home · Lighting · Agricultural production in the structure of the national economy. Agro-industrial complex. Factors for the location of agricultural sectors

Agricultural production in the structure of the national economy. Agro-industrial complex. Factors for the location of agricultural sectors

Introduction 3

1. Composition, significance, features of the location of the industry Agriculture 4

2. Main areas of crop and livestock production 9

2.1. Identification of the dynamics of industry development for 2000-2006. 14

2.2. Problems and development prospects 15

Conclusion 21

References 22

Introduction

Agriculture is a branch related to the agro-industrial complex Russian Federation(APK). The agro-industrial complex includes industries that have close economic and production relationships, specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with means of production.

Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the national economic complex, since its products are an indispensable source of food for the world's population. The role of agriculture is also great in the cultivation of raw materials for the light, textile and food industries.

During the formative period market relations agriculture declined, as evidenced by the volume of imported agricultural products from other countries. Also during this period, there was a change in land ownership: land from state-owned land turned into private peasant and garden plots. Along with the change in land ownership, changes also occurred in the financing of agricultural enterprises. Tax breaks and subsidies coming from the budget are small and did not cover the losses of agricultural enterprises until 2000-2001. With the adoption of new laws and programs for agricultural development, noticeable improvements occurred, agriculture began to revive and changes for the better were outlined.

The relevance of this topic today is great, since the well-being of the country depends on the production indicators of this particular industry. Thus, maintaining the reforms that are being carried out on this moment time, is very necessary for the development of the industry and the economy as a whole.

Chapter 1. Characteristics and importance of the agricultural sector in the country’s economy

1.1. Composition and importance and features of the agricultural sector in the country's national chemical complex

The agro-industrial complex is a set of economically interconnected industries specializing in the production of agricultural products, their industrial processing, storage and sales, as well as industries providing agriculture and the processing industry with means of production and agriculture with production services.

During the years of crisis, the first sector of the agro-industrial complex, which provides agriculture with means of production and industrial services, found itself in complete decline, and most enterprises ceased their activities. The production of tractors decreased by 12.5 times, grain harvesters by 24 times, and plows by 68 times. The level of utilization of agricultural machinery capacity is 8-12%. The provision of combine harvesters per unit of cultivated area in Russia is 4-5 times less than in European countries. Depreciation of fixed assets is 70%. If the situation does not change in the coming years, then only 30% of the land will be cultivated by machine. Currently, due to a shortage of fertilizers, 30 million tons of agricultural products are lost annually. To revive the first sector of the agro-industrial complex, it is necessary, first of all, to increase the solvency of agricultural enterprises. Huge disparity prices do not allow agricultural enterprises to purchase equipment and fertilizers. During the years of the crisis, prices for industrial products increased by 9.4 thousand times, and for agricultural products - by 1.7 thousand times. Even despite the 40% discount provided When purchasing fertilizers, agricultural enterprises are currently unable to purchase them.

Agricultural production is the central link of the country’s agro-industrial complex. Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any state. It provides vital products for humans: basic food products and raw materials for the production of consumer goods. The main forms of management in this area of ​​the economy are: agricultural production cooperatives (SPK), joint-stock companies (JSC), limited liability companies (LLC), farms.

Agriculture is a special sphere of the economy, radically different from all other spheres, since the main means of production in agriculture is land. At rational use The land not only does not lose its main and most valuable quality - fertility, but can even increase it, while all other means of production gradually become obsolete morally and physically and are replaced by others. Land is both a means of production and a subject of labor. Plants and animals also act as means of production. Another important feature of agricultural production is seasonality, which causes unevenness in production, use of labor, consumption and use of material and financial resources throughout the year. Agriculture, unlike other areas, is very dependent on natural factors. They influence the location of agricultural production, its sectoral structure, cause territorial differences and instability of production volumes over the years. Agricultural crops have significant differences in the duration of the growing season, in required quantity heat, light, moisture, impose their own requirements on soil quality. This also determines the characteristics of their placement not only across regions, but also within individual farms. Natural factors also influence the distribution of livestock through the food supply. The development of science and technology makes it possible to weaken the influence of natural conditions, but up to certain limits [.

The most important natural factors for the location and specialization of agriculture are:

soil quality,

 duration of the frost-free period,

 sum of active temperatures (heat supply);

 total solar radiation (provision of light);

 moisture conditions, amount of precipitation;

 probability of recurrence of unfavorable meteorological conditions (drought, frost, wind and water erosion);

 security water resources;

 topographical conditions of the area, etc.

To a greater extent, natural factors influence the distribution of crop production branches, and to an unequal extent, determining the areas of crop cultivation. For a number of crops (mostly heat-loving), these areas are extremely limited, for example, grapes, tea, citrus fruits, etc. For others - much wider (barley, spring wheat, potatoes, etc.). Natural factors have a less significant impact on the location of livestock production, manifesting themselves through the food supply. The most dependent on natural and climatic conditions is pasture husbandry (some areas of sheep breeding, cattle breeding; reindeer husbandry, horse breeding, etc.). Here we can highlight factors such as the presence of pastures, their size, vegetation composition and the duration of the period of their use.

Socio-demographic factors are also extremely important for the location of agriculture. The population is the main consumer of agricultural products; There are regional peculiarities in the structure of consumption of these products. The specialization of agriculture is influenced by the ratio between the urban and rural populations. In addition, the population ensures the reproduction of labor resources for the industry. Depending on availability labor resources(taking into account the labor skills of the population), one or another production of agricultural products is developing, characterized by unequal labor intensity. The production of vegetables, potatoes, sugar beets and other industrial crops, and some livestock sectors are considered the most labor-intensive. The use of specialized qualified personnel helps to increase labor productivity and reduce labor costs for the production of these products. Increased population migration in a number of regions is currently limiting the production of labor-intensive products. An important factor in placement and specialization are also the interests of the local population, which in the past were not sufficiently taken into account. In a number of cases, they significantly limit the possibility of producing for export many types of products that were previously determined by the planned volumes of supplies to the all-Union fund.

The most significant economic factors of the location and specialization of agriculture include the location of farms in relation to the consumer, provision of production and transport infrastructure, existing production potential, achieved level of economic efficiency, provision of means of production, transportability of products , development of interregional connections, level of scientific and technological progress.

The main branches of agriculture are represented by plant growing and livestock farming, in which sub-sectors are distinguished: grain farming, feed production, production of industrial crops (flax growing, beet growing, etc.), gardening, vegetable growing, cattle breeding, pig farming, sheep farming, poultry farming , rabbit breeding, pond fish farming, fur farming, beekeeping, etc.

Crop production produces 52% of all agricultural products in Russia. This industry can be considered the basis of agriculture, since the level of livestock farming largely depends on its development.

Grain farming occupies a leading place in crop production. More than half of the arable land is occupied by grain; it accounts for more than a third of the value of gross crop production and almost a third of all feed in livestock farming. The industry also has enormous social significance, since bread products make up 40% of the daily food requirement of the human diet. Grain is the main source of income for the bulk of rural producers. The industry forms a significant part of the country's budget.

Livestock farming is one of the main branches of agricultural production: it provides 48% of gross output, accumulates 75% of basic production assets and 70% of labor resources in agriculture. The importance of livestock farming is also determined by the fact that it produces the most necessary and biologically valuable products in the human diet.

Effective production of livestock products is impossible without creating a strong feed base. The food supply is the production, storage and consumption of feed for all types of animals and birds. It depends on natural conditions and, as a result, influences the specialization of livestock farming (raising one or another type of livestock) and the location of its individual branches. For example, breeding large cattle meat production and sheep farming are developing and located where there are significant hay and pasture lands, while pig farming and poultry farming are focused on the agricultural food supply. The duration and possibility of grazing and stall keeping of animals, the choice of the rational structure of the herd, its livestock, the technology of raising and fattening livestock also depend on natural conditions and the food supply, which ultimately affects the efficiency of production and its feasibility. The importance of the food supply is also determined by the fact that specific gravity feed in the cost of livestock production in Russia is 60-80%, depending on the type and region of production.

The problem of feed in Russian agriculture is one of the most acute. Low livestock productivity is directly related to the low level of animal feeding (for example, in terms of calories per year it is only 57-61% of the level in the USA). Most of the feed comes from field feed production. 38% of the arable land is occupied by fodder crops, and 3/4 of the fodder collection from all fodder areas is provided from this source. Also, 2/3 of the gross grain harvest is used for feed purposes. Hayfields and pastures are an important source of feed; the area under forage crops is constantly growing, however, their structure needs to be improved, since the specific gravity of grain and leguminous crops is insufficient. In Russia, the productivity of natural hayfields and pastures, which provide cheap and necessary roughage and green feed, is very low, which is associated with the unsatisfactory cultural and technical condition of natural lands and the extensive system of grassland management in the country. Large areas require reclamation work.

1.2. Main areas of crop and livestock production

The main grain crop in Russia is wheat, winter and spring. Winter wheat is a more productive crop compared to spring wheat, but it is more demanding on soils; it is a heat-loving crop. The main areas of its production are the Northern Caucasus and the Central Black Earth Region. Spring wheat crops are concentrated in the Volga region, the Southern Urals, Siberia, and the Non-Black Earth Region [.

A less demanding crop is rye, which is why its crops are located mainly in the regions of the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia. The area under rye is constantly decreasing.

Barley can be grown almost everywhere; it can withstand temperature changes during the growing season and is drought-resistant. The main production regions are the North Caucasus, the Central Black Earth Region and the Volga region; barley is also grown in the Urals and Siberia.

Oats are a moisture-loving crop, but not demanding on soil, grown in the forest zone: in the Volga-Vyatka region, in the Urals, in Western and Eastern Siberia. Barley and oats are used for feed purposes and in the food industry.

Corn - heat-loving plant, it is grown for grain in the southern regions of the country: in the North Caucasus and in the Central Black Earth Region, the Lower Volga region.

Main cereal crops: millet, buckwheat, rice. Millet is grown mainly in the steppe zone: in the Central Black Earth Region, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, and the Urals. Buckwheat places increased demands on moisture conditions and does not tolerate elevated air temperatures well. Main production areas: Central Black Earth Region, Urals. Rice is grown in Russia in the North Caucasus, in the lower reaches of the Volga and in the Primorsky Territory (Far East) on irrigated lands.

Legumes (peas, beans, lentils, soybeans, etc.) are of great importance both as food crops and for feed purposes, covering the protein needs of animals.

Oilseeds in Russia are the main source of food and technical vegetable oils. The main oil crop is sunflower. It is cultivated for grain in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, and the Central Black Earth Region. Among other oilseeds, the most important are soybeans, curly flax, mustard, and castor beans. Hemp is an important spice and at the same time an oilseed crop. The main part of hemp is produced in the North Caucasus and the Non-Black Earth Region.

The leading technical crop in Russia is fiber flax. It is cultivated in the central, northern, northwestern economic regions of the European part of the country.

Sugar beets are used in Russia for the production of sugar; the tops and waste from its processing are valuable feed for livestock. The main beet-growing regions are the Central Chernozems and the North Caucasus.

Potatoes are grown almost everywhere in the country, but potato growing is a commercial industry in the Center and the Volgo-Vyatka region. Central Black Earth Region and Western Siberia The main crops of vegetables are in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, the Central Black Earth Region and some other regions. Fruits and berries are grown in the southern regions.

The leading branch of livestock farming is cattle breeding. Since January 1, 2006, the number of cattle in Russia has amounted to 27.2 million heads, including 12.7 million heads of cows. 37.4% of the livestock falls on household farms. The Middle and Southern Urals, the Volga region, and Western Siberia and North Caucasus/

Dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding is located mainly in suburban areas, taking into account the proximity to the consumer and the availability of labor resources, since this industry is very labor-intensive. For the development of dairy farming it is necessary a large number of succulent feed, the main part of which comes from field forage production, as well as pastures that are normally moistened in summer, which contributes to the growth of milk productivity. Traditionally, dairy cattle breeding gravitates towards areas of intensive farming. The main areas of dairy and dairy-meat cattle breeding: forest (Non-Black Earth Region), forest-steppe and steppe regions (Middle Volga region, Middle Urals, Siberia).

Meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding of a predominantly extensive type is developed in arid steppe and semi-desert regions: in the Lower Volga region, the Northern Caucasus, the Southern Urals, and southern Siberia. Here, on natural feeding grounds, with minimal labor costs, you can get the cheapest beef. The development of intensive beef cattle breeding is typical for areas of developed agriculture and suburban farming. Fattening of animals is carried out on the products of field feed production, waste from the processing of industrial crops using industrial technologies at large livestock complexes. The North Caucasus and Siberia are distinguished by this type of beef cattle breeding.

Sheep and goat farming provide valuable species products, and also contribute to increasing the use of farmland, since they use pastures unsuitable for other types of livestock; keeping sheep is cheaper than other animals. The sheep population in Russia totals 14.4 million heads. Households account for 63.3%. The bulk of the livestock is concentrated in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, Eastern Siberia and the Urals. Areas of sheep breeding that depend on the food supply: fine fleece (steppes North Caucasus, Lower Volga region, Siberia), semi-fine fleece (Center, Middle Volga region), fur coat (north and north-west of the Non-Black Earth Region).

Goat breeding is of commercial importance in the southeast of the European part of the country and in the mountain-steppe regions of Siberia.

The most productive branch of livestock farming is pig farming. The pig population in Russia is 16.4 million heads. Pig farming is practiced in all economic regions of the country, but it has received the greatest development in the areas of grain farming and potato growing: in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, and the Central Black Earth Region. Pig farming is developing on an intensive basis in suburban areas; it widely uses waste from the food industry and public catering.

Poultry farming is one of the fastest growing industries in livestock farming; it is located everywhere, but it is mainly concentrated in the southern regions of large grain farming. Livestock farming also includes the following industries: horse breeding, deer breeding, deer breeding, rabbit breeding, sericulture, beekeeping, etc. In the future, it is necessary to increase the production of livestock products by deepening specialization and transferring its industries to an intensive path of development.

In the modern territorial structure of agricultural production, the Central, Volga, Southern and Siberian federal districts stand out. In accordance with the forecast for the development of agriculture of the Russian Federation in the Central federal district production growth will be ensured primarily at the expense of the Moscow, Tula and Belgorod regions, in the Volga region - at the expense of the Mari El Republic and the Kirov region. The Republic of Tatarstan occupies a special place, where the regional program “Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex of Tatarstan for 2000-2010” is being successfully implemented. In the Samara and Saratov regions, a significant increase in production is also predicted due to a 2-fold increase in yield. The leading place in the country in agricultural production is occupied by the Krasnodar region, followed by the Rostov region. High growth rates are also expected in the Stavropol Territory. In the Volga Federal District, the most powerful area of ​​agricultural production is the Republic of Bashkortostan; similar indicators are in the Orenburg region. In Siberia, the largest area of ​​agricultural production is Altai region. In the Far East, the main volumes of agricultural production occur in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region.

Chapter 2. Analysis of industry indicators. Problems and development prospects for the future

2.1. Identification of the dynamics of industry development for 2000-2006.

During the years of the crisis in agriculture, more than 30 million hectares of farmland were taken out of circulation, crop areas decreased by 17.5 million hectares, and the area of ​​irrigated and drained land decreased by 1.5 million hectares. Grain production fell to 1950s levels. In livestock farming, meat production decreased by 2 times. The number of cattle decreased by 28.4 million heads, dropping to the level of 1949, pigs - by 22 million heads, sheep and goats - by 42 million heads. Milk yield per cow is 2233 liters per year, although in economically developed countries, leading farms produce up to 12,000 liters of milk per year from one cow. Capital investments in agriculture in 2000 compared to 1990 decreased by almost 25 times.

IN given time, in 2006, Russian agriculture is characterized by a large scale of production. The volume of agricultural production in 2006 amounted to 844.9 million rubles.

Russia ranks 2nd in the world in potato and milk production, 6th in meat production, 7th in grain crops.

In 2000, the gross harvest of grain amounted to 63.4 million tons (in weight after processing), sugar beets - 14 million tons, sunflowers - 3.9 million tons, potatoes - 33.7 million tons, vegetables - 12 .3 million tons. Cultivated area - 88,329 thousand hectares, including grain crops - 46,555 thousand hectares, industrial crops - 7,505 thousand hectares. The production of livestock and poultry for slaughter (in live weight) amounted to 7 million tons, milk 31.9 million tons, eggs 33.9 billion. 108.2 million tons of feed were consumed in livestock farming, including 39.1 million tons of concentrated feed.

Meat production increased by 5% in 2006 compared to the previous year. The egg production of laying hens has increased to 302 eggs per year. The average milk yield per cow was 3574 kg, which is 282 kg more than in 2005.

In Russia, the level of productivity of agricultural crops is very low: the grain yield in 2000 was 15.6 centners per 1 ha, sugar beets - 18.8, sunflower - 9.0, potatoes - 104, vegetables - 145 centners per 1 ha . This is 2-3 times lower than in developed countries, even with similar natural and climatic conditions. In terms of labor productivity in agriculture, our country lags behind developed countries by 3-4 times.

In 2006, the gross grain harvest amounted to 78.6 million tons, the yield was 18.9 centners per 1 hectare of harvested area. The main grain producers are agricultural enterprises; they produce over 90% of all grain.

2.2. Problems and prospects for the development of this industry

The Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation has prepared the “Grain” program for the period 2001-2005. and until 2010 the main objective program - to ensure sustainable production and development of the grain market. Based on the introduction of new production systems, including latest technology production of grain, fertilizers, protective equipment, equipment, it is expected that gross harvests will increase to 90-92 million tons by 2007, and to 120-140 million tons by 2010. New production systems According to forecast data, they can ensure an increase in grain yields of up to 20-24 c per 1 hectare on average across the country. To achieve these results, it is necessary to improve the taxation system. The industry must accumulate at least 20 billion rubles annually for modernization.

State regulation should be aimed at legalizing the grain market, licensing the activities of elevators, creating a system of grain exchanges, providing modern infrastructure for the production and sale of grain, regulating seasonal price fluctuations, improving turnover and accounting land resources. The program provides for financing from extra-budgetary sources on the terms of short-term and long-term lending and budgetary funds for the re-equipment of basic farms in the main grain-producing regions. In 2007, the number of such farms is planned to increase to 70. With the successful implementation of the program, Russia will be able to ensure not only food independence, but also enter the foreign market.

Social problems in rural areas have become particularly acute: by all indicators, the standard of living in rural areas is significantly inferior to urban ones. The provision of cultural institutions, health care, public education, specialists in these fields. The diet of a rural resident is poorer and less balanced. Wages are much lower, but prices are higher, etc. All this leads to migration of the population from the village to the city, with the population of young people leaving, the process of aging of the population and the extinction of the Russian village.

Natural resource potential Russia allows us to produce here almost all the main types of agricultural products, only some of them are limited by natural conditions (heat-loving fruits and vegetables, etc.). Nevertheless, our country is one of the main food importing countries. The main reasons are inefficient production, big losses and low product quality.

Russia is relatively well provided with agricultural land, but its size is constantly decreasing, which is associated with the seizure of land for industrial, transport, housing and communal construction, and in last years and with unprofitability of agricultural production. The size of the area of ​​farmland and arable land per capita is also gradually decreasing. Therefore, the main direction for the further development of agriculture is its all-round intensification. Intensification means an increase in material and labor costs per unit of land area in order to increase the yield of agricultural products per hectare, improve their quality, increase labor productivity, and reduce the cost of a unit of production. It is the most effective way to develop production. The main directions of intensification are comprehensive mechanization, chemicalization of agriculture, land reclamation, increasing the power supply of labor in agriculture, improving the production technologies used, intensification is carried out on the basis of deepening the specialization of agricultural production, further developing agro-industrial integration.

Science and practice have recognized that institutional transformations in the country’s agricultural sector have culminated in the creation of a multi-structure economy as a system of agricultural enterprises and organizations, peasant (farmer) and personal subsidiary plots of the population, and their associations with various forms of ownership. At the same time, the formation and development of a variety of forms of ownership and management has not become a stimulating factor in increasing production efficiency and competitiveness in agriculture.

The situation with feed is complicated by the fact that up to 30% of harvested feed loses its feed value due to violations in the technology of procurement and storage, not to mention physical losses. Due to a lack of quantity and incorrect feeding technology, a significant part of feed is spent not on obtaining products, but on maintaining the lives of animals, which negatively affects production efficiency and increases the feed capacity of products. In terms of this indicator, we have no analogues among developed countries, although we constantly experience a large shortage of feed.

The main direction in solving the feed problem is the intensification of feed production, including measures to improve the structure of feed areas, increase the yield of feed crops, the productivity of hayfields and pastures, reclamation and chemicalization of the feed base, improve seed production of feed crops, strengthen the material and technical base of feed crops. production, the introduction of new forms of labor organization, etc.

Methods and means of forming a multi-structured economy, such as denationalization of forms of land ownership, reform, disaggregation of collective and state farms, ignoring national experience in the functioning of large-scale enterprises, priority development of small forms of economic activity, led to a sharp decrease in agricultural production , destruction of the system of industrial relations, cooperative and integration ties. Thus, during the reform period, the collapse in agricultural production is comparable to the losses during the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War(i.e., 2 times), and food imports amounted to more than 40% of its consumption in 2006, with a food security threshold of 25%. The boundaries of rural poverty have expanded several times, as the destruction of agricultural enterprises has led to the loss of jobs, sharp growth unemployment (almost 11%) and a decrease in wages (39% of the average wage in the country).

At the same time, the authorities state that the economic growth in agriculture has been going on for 8 years in a row, and during the period from 1999 to 2006, the volume of gross agricultural output increased by 34.4%. However, this is biased, illusory data, if comparative analysis since 1999, and not since 1990, since such growth is several times lower than the growth rate of gross agricultural output at the beginning of the agrarian reform. At the same time, since 2002, there has been a tendency for the rate of development of agriculture to slow down and lag behind the rate of growth of the economy as a whole. If in 1999-2002. the average annual growth rate in agriculture was 6.4%, then in 2002-2006. - only 2%. This trend is also evidenced by economic indicators for 2006, which confirm that the emerging improvement does not contribute to a fundamental change in the agricultural sector. Despite some growth in gross agricultural output over the past two to three years, its volume in comparable prices in 2006 was about 75% of 1990 (only 53.3% in livestock and slightly higher in crop production).

Retrospective analysis of agricultural production in the country for 1990-2006. indicates that over the past three years grain production has remained at the level of 78 million tons, although this is more than in 1995 and 2000, but 20% lower than 1990 (in 2007 approximately 75 million are expected. T). The growth of the combination of forms of management in the conditions of a mixed economy and market relations, which should be carried out through their effective interaction, and not on the principles of opposition, has practically slowed down. During the period of transition economy, it is necessary to take into account the specific features of all forms of economic management, preserving the state ones, while considering their ability to conduct efficient production.

To develop ways to improve the management of economic forms, we will analyze the results of their reform, determine their place and role in the agricultural sector of the economy. First of all, let's look at the dynamics of development of business forms. According to the State Statistics Committee of the RSFSR, as of January 1, 1991, there were 29,385 agricultural enterprises operating in the country, including 12,790 collective farms, 13,048 state farms, 1,498 inter-farm agricultural enterprises, as well as fishing collective farms and subsidiary farms of non-agricultural enterprises and only in rural areas— over 14 million personal subsidiary plots. For the first time, 21 thousand peasant (farm) farms were formed.

During the reforms in the agricultural sector, previously existing forms of management were reorganized taking into account the development various forms property. It is believed that the reorganization of agricultural enterprises was completed by 1997 and a multi-structure economy had emerged, with over 31 thousand new forms of management created. A structure of agricultural enterprises has emerged, in which almost 46% is occupied by agricultural cooperatives. The number of closed and open joint-stock companies has generally stabilized (16% in total); state enterprises make up 4%, collective farms - 5, limited liability partnerships (companies) - 20.5%. Limited partnerships and associations of peasant (farmer) households are developing poorly.

As part of the State support of the agro-industrial complex adopted in 2007 for the development of social and engineering infrastructure in the village from 2008 to 2012. it is planned to allocate state support funds in the amount of 107.6 billion rubles. to support comprehensive compact development and improvement of rural settlements within the framework of pilot projects - 112.4 billion rubles. The implementation of projects will increase the level of comfort and attractiveness of living in rural areas and ensure an increase in investment activity in the socio-economic development of rural areas. The priority issue here is employment and increasing the incomes of rural residents.

The main task of transforming rural areas is to satisfy basic human needs and create stable economic foundations local government, making the development of the socio-economic potential of the village sustainable and irreversible.

Conclusion

In our country, which has embarked on the path of reform, the turn of real reform of agriculture has come. Thanks to the new laws, it is possible, although with great effort and investment, to bring the industry out of insolvency. There are noticeable improvements in this industry based on indicators for 2002-2006. This is manifested in a decrease in the amount of livestock and crop products imported from abroad. Also, the policy of protectionism allowed entrepreneurs to sell Russian products, and subsidies from the budget and assistance to the main producers of agricultural products played a role in making consumers more independent from foreign products. Thus, it was possible to significantly improve the quality of products with a slight increase in prices. The opening of branded sales outlets for products also had a positive effect on the development of the industry.

According to economists' forecasts, if the industry also develops at the same pace, then by 2015 the industry will become competitive in foreign markets.

Bibliography

1. the federal law dated 02.12.1994 No. 53-FZ (as amended on 02.02.2006) “On the purchase and supply of agricultural products, raw materials and food for state needs”

2. Federal Law of 07/07/2003 No. 112-FZ “On personal subsidiary plots”.

3. Federal Law No. 4-FZ dated January 10, 1996 (as amended on June 26, 2007) “On land reclamation”

4. Federal Law of 08/03/1995 No. 123-FZ (as amended on 06/26/2007) “On livestock breeding”

5. Federal Law of December 29, 2006 No. 264-FZ “On the Development of Agriculture”

6. Federal Law of July 21, 2005 No. 108-FZ “On the All-Russian Agricultural Census.”

7. Federal Law of December 19, 2006 No. 238-FZ (as amended on June 7, 2007) “On the Federal Budget for 2007.”

8. Gladkiy Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic geography of Russia. – M.: Gardarika. – 2003. – 752 p.

9. Regional economics / Ed. Morozova T.G. M.: 2004. - Unity. - 2004. - 446 p.

10. Toropov D. Strategy for the development of rural areas // Economist. – 2007. – No. 10. – p. 77-81

11. Ushachev I. Agriculture: Priority-target principle of development // Economist. – 2007. – No. 9. – p. 18-25.

12. Chezhegov E. Technological revolution in the agro-industrial complex - a strategic alternative for Russia // Izvestia. - 04/22/2003. - With. 9-11.

14. Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation. Project to support the implementation of reforms in agriculture. Data for

a widespread idea in science and practice of the economy as a set of interrelated industries, from which it is customary to distinguish two groups of industries: material production and the socio-cultural sphere. Agriculture is one of the branches of material production. As agriculture evolved, a whole chain of economic sectors closely related to it was formed. At one time, the combination of these industries was called the agro-industrial complex (AIC). In its structure, agriculture is called the second sphere. Agriculture is one of the important sectors of the national economy, as it is the main supplier of food and raw materials for many industries. According to the State Statistics Committee for 2007, 447.8 thousand workers out of 4402 thousand employed in the national economy worked in the agriculture of Belarus, i.e. 10%, 8821.6 thousand hectares of agricultural land were used, including 5483 .9 thousand hectares of arable land. At the beginning of 2007, the agricultural sector accounted for 14.6% of all fixed assets of the Belarusian economy. Agriculture occupies a special place in the structure of the national economy and in the structure of the agro-industrial complex. This is explained, firstly, by the functional role it plays - the production of food and raw materials for many types of industries. Secondly, agriculture is associated with dozens of industries whose enterprises consume its products or produce products consumed by agriculture. Essentially, for many of them, this industry is the main factor in production development, so any shifts in the structure of the industry lead to corresponding changes in many industries - from mechanical engineering to market trade. In agriculture, in the context of a general decline in production, crisis phenomena are also intensifying: soil fertility is decreasing, the state of livestock breeding and seed production is deteriorating, technologies for cultivating crops and raising animals are being violated, the volume of application of organic and mineral fertilizers, which leads to soil depletion and a drop in arable land productivity.

Agricultural products are the main source of food for humans and raw materials for industry. Food, its production, distribution, exchange and consumption is a significant component of the life of the world system. The food market is controlled internal politics of all countries, since it is the determining criterion for the state of the economy and the stability of society. Therefore, agriculture as an industry occupies a special place in the world economy and politics.

Industry specifics

Agriculture as an industry has its own specifics. A distinctive feature is that land is used as the main means of production. This is both a base for locating a farm and a direct resource where great importance has the fertility of the land. Agricultural production often depends on natural conditions. Therefore, it is impossible to say in advance what, for example, the wheat harvest will be. Various unfavorable natural conditions make the agricultural sector risky.

It should also be noted such a specific feature of agriculture as the seasonality of the agricultural sector. Because of this, a huge part of the equipment and workforce is unemployed for a significant period of time.

Plants and animals are used in agriculture as means of production, and this forces one to take into account the natural laws of nature. This implies a temporary stretch. In addition, one should not forget about spatial extension, because agricultural production is carried out over large areas.

Agro-industrial complex

In the process of functioning, agriculture naturally integrates with the industries that serve it, as a result of which the agro-industrial complex (AIC) emerges. The agro-industrial complex consists of 4 sectors: industries directly serving agriculture (mechanical engineering, chemical, etc.); crop and livestock farming; industries for processing, storage, transportation and marketing of products ( food industry, warehousing, trade, etc.); organizations that ensure the normal functioning of the agro-industrial complex (investment companies, intermediaries, road enterprises, etc.).

The exclusive role of the agricultural sector

The role of agriculture as an industry is exceptional. There are reasonable explanations for this: the need for food throughout the world; the need for raw materials for the industrial sector; the agricultural industry is a supplier of labor and money for other sectors of the economy; Agriculture is a source of foreign exchange.

Agriculture is a branch of the economy aimed at providing the population with food (food, food) and obtaining raw materials for a number of industries. The industry is one of the most important, represented in almost all countries. World agriculture employs about 1 billion economically active population (EAP). The food security of the state depends on the state of the industry. The problems of agriculture are directly or indirectly related to such sciences as agronomy, animal husbandry, land reclamation, crop production, forestry, etc.

The emergence of agriculture is associated with the so-called " neolithic revolution"in the means of production, which began about 12 thousand years ago and led to the emergence of a productive economy and the subsequent development of civilization.

The role of agriculture in the economy of a country or region shows its structure and level of development. As indicators of the role of agriculture, the share of those employed in agriculture among the economically active population is used, as well as the share of agriculture in the structure of gross internal product. These indicators are quite high in most developing countries, where more than half of the economically active population is employed in agriculture. Agriculture there follows an extensive development path, that is, an increase in production is achieved by expanding the acreage, increasing the number of livestock, and increasing the number of people employed in agriculture. In countries whose economies are agricultural, the rates of mechanization, chemicalization, land reclamation, etc. are low.

Agriculture has reached the highest level in developed countries in Europe and North America who have entered the post-industrial stage. Agriculture employs 2-6% of the economically active population there. In these countries, the “green revolution” occurred in the middle of the 20th century; agriculture is characterized by scientifically based organization, increased productivity, the use of new technologies, agricultural machinery systems, pesticides and mineral fertilizers, and the use of genetic engineering and biotechnology, robotics and electronics, that is, it is developing along an intensive path. cooperation agro-industrial agriculture

Similar progressive changes are also occurring in industrial countries, but the level of intensification in them is still much lower, and the share of people employed in agriculture is higher than in post-industrial countries. At the same time, in developed countries there is a crisis of food overproduction, and in agricultural countries, on the contrary, one of the most pressing problems is the food problem (the problem of malnutrition and hunger).

Developed agriculture is one of the country's security factors, as it makes it less dependent on other countries. For this reason, agriculture is supported and subsidized in developed, industrial countries, although from an economic point of view it would be more profitable to import products from less developed countries.

Let's consider the place and importance of the agricultural sector in the country's economy.

The main source of food is agriculture, which is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any state. It produces over 12% of the gross social product and more than 15% of Russia's national income, and concentrates 15.7% of fixed production assets.

Self-sufficiency in food depends on the state of agriculture, which provides vital products: food and raw materials for the production of consumer goods.

Food production, its distribution, exchange and consumption are the basis for the functioning of the state’s economic system. It is closely related to the life activity of the main subject and object economic activity- people, labor force.

Agricultural production is the main component of the state's agro-industrial complex. Its significant difference from most sectors of the economy is that in comparison with them it is less efficient. The capital invested in it brings less profit. Therefore, low-income agriculture is not able to participate on an equal footing (compared to industry) in intersectoral competition without external support.

Agriculture is characterized by conservatism and inelasticity, inadequate response to market conditions and demands. Thus, with an increase in demand for agricultural products, agricultural production with its features excludes the possibility rapid response and increasing production output. There are a number of restrictions on increasing the growth rate of agricultural production. It is impossible to significantly increase the area of ​​cultivated land, even with increased investment. This is due to the natural limitation of agricultural land. The increase in the number of livestock, especially breeding stock, is associated with a rather long period of time for raising it for many animal species. So, it takes about three years to raise a dairy herd for milk production. It takes more than five years to create a fruit-bearing garden, and at least three years to create vineyards. The scale of solving the problem of ensuring food security affects all areas of the agro-industrial complex and the interests of the population as a whole.

Agricultural policy, in turn, is part of the country’s general economic policy. Along with the concept of agricultural policy, the concepts of agricultural, food, and agro-industrial policy are used to denote the activities of the state in relation to branches of the agro-industrial complex.

Agricultural policy is divided into agricultural (in favor of producers) and food (in favor of consumers). At the same time, the state is considered as an intermediary between taxpayers (consumers of products) and rural producers. Agriculture, in comparison with other sectors of the national economy, has a more vital function, since food consumption is the primary need of every person and society as a whole.

The aggravation of the food problem determines the extreme relevance of the development of agriculture, related industries, the development of agrarian relations and agrarian policy.

It should be noted that the problems in the Russian Federation are regionally differentiated, and the emerging threats have a pronounced regional character: the unemployment rate, food security, debt wages and pensions. Therefore, a differentiated approach to solving specific economic issues related to food supply, depending on the capabilities and characteristics of each region, is especially important.

Thus, agriculture is the main source of food and agricultural raw materials in the world. It is designed to satisfy the growing needs of the population for food, and the needs of industry for raw materials. Food, as well as its production, distribution, exchange and consumption, is an important part of the functioning of the world system and occupies a special place in the world economy and politics. Food is directly related to people’s livelihoods; its shortage is perceived as a disaster. The food market determines the state of the economy and social stability of society, therefore its development is controlled in all countries.