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School education system in China. Education system in China. Higher education in China

China is a modern, promising country that last years occupies a leading position not only in the world market, but also in the field of culture and science. From our article you will learn how the system developed from antiquity to the present day. We will also tell you about the most important universities in the country and how foreigners can enroll in them.

Education in ancient China

Since ancient times, the Chinese have been sensitive to everything related to knowledge and learning. Teachers, scientists, philosophers and poets were respected people, often holding high positions in state system. Children received their initial knowledge in the family - they were taught to respect their elders and follow the norms of behavior in society. In wealthy families, children from the age of three were taught to count and write. From the age of six, boys went to school, where they learned the art of wielding weapons, horse riding, music and writing hieroglyphs. IN big cities Schoolchildren could go through two levels of education - primary and higher. Usually the children of the nobility and wealthy townspeople studied here, since the cost of classes was quite high. In rural schools, students sat reading books all day, they didn’t know holidays And fun games. It was not uncommon for children to bring a bamboo stick to the teacher instead of flowers, although in beautiful packaging. However, the knowledge they received within the walls of the school was rather meager. The students were taught that China was the whole world and the children had a vague idea of ​​what was happening in neighboring countries. I would like to note that the girls were not allowed to go to school, as they were being prepared for the role of wife and mother of the family. But in noble families, girls learned to read and write, dance, play the musical instruments and even possession of certain types of weapons. With the popularization of the teachings of Confucius, the history of Chinese education shifted to new level. For the first time, students began to be treated with respect, taught to ask questions and find answers to them. The new approach promoted respect for educational sciences, and contributed to the fact that education became an integral part of government policy.

Education system in China

These days, the government of this great country is doing everything to ensure that citizens can study. This is despite the fact that in the middle of the last century, 80% of the population was illiterate. Thanks to government programs Schools, technical colleges and higher education institutions are actively opening across the country. However, the problem persists in rural areas where people still live according to ancient traditions. Main feature education in China is that education at all levels can be obtained free of charge. The system itself is very similar to the Russian one. That is, from the age of three, children go to kindergarten, from the age of six to school, and upon graduation to college or vocational school. Let's look at all the steps in more detail.

in China

As you know, most families in this country raise one child at a time. That is why parents are glad that their children can be raised in a children's group. Kindergartens in China are divided into public and private. Firstly great attention is devoted to preparation for school, and secondly to the development of creative abilities. Additional activities such as dancing and music are usually paid separately. Much of the knowledge that children receive in kindergartens can be applied in practice. For example, they learn to plant and care for plants. Together with the teacher, they prepare food and learn how to repair clothes. We can see an original approach to education in the Junin network of private kindergartens. A whole team of teachers, under the leadership of Chairman Wang Huning, developed a unified educational program for children.

School in China

Before entering first grade, children undergo a series of tests and are then included in serious work. Even the youngest students are not given any concessions here, and parents often have to hire tutors. School education in China is structured in such a way that children constantly have to compete with each other to be the best. Therefore, it is not surprising that the loads in all classes are simply enormous. At the end of seventh grade, all students take an exam that will determine whether the child is ready for high school. If not, then the road to further education, and subsequently to a prestigious job, will be closed to him. Before entering a university, schoolchildren take a unified state exam, which is held throughout the country at the same time (By the way, this is exactly the idea that was borrowed and successfully implemented in Russia). Every year, more and more Chinese pass exams at prestigious universities around the world. They are welcomed as these students are very diligent, focused and take their studies very seriously.

Like others educational institutions In China, schools are not only public, but also private. Foreigners can enter any of them by passing the necessary exams. It is, as a rule, much easier to enroll, and training is often conducted in two languages ​​(one of them is English). There is a school in China where they teach in Russian and Chinese, and it is located in the city of Yining.

Secondary education

As in Russia, there are vocational schools that train students in their chosen profession. The main areas of secondary education in China are agriculture, medicine, law, pharmaceuticals and so on. In three or four years, young people receive a profession and can start working. Foreigners who enter such educational institutions master the language for the first year, and devote the rest of the time to studying.

Higher education

There are many state universities in the country that accept students based on the results of school exams. Training here is paid, but the prices are relatively low. However, residents rural areas often even this fee seems high, and they are forced to take out student loans. If a young specialist agrees to return to the outback after graduating from university, then he will not have to return the money. If he is ambitious and plans to start his own business in the city, then the debt will have to be repaid in full. Any foreign student who passes a language test can obtain higher education in China. Moreover, he can choose a program for English language, learn Chinese at the same time. To facilitate the adaptation of such students, preparatory language training courses are often opened for them. After a year or two of intensive training, the student can move on to specialty training.

Universities

Let's look at the most popular and prestigious universities in the country:

  • Peking University is the country's oldest educational institution located in the Haidan region, one of the most beautiful places on earth. The amazing gardens, which previously belonged to the imperial dynasty, make an indelible impression on tourists. Myself campus comprises educational buildings, hostels, cafes, restaurants, shops and leisure centers. The local library is the largest in Asia.
  • Fudan University is one of the oldest in the country. Known for being the first to replace the semester system with “levels” and proving that this approach was the most effective. In addition, the teachers of this university set a goal to unlock the potential of students in order to direct young talents to serve their country.
  • Tsinghua is one of the best technical universities in China, which is also one of the hundred. Among its students there are many famous scientists, politicians and public figures.

Conclusion

As you can see, the educational path in China is very similar to that of students in Russia. We hope that the information we have collected will be useful to you if you decide to become a student at one of the country's educational institutions.

The main result of the educational reform carried out in China is the availability of education for the entire population. Today, almost 99% of children in the Middle Kingdom attend school. Until 1949, education was unaffordable for most, and the illiterate population reached 80%.

Preschool

System preschool education in China it is represented by public and private institutions. Government of China People's Republic encourages in every possible way the development of private preschool organizations. Despite the existence of a general program for educating the younger generation, there are some differences in the process of educating children in public and private kindergartens.

IN government institutions studies are more aimed at preparing children for school and introducing them to work, and in private the main attention is paid to the aesthetic and cultural development of children.

Every day begins with raising the national flag, as the Chinese people are proud of their country and strive to early childhood instill in the younger generation love and respect for the homeland.

The school day in Chinese preschool education organizations is scheduled almost minute by minute. Free time in China it is equivalent to idleness. Close attention is paid to personal hygiene and neatness. Teachers strictly ensure that children wash their hands before eating, and after breakfast and lunch in some kindergartens, the children themselves clear the tables. Children are actively taught to work. They grow their own vegetables and then learn to cook from what they grow.

The main difference between Chinese preschool education is the lack of desire to develop the child's individuality. On the contrary, teachers do everything possible to prevent little man and the thought that he is special.

Teachers fully control children’s behavior even during games. Everything is subject to the strictest discipline. Despite criticism of this practice by other countries, the Chinese believe in its effectiveness, because they believe that what the state needs, children also need.

Mostly preschool institutions I work until six in the evening, but there are also places where you can leave your child overnight.

School

The school education system in China consists of three levels:

  • primary;
  • average;
  • eldest.

IN junior classes a child spends 6 years, in middle and high school – 3 years each. The first two stages are mandatory and free; you have to pay for training at the final stage.

Program primary school includes:

  • Chinese;
  • mathematics;
  • history;
  • natural history;
  • geography;
  • music.

Sometimes there are additional lectures on morals and ethics. The program also includes practical training, during which children work in various workshops or on farms.

In high school, in-depth study of the Chinese language, mathematics and a foreign language (most often English) is carried out. Children master exact sciences, computer science, much attention is paid to political literacy.

The education system in Chinese schools involves a huge workload, so the school day is divided into two parts. In the first half, basic subjects are studied, in the second - additional ones. Students spend almost all of their holidays doing extensive homework.

Discipline in schools is very strict. If you miss twelve classes without a good reason, the student is expelled. All exams are in the form of tests, and knowledge is assessed on a 100-point scale. After graduating from high school, further education is not necessary. But if the child has a desire, and the parents’ financial capabilities allow it, then they can enroll in high school.

Before continuing education, the student must choose a direction of study. There are two types of high schools in China:

  • academic profile - they provide in-depth study of sciences and prepare students for universities;
  • vocational and technical - in which personnel are trained to work in production.

Higher

In China, higher education is available after high school graduation. The government of the republic annually allocates quite significant funds to improve level of education in universities. As a result of this policy, many Chinese universities are among the best on the planet, and their diplomas are recognized in 64 countries.

The higher education system in China includes colleges, vocational high schools and universities.

There are two types of college curriculum:

  • two-year course - training of mid-level specialists, at the end of the course the student receives a certificate;
  • four-year - after training, a bachelor's degree is issued.

The academic year in Chinese universities is divided into two semesters - spring and autumn. Winter holidays last from late January to February, summer holidays last 2 months (July and August).

For the most part, Chinese universities, unlike well-known universities in Europe and the USA, work in rather narrow areas - archaeology, agriculture, pedagogy. In university programs that train politicians and diplomats, a significant portion of time is devoted to public speaking and writing skills.

To attract foreign students, education in all universities in the Celestial Empire is conducted in two languages ​​- Chinese and English. Special additional courses are offered to those wishing to study in Chinese.

Upon graduation from Chinese universities, you can obtain a bachelor's, master's, or doctorate degree.


I was always surprised how energetic the Chinese are. They work hard, quickly, with enthusiasm. Unlike, say, the South Koreans, although they are hard workers, they are not hasty and not so energetic. What is the secret of the working capacity of the Chinese population? I think this is largely determined by the school education system, which is very different from the Western one.

Today, 99% of children in China attend school, although before 1949, 80% of the country's population was illiterate. The Chinese value education, both literally and figuratively. All education is paid. Even for primary school (not to mention universities) you have to pay, which usually costs families a third of their family income.
Schools in China provide twelve years of education, which is divided into three levels: primary school and two levels of high school.

In order for a child to receive at least compulsory secondary education, he must attend school for at least 9 years: 6 years in primary school and three years in the first stage of secondary school.

The main difference between Chinese schools and Russian ones is the heavy workload of lessons. If in Russian schools first-graders study until a maximum of 13 o'clock in the afternoon, then a typical day for a Chinese schoolchild begins at 7-30 and ends at approximately 4-30, that is, 9 hours spent at school. And this is no coincidence. The main focus is Chinese schools is done in Chinese and algebra. It’s not so quick to learn several thousand hieroglyphs, their spelling and pronunciation. After all, even to read a newspaper, a Chinese needs to know at least 5 thousand characters (out of 50 possible). Education native language develops children's abilities in mathematics. In mathematics, Chinese students are often ahead of European students.

Due to the heavy workload, the school day is divided into two parts. From 8 to half past twelve children study basic subjects: Chinese and foreign languages, mathematics, which are on the schedule every day. Then, children can rest and have lunch until 2 pm, and then continue their studies. In the afternoon, students in Chinese schools study secondary subjects: singing, labor, physical education and drawing. And also electives and homework, which children only manage to do around 10-11 pm... At 11 or even 12 at night, Chinese schoolchildren go to bed, and they have to get up at 5-30, since classes start at 7-25. It's hard to imagine that one can get used to such a regime...

As for discipline, in Chinese schools it is strict: if you miss 12 lessons without a good reason, you will be expelled.
And yet Chinese children do not look tired and tired from getting up early, lots of homework and a lot of math. Perhaps due to the fact that physical education lessons are not given the last place here. As you know, China is the most powerful country in the school Olympic movement. The Chinese were the first to understand what kind of prestige the victories of its teenagers bring to the country in the international arena.

Chinese schools are also special in that each class has an average of 30-40 students. At school, a child is obliged to be the best without any options. This is simply necessary in order to subsequently enter college and have some prospects for the future. Most children even attend extra classes on weekends. Although a huge number of mathematics lessons will not be wasted in any case - at least mathematical thinking will be useful in our market :)
It is worth mentioning that the assessment of children's achievements during school is carried out using a hundred-point system. All current results are posted in the class journal, and parents, if desired, can monitor the progress of their children.

China has a system of unified state exam, it is taken throughout the country, and the best are admitted to universities. All higher education institutions are ranked by level of prestige, and for admission you need to score a certain number of points in school exams. The application can be sent to several educational institutions whose passing score is lower or corresponds to the number of points that was scored during the exams.

Previously, the site had already published an article about how the Chinese educational system differs from ours. In continuation of this topic, I would like to talk in more detail about Chinese schools: How do they differ from ours?

As in most countries, in China academic year starts on the first of September. For our compatriots, preparing for this day is probably the most difficult and costly time, because you need to buy so many things for your child so that he can study normally. As for parents in China, some aspects of preparing a child for school are not that expensive. This primarily concerns school uniforms. All schools in China I have my own uniform, which schoolchildren must wear regardless of what grade they are in. The student's clothing consists of a shirt, trousers (skirt) and a baseball cap with the school emblem embroidered on it. All other supplies, without which education in Chinese schools cannot be complete, are purchased by parents themselves.

Schools in China They conduct twelve years of education, which is divided into three levels: primary school and two levels of secondary school. Every year on the first of September, more than 400 million students from first to twelfth grades come to school. Half of them are first-graders and students of the first stage of secondary school.

In order for a child to receive at least compulsory secondary education, he must attend school for at least 9 years: 6 years in primary school and three years in the first stage of secondary school. Receipt complete education carried out at the request of the parents and the student himself. To be able to continue your studies at a university, you must complete all twelve classes and pass final exams. But more on that later.

In order for a child to be accepted into first grade schools in China, like ours, they conduct some kind of exams to determine the child’s level of knowledge. But if in our schools this written works and interviews, then in Chinese it is testing. The future student must mark the correct answer to the question posed from the 3-4 options offered. Having completed their primary education after six years of study, schoolchildren take their first exams. This kind of cross-section of knowledge allows the child to score the required number of points for admission to high school. High results in these exams allow the student to move on to secondary school at a university, the completion of which guarantees admission to that university.

Chinese schools conduct unified state final exams, which are also entrance exams for admission to a university. As mentioned earlier in the article about Chinese educational system All higher education institutions are ranked by level of prestige, and for admission you need to score a certain number of points in school exams. The application can be sent to several educational institutions whose passing score is lower or corresponds to the number of points that was scored during the exams.

It would not be amiss to note that universities and schools in China differ from our educational institutions in their high level of workload. This is due to the fact that students must learn more than several thousand hieroglyphs, which must not only be written correctly, but also pronounced correctly. Taking this into account, the Department of Education in Beijing adopted a resolution according to which school classes begin at 8 am and last no more than eight hours a day. At the same time, the curriculum increased the number of physical education lessons to 70 minutes per week.

Many readers may feel that the above applies to private schools. But I would like to clarify right away that this educational system is used in public schools.

Schools in China work on a five-day basis working week, just like most Russian schools. This is where the similarity ends. If in Russian schools first-graders study for a maximum of 13 hours, then their Chinese “colleagues” are in educational institution until 16 pm. Due to the heavy workload, the school day is divided into two parts. From 8 to half past eleven, children study basic subjects: Chinese and foreign languages, mathematics, which are on the schedule every day. Then, children can rest and have lunch until 2 pm, and then continue their studies. In the afternoon, students in Chinese schools study secondary subjects: singing, labor, physical education and drawing.

Chinese schools are special in that each class has an average of 30-40 students. The learning process is divided into two semesters, the results of which are displayed on a report card. It is worth mentioning that the assessment of children's achievements during school is carried out using a hundred-point system. All current results are posted in the class journal and parents, if desired, can monitor the progress of their children.

Big plus in Chinese educational system the fact that the educational process is carefully controlled by the government, and schools constantly receive funding from the treasury for Maintenance buildings or updating the material and technical base.

Being Chinese is not easy. When there are more than one and a half billion of you in a country without social guarantees, you have to work hard to find a place in the sun. But Chinese children are ready for this - their hard work begins in first grade.

At one time, I worked as an English teacher in four Chinese schools (and as a trainer at a kung fu school). Therefore it is very interesting to compare Russian education and features of schools in the Middle Kingdom.

1. Many schools in China do not have heating, so teachers and students do not take off their outerwear in winter. Central heating found exclusively in the north of the country. In central and southern China, buildings are designed for warm climates. This means that in winter, when the temperature can drop to zero, and sometimes even lower, the only means of heating is air conditioning. School uniform - tracksuit: wide pants and jacket. The cut is almost the same everywhere, only the colors of the suit and the school emblem on the chest differ. All school areas are limited to large iron gates, which are always kept closed, opening only so that schoolchildren can leave.

2. ​ In Chinese schools, they do exercises every day (and more than one) and conduct a general exercise.The morning at school begins with exercises, then a line on which the main news is reported and the flag is raised - school or state. PAfter the third lesson, all children do exercises to relax their eyes. To the accompaniment of soothing music and a recorded narrator's voice, schoolchildren click on special dots. Besides morning exercises, there is daily exercise - around two o'clock in the afternoon, when, under the same inexorable loudspeaker, schoolchildren pour out into the corridor in a single impulse (if there is not enough space in the classrooms), begin to raise their arms to the sides and up and jump.

3. Big change, aka lunch break, usually lasts an hour. During this time, children have time to go to the canteen (if there is no canteen at the school, they are brought food in special trays-boxes), have lunch, and also run, stretch their legs, scream and play pranks. Teachers in all schools are given free lunch. And, I must say, the food is very good. Lunch traditionally consists of one meat and two vegetable dishes, rice and soup. IN expensive schools They also give you fruit and yogurt. People in China love to eat, and even at school traditions are observed. After the lunch break, some junior schools allow five minutes of “sleep time.” By the way, a couple of times my students fell asleep in the middle of the lesson, and the poor things had to be woken up with their hearts bleeding.

4. The attitude towards teachers is very respectful. They are called by their surname with the prefix "teacher", such as Teacher Zhang or Teacher Xiang. Or just “teacher”. In one school, students - no matter whether they were mine or not - bowed when they met me.

5. In many schools, physical punishment is the order of the day. A teacher can hit a student with his hand or a pointer for some offense. The further away from big cities and the simpler the school, the more common this is. My Chinese friend told me that at school they were given a certain time to learn English words. And for every unlearned word they were beaten with a stick.

6. In the classroom there is a rating of students' performance, which encourages them to study better. Grades range from A to F, where A is the highest, corresponding to 90-100%, and F - unsatisfactory 59%. Rewarding good behavior is an important part educational system. For example, for a correct answer or exemplary behavior in class, a student receives a star of a certain color or additional points. Points and stars will be deducted for talking in class or misconduct. The progress of schoolchildren is reflected on a special chart on the board. The competition, so to speak, is obvious.

7. Chinese children study more than 10 hours every day. Lessons usually last from eight in the morning until three or four in the afternoon, after which the children go home and do endless homework until nine or ten in the evening. On weekends, schoolchildren from big cities necessarily have some kind of additional classes with tutors; they go to music school, art schools and sports clubs. Due to the highest level of competition, children are under pressure from their parents from childhood. If they cannot pass the exam well after primary school (and compulsory education in China takes 12-13 years), then the path to university is barred for them.