe, as it can lead to fire. In European standard sockets, the diameter of the pins is 0.8 mm larger than in domestic ones. The distance between them is also different. The current strength in euro sockets is 10 A or 16 A, in domestic ones - 6.3 A or 10 A. That is, in this case, the European standard for installing sockets provides great opportunities for using household appliances.

Obviously, the location of electrical installation devices in the premises largely determines the level of their comfort. It is no less obvious that optimal location and the number of sockets and switches from the point of view of their ease of use, it is necessary to take into account the functionality, features of the interior of the premises, the planned location when installing them household electrical appliances.

The standard, almost at a meter height location of sockets and switches - at one and a half meters and above (see photo), of course, cannot be called a model of ease of use. Therefore, it is quite understandable that most homeowners want to change this location when repairing (replacing) old electrical wiring, maximizing the degree of convenience of their use.

About the "European standard". However, this certainly good initiative is very often limited by the “requirements” of the so-called “European standard”, which replaced the “Soviet standard”, which involves the installation of sockets at a height of 0.3 m, switches - at a height of 0.9 m. In different regions of our country, data Sizes may vary slightly, both up and down.

In fact, there are no “European standards” regarding the location of wiring devices. In the Rules for the Arrangement of Electrical Installations, the requirements of which are drawn up taking into account IEC standards, there is a mention - a recommendation to install socket outlets at a height convenient for connecting electrical appliances to them (ch. 6.6.30).

Therefore, when designing the installation sites of sockets and switches, one should be guided, first of all, based on the convenience of their operation, observing, however, the existing restrictions. normative documents associated with the location of electrical installation devices (PUE-7 Internal electrical equipment Ch.7.1.48-7.1.54).

The convenience of using electrical installation devices according to the “Soviet” standard mentioned above is rather doubtful. As practice shows, the notorious “European standard” is more preferable for most of us.

Indeed, a block of low-mounted sockets located in close proximity to household electrical appliances is less “striking” than a pair of sockets with “tees”, which are the supply cords of all electrical appliances in this room.

And the convenience of using switches installed directly at the entrance to the room, at the level of the lowered hand of an adult, that is, at a distance of 0.8-0.9 m from the floor, is obviously no less. This arrangement will allow you to quickly find the switch at the entrance, without having to do long searches in the dark.

Of course, it must be admitted that sockets and switches installed according to the “European standard” seriously win in terms of their ease of use. However, it is definitely not worth taking a height of 0.3 m for installing sockets and 0.9 m for installing switches as the only correct one.

In rooms with a large length, to control lighting, it may make sense to install two walk-through switches in different places premises. Agree, it is not very convenient to make your way in the dark at the risk of hitting the protruding corner of the cabinet or stumbling.

Do not install switches and socket outlets, not protected by devices (difavtomatov, RCDs) that disconnect in case of current leakage to the “ground” directly in the bathrooms. All electrical installation devices, including sockets for washing machines, it is necessary to “take out” outside, for example, into the hallway.

Sockets in the kitchenSpecial attention should be paid to the installation locations of sockets in the kitchen - a room with a large number of household electrical appliances. Sockets in the area of ​​​​the table are located slightly above its surface - 5-10 cm above the tabletop.

As a rule, a group of several sockets for a food processor, electric kettle, mixer, microwave oven etc. As practice shows, a pair of sockets installed “in reserve” will not be superfluous at all. It is very often necessary to make sure that such a reserve is in demand if it is necessary to connect additional electrical appliances.

The number of sockets and switches in the apartment should ensure convenient operation of lighting and household electrical appliances. when designing, the degree of comfort should be taken into account, guided, of course, by common sense, while observing all the requirements of regulatory documents.

The modern standard for installing sockets and switches

In the 1920s, during the implementation of the electrification plan, an old standard for the installation of electrical communications, such as sockets and switches, was developed. The standard was developed taking into account the specifics of electrical work that existed at that time. The installation of electrical wiring was carried out then mainly by the external method, that is, the electrical wire and electrical installation elements, sockets, switches, mounting boxes were mounted on a combustible base, wood or plaster covered with wallpaper. The wires of that time were made mainly in rubber or fabric insulation, which made them extremely fire hazardous during overcurrent and. The fire hazard of electrical wiring was further enhanced by the lack of modern electromagnetic circuit breakers (automatic devices). So at that moment old scheme installation of electrical wiring, sockets 1.2 meters from the floor surface, and switches at the level of human growth was necessary. In addition, the presence of electrical wiring in the house or was then prestigious, with all the ensuing consequences of this fact.

Hidden wiring.

When switching to hidden electrical wiring, which is absolutely fireproof if it is laid in concrete or brick, this transition took place gradually, starting from the 50s of the last century, they began to perform according to the old configuration designed to meet the old requirements fire safety. There were few sockets and switches then and they did not spoil the design of the room much.

modern standards.

Modern standards adopted in most European countries require the installation of sockets in rooms at a height of 0.3 meters from the floor surface of the dwelling, and switches 0.9 meters. In the kitchen, sockets are installed at a height of 110 centimeters above the floor level of the room. This is determined by the table height standard kitchen furniture, usually 90 centimeters. TV and telephone sockets are installed at a height of 30 centimeters from the floor surface of the dwelling, their installation is usually carried out in combined blocks together with electrical outlets.

The rules for laying electrical wiring in an apartment differ from other rules for conducting electromechanical work, they are free to interpret and are needed, first of all, to preserve the electrical wiring itself from accidental mechanical damage during the next repair, installation of furniture, installation technical devices. Of the variety of ways to lay electrical wiring, the above rules are applicable when installing an intra-apartment electrical network from copper wire, in a closed way, according to the TN - S and TN - C - S system, which use three conductors in single-phase network(phase L, neutral N, ground PE) or five conductors per three-phase network(three phases L1 - L3, zero N, ground PE).

Basic rules for laying electrical wiring in an apartment

  • Wires are laid parallel or perpendicular to the floor. Vertical sections at a distance of 20 cm from the edge of walls, door and window openings. Horizontal 20 cm from the ceiling. The distance from the floor depends on the height of the outlets. Different sources give other figures, but it doesn’t really matter, the distances can be any, the main thing is that uniformity be maintained in all rooms of the apartment with the exception of the kitchen and bathroom, where the location of the electrical wiring is based on other considerations.
  • The route of passage should be located no closer than 50 cm from radiators and other metal pipes.
  • Kitchen furniture is distinguished by a large number wall cabinets, for the fastening of which you will have to repeatedly drill the wall and it will be very good if on the way the drill does not turn out to be hidden under the plaster of the conductor. Therefore, it is better to hold the horizontal part of the gasket in the kitchen at the bottom of the wall.
  • A feature of the installation in the bathroom and the combined bathroom is the use of waterproof electrical outlets with a protection class of at least IP44, which provide protection against splashes flying in all directions. Electrical outlets must be located at least 60 cm horizontally and 1 m vertically from the water source. Electrical outlets in the bathroom must be connected to a separate dedicated line. The wires in the bathroom should not have connections and branches, so junction boxes are not needed there.

  • The rules even provide for the number of electrical outlets. Russian, departmental building codes, provide for the installation of at least one outlet for every 6 m² of a living room, in the kitchen more than 8 m², 4 pieces, at least one must be installed in corridors with an area of ​​10 m² or more. German standards are closer to modern realities: 7 - 11 pcs. in the kitchen; 3 pcs. In bathroom; 3 - 11 pcs. in the living room.
  • Electrical wiring hidden under ceilings: tension and plasterboard ceilings, interior plasterboard partitions, is laid along the shortest path.
  • There should not be too many consumers in one circuit. It just means that you don’t need to “plant” all the sockets on one wire, and the light bulbs on another. About what principles can and should be guided by when compiling groups of electrical consumers, read the article “”.
  • For powering high power electrical equipment: electric stove, Dishwasher, water heater, washing machine, a separate dedicated line must be used. Although household refrigerator and doesn't use much electricity. it is better to connect it to a separate circuit. Depending on how important the safety of the files stored in the computer is, it is worth considering connecting it to a separate dedicated line.

  • All branch connections are made and hidden in junction boxes.
  • Electrical switches are located 90 cm from the floor, so that they are not obstructed by the opening door leaves. As for all other points of the rules for laying electrical wiring, this is a non-categorical requirement, the distance can be anything.
  • In places where wiring is removed from under the plaster, it is more convenient to use plastic bushings to connect fixtures, although it is quite possible to do without them. Decorative overlays, which are equipped with all kinds of lamps, will cover the exit points.
  • Theoretically, the wiring should be replaceable. For this, the wires are pulled in metal or plastic pipe, corrugation laid and walled up in a pre-cut strobe. If necessary, a section of damaged electrical wiring is pulled out, and new wires are pulled in its place, without destroying the plaster. In practice, only wires are laid and plastered in the strobe, without any pipes. Such frivolity is explained, oddly enough, practical calculation. The period without a problem period of operation of a correctly selected electrical wiring is several decades and is comparable to the period between repairs of the plaster coating.

  • As already noted in the article “Power sockets for concealed wiring”, it is better to avoid the use of paired, triple sockets, and use single sockets combined into one block and having a common decorative frame.
  • Simultaneously with the laying of electrical wiring, it is necessary to deal with the laying of other networks: television, information, telephone. This will allow you to design outlets of different networks in the same style.

No matter how sure you are about the trajectory of hidden wiring in the apartment, it is better to use a hidden wiring detector (finder). This easy-to-use device will help to avoid many troubles during repair and installation work.

How to properly connect electrical wires

Ideal electrical circuit, integral, i.e., a separate line is laid for each consumer. This approach is justified in wooden houses where fire safety is at the forefront, the exclusion of all potentially dangerous causes of ignition. For a city apartment in an apartment building, this approach is too wasteful and unnecessary. Various connections electrical conductors are quite possible and even mandatory in lighting circuits, sockets of the same group.

Wiring connection methods

    twist. The most common and most incorrect way in terms of electrical engineering. Despite the “incorrectness”, a well-made connection with the help of twisting will last more than one decade. “Correct” twisting is different in that it connects conductors of a homogeneous material. The length of each contacting conductor is 5 - 7 cm. Tight crimping is ensured using pliers.

  • Soldering. It is considered the most reliable way to connect conductors, but with one significant caveat. It is necessary that the soldering is of high quality, otherwise such a connection will turn into a difficult to detect, problematic section of the circuit.

  • Connecting insulating clips (PPE). Contact stability is ensured by a spring located in an insulating cap. In fact, the connection using PPE, a modernized method of twisting.

  • With a screw. Provides reliable connection of any wires from various materials(copper, aluminum) the most problematic worn-out networks. Unfortunately, the design of the connection together with the insulation turns out to be quite large sizes, therefore, this method of conductor contact is most suitable for repairing an intra-apartment electrical network. Read about all the features of repairing old electrical wiring in the article "".

  • Nut-type blocks. specific way. The design of the device provides a sufficiently reliable contact of the conductors when connected to the main cable.

There are many more ways to connect. electrical wires: welding, using pressure pipes, piercing clamps, adapter sleeves, but their use in a city apartment is either inefficient or unreasonably expensive.

The electrical network is one of the most important components of any home. Today it is difficult to imagine our life without it, whether in country house, office or apartment. On the other hand, we are all so accustomed to it that when repairing an apartment, we often do not attach due importance to work related to electrical wiring, which includes wires and shields, sockets and switches, lamps and electrical appliances. Electric installation work in the apartment - the rules and tips for the implementation of which are given in this article - this is the provision of electricity to the entire apartment, the installation of lighting systems various types, emergency lighting systems, as well as, if necessary, installation of guaranteed power supply systems.

The wiring diagram in the apartment is necessary for installers as a guide and for the owners for calculations before purchasing a cable and wiring accessories

It should be convenient and safe to use, because electricity is such an area where negligence is unacceptable. When repairing apartments, electrical installation work usually consists of 2 stages.


This is what the electrical panel looks like: it contains protective automation for each of the established groups

The first stage - markup

It is carried out at the beginning of the repair, after the redevelopment and dismantling work has been carried out.

At this stage, perform following works:



The second stage - direct installation

Works are carried out immediately after finishing the walls, floors, ceilings of the room. These include:

  • installation of sockets;
  • installation of lighting fixtures - chandeliers, spots, lamps;
  • installation of power consumers.

Electrical work in the apartment

The electrical installation as a whole consists of:

  • dismantling works;
  • markings;
  • mechanical work;
  • cable laying;
  • wiring harnesses;
  • installation of wiring equipment (switches, sockets, lamps, etc.;
  • cable connections in single system;
  • commissioning works.

Attention! All electrical work in the apartment must be carried out only by professionals!

How to dismantle

This type of work includes the removal of old switches, sockets, and, if necessary, wires.

First rule: to avoid defeat electric shock when dismantling old equipment, as well as old wiring, it is necessary to turn off the power at the switchboard.

Markup rules

Marking is carried out according to project documentation. On all surfaces (where necessary) of the premises, lines for laying cables and wires, installation locations for switches, sockets, and lamps are indicated. Currently, sockets are installed at a level of 40 cm, and switches - at 80 centimeters from the floor. The exception is the sockets in the kitchen: here they are placed 10 cm above the level of the countertop.

At this stage of work, the laying of other networks (water supply, sewerage, heating, air conditioning, television and computer networks, security system).

Mechanical work - chasing

This type of electrical work includes the process of drilling walls (making strobes) for hidden electrical wiring and for entering a power cable into the room.

Chasing is done using a puncher, a grinder with a diamond disc or a wall chaser. This is a dusty and noisy job, so you need to work in a respirator, glasses and headphones.

Most often for cutting stone walls use a puncher

Rule Two. Before chasing, it is imperative that the wall be dialed to search for hidden wiring, since crossing with previously laid electrical wiring can lead to a short circuit or even a fire.


After installing the wire in the strobe, the hole is covered with plaster, small areas can be covered with alabaster

Under the electrical wiring, you need to make a hole exactly vertically at a distance of at least 10 centimeters from the corners of the intersection of walls, windows and doors, and horizontally - 15-20 centimeters from the plinth, 20 cm from the ceiling, 10 centimeters from cornices and beams. This is done in such a way that later, when performing other finishing and decorating work with the walls, do not damage the electrical wiring.

Rule three. Recesses for switches and sockets are made by drilling holes round section 80 mm in diameter.

Do not lay electrical wiring in a common shtraba and tv cable- There will be a lot of interference.

It is advisable to make a wiring diagram after the wiring is completed.

Laying cables, electrical wiring

After marking, having determined the installation method, cables are laid either in open form in special boxes, or hidden behind plaster, suspended ceilings, building structures. Most often used indoors concealed installation.


Convenient laying of wires in the plinth with a cable channel makes it possible to easily find the place of damage and repair it without any problems

This method is safer, however, in the event of a breakdown, the installation site is not available, and as a result, it becomes necessary to install new wiring.

Advice! To purchase a cable desired section, it is necessary to calculate the total load of all electrical appliances in the apartment.

To avoid overloads, the power supply system is divided into several lines and certain consumers are connected to each of them, including sockets, switches, lamps and various electrical equipment. The sum of powers on any line should not exceed 4 kW.


Connecting wires to junction box: to eliminate errors, the wires are equipped with a sheath different color

For equipment with high energy intensity - electric stoves, washing machines, electric fireplaces, hot tubs, electric heaters connect separate lines, and each of them must be equipped with its own circuit breaker allowing to protect electrical network against overloads and short circuits.

Advice! When distributing power supply around the apartment, it is necessary to observe the principle of uniformity: the zero working wire - of blue color, phase wire - red or brown, ground wire - yellow-green.

Installation of electrical installation equipment

When performing this type of work, it is imperative to comply with certain rules guaranteeing the safety of the home and the people living in it.

Rule Four . At open wiring installation of switches and sockets is carried out on sockets with a thickness of 10 mm and a diameter of 70 mm, made of materials that do not conduct current - wood, plexiglass, etc.

Rule Five. The boxes are installed in special recesses in the wall, then fixing them with gypsum mortar.

Rule six. Switches are installed in a gap phase wire(not zero) that goes to the cartridge lighting device. This will allow you to quickly de-energize the power grid when short circuits, as well as ensure the safe replacement of cartridges and lamps. The switches should be installed in such a way that the lighting is turned on by pressing the top button or upper part keys.

Rule Seven. Sockets must be connected in parallel with the main electrical wires.


Sockets are mounted parallel to the main channels

Rule eight. Separation boxes, as well as sockets and electricity meters, must be installed in places that are easily accessible for maintenance and repair.

Connecting wires into a single system

When disconnecting junction boxes, special terminals are used.


The wires included in the junction boxes must be marked.


This is necessary for the subsequent maintenance of the wiring.

Checking the connections in the junction box

Commissioning works

include:



No matter in what room and how electrical work is carried out, they should be carried out exclusively by specialists, since they have many specific features. If you can paint the walls or, for example, stick wallpaper on your own, then it is better to entrust such a complex and responsible task as installing electrical wiring in an apartment to specialists with special knowledge.