The temperature in the classrooms should not be high. Temperature and humidity in the classroom. Optimal and permissible parameters of temperature and relative humidity in rooms in all educational and preschool institutions

High efficiency students are saved long time, if educational and production activities take place under favorable micro conditions climatic conditions and the lighting conditions of the premises, correct selection furniture, beautiful interior decoration interiors.

Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to the air condition in educational and industrial premises.

Increased temperature and humidity, bacterial contamination, increased content organic matter, the deterioration of the ionic composition of the air contributes to an increase in fatigue and a decrease in the performance of students.

A person’s sense of heat depends on the complex influence of all meteorological factors: temperature, humidity and air mobility.

The optimal and permissible microclimate parameters in educational premises (offices, laboratories) for various climatic regions are presented in the table.

In a temperate climate region optimal temperature air in cold period year in educational premises it should be within 18-20°C, in production workshops (metalwork, turning, milling) - 16-17°C, in recreation - 15-16°C. The relative air humidity in the main rooms (offices, laboratories, workshops) of technical schools should be 30-50%. Air mobility should not exceed 1.0 m/s.

During school day The indoor microclimate changes significantly. The composition of the air changes (chemical, physical, bacterial), the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air increases (the CO2 norm for closed premises is 0.07-0.1%), which leads to rapid fatigue and decreased performance. This is aggravated by the accumulation of organic substances, the presence of which in the air is caused by the breathing of people present, and also depends on sanitary condition skin, student clothing and the room itself. Along with the dust rising when students move, the amount of bacteria in the air increases, which is unsafe from an epidemiological point of view. Under adverse conditions external environment the number is decreasing negative ions in the air, which have a beneficial effect on the body. The air temperature also undergoes significant changes: after only 3-4 hours training sessions it often increases by 4°, and by the end of the day - by 5.5°. An increase in ambient temperature and humidity reduces heat transfer from the body, which leads to thermal discomfort (students complain of headache, general weakness, feeling tired), contributes to faster fatigue. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly monitor air mode educational and production premises, promptly ventilate them during the hours when they are free.

These hours should be used for extensive aeration, which is carried out under the supervision of a doctor and teachers. It has been established that the performance of students studying in a well-ventilated room during the school day is 1.5-2 times higher than that of students working in an unventilated room. Aeration of the main premises of technical schools should be carried out using both natural and artificial ventilation. The best device for natural ventilation, especially in the cold season, there are transoms equipped with lever shutters that allow you to easily turn on the ventilation system. IN warm time windows open for years. For the winter, one window should be left uncovered for ventilation during big breaks, as well as before and after classes: if available central heating the optimal indoor air temperature is quickly restored. In the cold season, during classes, transoms in recreation areas and corridors should be opened, creating the necessary supply fresh air, and during changes they must be closed. The duration of ventilation depends on the outside temperature. So, during small breaks (10 minutes) at an outside air temperature of +10 to +5°C, the duration of ventilation should be 4-10 minutes; respectively, at temperatures from +5 to 0°C - 3-7 minutes; from 0 to -5°C - 2-5 minutes; from -5 to -10°C - 1-3 minutes; below -10°C - 1.0-1.5 minutes. The duration of ventilation between shifts at air temperatures from +10 to +5°C should be 25-35 minutes; respectively, at a temperature from +5 to 0°C - 20-30 minutes; from 0 to -5°C - 15-25 minutes; from -5 to -10°C - 10-15 minutes; below -10°C - 5-10 min.

A great effect is achieved with through ventilation, but this can only be done when there are no students in the premises. The intensity of air exchange can be increased using exhaust ventilation on a natural impulse or due to a mechanical incentive. Mechanical exhaust ventilation should be designed to turn on automatically both during breaks and during class (1-2 times for 5-10 minutes). Systematic monitoring of the condition ventilation ducts and grilles and compliance with the ventilation regime is carried out by medical, teaching and housekeeping personnel. Lattices ventilation systems should be systematically cleaned of dust and not covered up when whitewashing walls. Ventilation ducts should be cleaned at least twice a year. IN last years A heating system combined with ventilation is widely used, providing both heating and ventilation of classrooms during classes.

Creation date: 2014/01/08

Temperature

The microclimate of a room is understood as a combination of heat, air and humidity conditions in their interrelation. The main requirement for the microclimate is maintaining favorable conditions for people in the room.

As a result of metabolic processes occurring in the body, energy is released in the form of heat. This heat must be transferred to the environment through convection, radiation, conduction and evaporation, since the human body strives to maintain a constant temperature (36.6ºC). Maintaining a constant body temperature is ensured by the physiological thermoregulation system. For normal functioning and well-being, a person must have a thermal balance between the heat generated by the body and the heat released into the environment. Under normal conditions, more than 90% of the heat generated is given to the environment (half of the heat by radiation, a quarter by convection, a quarter by evaporation) and less than 10% of the heat is lost as a result of metabolism.

The intensity of human heat transfer depends on the microclimate of the room, characterized by the temperature of the internal air, the radiation temperature of the room, the speed of movement and the relative humidity of the air. Combinations of these microclimate parameters, in which thermal equilibrium is maintained in the human body and there is no tension in its thermoregulation system, are called comfortable or optimal. It is most important to maintain, first of all, favorable conditions in the room. temperature conditions, since air mobility and relative humidity, as a rule, have insignificant fluctuations. Zones of comfortable combinations tB and eR for civil buildings during cold and warm periods of the year. In addition to the optimal ones, there are acceptable combinations of microclimate parameters at which a person feels slight discomfort.

The part of the room in which a person is primarily located work time, is called the service or working area. Comfort should be ensured, first of all, in this area.

The thermal conditions of a room depend mainly on its temperature environment, which is usually characterized by two comfort conditions. The first condition for a comfortable temperature environment determines the range of temperature combinations at which a person, being in the center working area, does not experience overheating or hypothermia.

For a person in a calm state, tB = 21…23ºС, during light work - 19…21ºС, during heavy work - 14…16ºС.

The second comfort condition determines the permissible temperatures of heated and cooled surfaces when a person is in close proximity to them. To avoid unacceptable overheating or hypothermia of a person's head, the surfaces of the ceiling and walls can be heated to an acceptable temperature. The temperature of a cold floor in winter can be only 2-2.5ºC lower than the room air temperature due to the great sensitivity of a person’s feet to hypothermia, but not higher than 22-34ºC, depending on the purpose of the premises. The temperature in residential premises should not be lower than 18◦ C, and in corner rooms- not lower than 20◦C. The temperature for classrooms should not be lower than 16-18 ◦C; for a sports hall - 16◦C; for recreation, corridors, staircases, dining rooms - 14◦C. The relative air humidity in rooms and school premises should be 40-60%, and its mobility should be from 0.1 to 0.15 m/s.

For well-being and health, the relative humidity must be between 40 and 60%. Optimal humidity is 45%. However, in our homes and schools during the winter months it often does not exceed 10 or 20%. With the beginning heating season indoor air humidity is significantly reduced. Such conditions cause rapid evaporation and drying of the mucous membrane of the nose, larynx, and lungs, which leads to colds and other diseases. To maintain it at this time, at least 1 liter of water must evaporate per day in a room with an area of ​​15-18 square meters. High humidity is also bad for human health at any temperature. It may occur due to large indoor plants or irregular ventilation. At higher temperatures, humidity around 20% is preferred.

Air humidity

Air is an integral part in the life of every person - it is one of the sources of life. Man cannot live without air. What is air, what does it consist of and how does it affect humans? Atmospheric air is a mixture various gases and water vapor. Important for humans, along with the temperature and pressure of the atmosphere, it is the amount of water vapor in it. The influence of air humidity on human life Which humidity is better?

Dry air is not good. Dry air acts on the skin like a sponge, drawing moisture out of it, that is, it simply dries the skin, which is where wrinkles form faster. Excessively dry air with a relative humidity of less than 40% makes the mucous membranes of the lungs and nasopharynx dry, increasing the risk of infections and bleeding. There are unpleasant sensations of dryness in the mouth and throat, deep cracks in the lips form, and decreased protective functions upper respiratory tract.

High humidity (above 70%) also negatively affects the human body, both in high and low low temperatures. At high air temperatures and high humidity, a person sweats a lot, but moisture does not evaporate from the surface of the body, which leads to overheating of the body and “heat stroke.” At low temperatures high humidity air, on the contrary, leads to strong cooling of the body, since in humid air energy losses through convection and thermal conductivity increase sharply. Humid indoor air creates ideal conditions for mold growth and reproduction, so-called dust mites, which can cause allergies in people prone to these diseases. Air humidity, significantly affecting the body’s heat exchange with environment, It has great importance for human life.

Humans are quite sensitive to humidity. The intensity of moisture evaporation from the surface of the skin depends on it. And the evaporation of moisture is of great importance for maintaining body temperature constant. At high humidity, especially on a hot day, the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the skin decreases and therefore thermoregulation becomes more difficult human body. In air with high relative humidity, evaporation slows down and cooling is insignificant. Heat is more difficult to bear when humidity is high. Under these conditions, heat removal due to moisture evaporation is difficult. Therefore, overheating of the body is possible, disrupting the vital functions of the body. For optimal heat exchange of the human body at a temperature of 20-25 C, the most favorable relative humidity is about 50%.

At low temperatures and high air humidity, heat transfer increases and a person experiences greater cooling. At high temperatures and high air humidity, heat transfer is sharply reduced, which leads to overheating of the body, especially when performing physical work. High temperatures are more easily tolerated when air humidity is low. So, when working in hot shops optimal influence Relative air humidity of 20% affects heat exchange and well-being. The most favorable for humans in average climatic conditions is a relative air humidity of 40-60%. Such humidity, for example, is maintained in spaceships.

To eliminate the adverse effects of indoor air humidity, ventilation, air conditioning, etc. are used. Since during school year Since students have to spend more time at school, the humidity level plays an important role classrooms. Based on this, we decided to find out whether sanitary standards conditions of our offices. The measurements were carried out in subject rooms and in a computer lab.

Psychrometer

The psychrometer consists of two thermometers. The reservoir of one of them remains dry, and the thermometer shows the air temperature. The reservoir of the other is surrounded by a strip of cloth, the end of which is dipped into the water. The water evaporates, and this cools the thermometer. The higher the relative humidity, the less intense the evaporation and the smaller the difference in thermometer readings. At a relative humidity of 100%, water will not evaporate at all and the readings of both thermometers will be the same. The relative humidity of the air can be determined by the temperature difference between thermometers. Psychrometers are usually used in cases where fairly accurate and rapid determination of air humidity is required.

Optimal and permissible parameters of temperature and relative humidity in rooms in all educational and preschool institutions

Optimal parameters:

• temperature 19 C, relative humidity 62%;
• temperature 20 C - relative humidity 58%;
• temperature 21 C - relative humidity 55%.

Valid parameters:

• temperature 18 C - relative humidity 39%;
• temperature 22 C - relative humidity 31%.

School is a place where the young generation not only spends most daylight hours, but also the most interesting periods of your life. Therefore, the conditions in which young people receive their knowledge must comply with certain sanitary standards, developed taking into account the characteristics of the age groups of students, as well as the categories of premises where schoolchildren have to be.

It should be noted that in different regions of the country there are separate temperature standards may vary slightly. This process is regulated by local authorities. In our short review, we will look at indicators generally accepted in Russia and used in most regions of the country.

Temperature distribution according to standards

Initially, it is worth noting that the distribution of exchange and maximum temperature will vary from school to school. Particular attention is paid to places where students spend a long time in a state of calm (classrooms, libraries, assembly halls). This is followed by premises for active sports activities (gyms), as well as school corridors. There is a separate room where children change clothes, wash, and undergo a medical examination. Therefore, if we divide all these categories into temperature range, then we can distinguish the following level of minimum permissible temperature in schools:

• from 15 degrees is allowed in workshops, gyms, and various workshops;
• from 18 degrees is maintained in libraries, classrooms, assembly halls and toilets;
• from 19 degrees in the gym locker rooms;
• from 21 degrees permissible temperature in school health centers;
• 17-21 degrees in the library;
• 16-19 degrees in the lobby and wardrobe
• from 25 degrees must be maintained in showers and swimming pools.

From SanPiN 2.4.2.576-96 Hygienic requirements to the conditions of schoolchildren's education in various types modern educational institutions

At the same time, the maximum permissible comfortable temperature level in school premises at different times of the year should not exceed 25 degrees, regardless of whether it is summer outside or severe winter. If the temperature in the school premises cannot be maintained at a level above 15 degrees, classes at school should be stopped in order to avoid hypothermia of young citizens.

It is also important to note that for normal condition V various rooms they must be constantly ventilated. At the same time, the minimum permissible level of external air temperature at which it is allowed to open windows for natural ventilation is at least 5 degrees. But if the wind speed exceeds 2 m/s, it is not recommended to open windows in rooms where children are located, even for a short time.

The procedure for periodically ventilating classrooms, gyms, locker rooms, toilets, assembly and other halls should be carried out when children are not there. This is usually done during breaks, when the audience is completely cleared of students. To avoid creating drafts, it is not recommended to open the window and outer door into the room, thereby creating significant wind currents, due to which young schoolchildren can get hypothermia (for this, such a regime for 10 minutes is enough).

During creation optimal conditions everyday life for schoolchildren it is important to monitor not only the level of external and internal temperature and maintaining the established balance, but also maintaining an acceptable level of humidity. According to the standard, it should be in the range of 40 - 60 percent. This is enough to avoid the transfer of various airborne viruses and bacteria, as well as to prevent thermal overheating due to high humidity in the room.

When classes stop at school

Very often, especially in winter time, the administration of school institutions is taking measures to prevent the spread various diseases, as a result of which schools are simply closed for a certain period. In this case, it is necessary to highlight two main criteria when this is possible according to the regulatory documents in force at the state level.

1. The permissible threshold for a disease of the same type in a region or specific region has been exceeded educational institution. The administration has the right to close a school institution to students by introducing quarantine when the level of disease in a region of the same type of disease (usually viral diseases) exceeds 25% of the total population of such a region. Additionally, the legislator granted the right to the administration of school institutions to decide on the introduction of quarantine in the event that more than 30 - 35% of students in one class fell ill with one disease. In such cases, students' attendance at school is completely stopped.
2. When the level external temperature air weighed acceptable values. For primary school students (up to 6th grade inclusive) this is minus 25 degrees and below, while for all other schoolchildren the temperature should drop below minus 30 degrees. It should be taken into account that for the remote Northern regions there are slightly different indicators that are slightly different from the average. They are approved by local authorities. You need to understand that this level of temperature allows parents not to let their children go to school without any explanation, and they will not suffer anything for it. Schools do not close, and if any of the students still come to class, teachers are obliged to conduct lessons with such children.

What can you do to improve your comfort level?

Typically, school institutions in different regions are built according to almost identical designs. But, as practice shows, buildings of the same type, even in the same region, do not always maintain the same living conditions. There can be many reasons for this, from the banal replacement of old wooden windows, through the cracks of which cold penetrates into the room, onto new, metal-plastic ones with a high degree of tightness, before insulation external walls school institution. Replacing standard radiators with the ability to adjust the temperature helps to maintain the desired temperature very well.

All this means that quite often parents take part in various projects organized by the administration to improve the school institution. And here, given that future improvements will affect your children, it is very important to correctly decide on the choice of various devices, materials, window openings, ventilation and air conditioning systems. The life and health of the child should always come first, and only then look at everything else.

Requirements to temperature conditions in educational organizations

Due to the onset of the cold period of the year and the seasonal rise in respiratory diseases, the Moscow Office of Rospotrebnadzor has strengthened control over compliance educational organizations for children and adolescents, requirements for temperature conditions in rooms.

In order to prevent the adverse effects of the microclimate of the premises of educational organizations on well-being, functional state, performance and health of children, requirements for temperature conditions have been developed, which are mandatory for all organizations, regardless of their form of ownership.

Preschool and educational organizations are equipped with heating and ventilation systems in accordance with the requirements for heating, ventilation and air conditioning in public buildings and buildings. The use of portable heating devices, as well as heaters with infrared radiation, is not allowed.

When installing fences heating devices materials must be harmless to children's health. Fencing made of particle boards and others polymer materials not allowed.

In accordance with the requirements of SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the design, maintenance and organization of the operating mode of preschool educational organizations”, the air temperature in reception areas, play areas for nursery group cells should be - 22-24°C, for junior, middle and senior group cells - 21-23°C, in the bedrooms of all group cells - 19-20°C, in the toilets of nursery groups - 22-24°C, in the toilets of preschool groups - 19-20°C, in medical premises - 22-24°C, in halls for music and gymnastics classes - 19-20°C; in walking verandas - at least 12°C; in the pool hall – at least 29°C; in the changing room with shower of the pool – 25-26°C; in heated passages - at least 15°C.

Relative air humidity in rooms with children should be in the range of 40 - 60%.

All premises of preschool organizations must be ventilated daily. Ventilation is carried out for at least 10 minutes every 1.5 hours. In group rooms and bedrooms, natural cross or corner ventilation is provided. There is no through ventilation in the presence of children. Ventilation through toilet rooms not allowed. The duration of ventilation depends on the outside temperature, wind direction, efficiency heating system. Airing is carried out in the absence of children and ends 30 minutes before they arrive from a walk or activity.

When ventilating, a short-term decrease in the air temperature in the room is allowed, but not more than 2 - 4°C.

In the bedrooms, cross-ventilation is carried out before daytime sleep.

When ventilating the transoms and vents while sleeping, they open on one side and close 30 minutes before rising.

In the cold season, transoms and vents are closed 10 minutes before children go to bed.

In accordance with the requirements of SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of training in general education organizations”, the air temperature in offices, laboratories, assembly hall, dining room, recreation, library, lobby, cloakroom should be 18-24°C , in the gym, workshops - 17-20°C, bedroom, playrooms, department premises preschool education– 20-24°C, medical offices, changing rooms of the gym - 20-22°C, showers - 24-25°C, sanitary facilities and personal hygiene rooms - 19-21°C.

In the premises of educational organizations, the relative air humidity should be 40 - 60%, the air speed should not exceed 0.1 m/sec.

Educational areas are ventilated during breaks, and recreational areas during lessons. Before classes start and after they end, it is necessary to carry out cross-ventilation of classrooms. Duration through ventilation determined by weather conditions, wind direction and speed, and heating system efficiency. Recommended duration of cross-ventilation of classrooms depending on the outside temperature: from +10 to +6°C during short periods 4 – 10 minutes, 25 – 35 minutes. V big changes; from +5 to 0°C with small changes 3 – 7 min., 20 – 30 min. in big changes; from 0 to -5°C in small changes 2 – 5 min., 15 – 25 min. in big changes; from -5 to -10°C in small changes 1 - 3 min., 10 - 15 min. in big changes; below -10°C in small changes 1 - 1.5 min., 5 - 10 min. into big changes.

Lessons physical culture and sports sections should be held in well-aerated gyms.

During classes in the gym, it is necessary to open one or two windows on the leeward side when the outside temperature is above plus 5°C and the wind speed is no more than 2 m/s. At lower temperatures and higher air speeds, classes in the hall are carried out with one to three transoms open.

When the air temperature reaches plus 14 °C, ventilation in gym should be stopped.

Windows must be equipped with folding transoms with lever devices or vents. Transoms and vents must function at any time of the year.

Air temperature control in all main rooms where children stay in preschool organizations and educational premises and classrooms of general education organizations is carried out using household thermometers.

Over the past period of the new 2018-2019 academic year, specialists from the Office of Rospotrebnadzor in Moscow have not identified any cases of violation by educational organizations of the requirements for temperature conditions in premises. Monitoring compliance with sanitary and epidemiological requirements for air-thermal regime continues in kindergartens and schools.

Maintaining normal air-thermal conditions in the classroom is carried out by changing the air through the vents, transoms, and window sashes.

Air humidity in the classroom (relative humidity), at the above temperatures can range from 40-60% (in winter 30-50%), it also depends on humidity climate zone. Increasing humidity increases heat transfer from the body. In warm climates, relative humidity is 30-40%; in moderate and cold temperatures it can reach up to 65%.

Indeed, with the onset of the heating season, air humidity has decreased, but in the computer science classroom it is different from optimal parameters. In offices with big amount flowers, humidity has optimal values(room No. 21), which means it is beneficial for the health of students and teachers.

Ways to reduce humidity:

Ways to increase humidity:

• Ventilate classrooms after each lesson;
• To increase humidity and improve the air composition of classrooms, increase the number of green spaces;
• In winter, humidify the air in living areas (open containers with water, porous humidifiers).

Thus, we can draw the following conclusion: at low temperatures and high air humidity, heat transfer increases and a person experiences greater cooling.

High humidity is also bad for human health at any temperature.

The combination of high humidity and high temperature air, since this significantly worsens the thermal state of a person, reduces the efficiency of sweat evaporation and thereby makes heat transfer more difficult.

To eliminate the adverse effects of indoor air humidity, ventilation, air conditioning, etc. are used.

2.4 Solving problems on the topic “ Air humidity»

Problem 2 Air humidity is 78%, and the dry bulb reading is 12 °C. What temperature does the wet bulb thermometer show? (Answer: 10 °C.)

Problem 3 The difference in the readings of dry and wet thermometers is 4 °C. Relative humidity 60%. What are the dry and wet bulb readings? (Answer: tc-l9°С, tm= 10 °C.)

Problem 4 The difference between the readings of dry and wet thermometers is 40C. Relative humidity 60%. What are the dry and wet thermometer readings? (Answer tc=140C? tvl=100C). Problem 5 Define absolute humidity air if partial pressure the steam in it is 14 kPa, and the temperature is 333 K.

Problem 6 To dry the air in a cylinder with a capacity of 10 liters, a piece of calcium chloride was introduced into it, which absorbed water weighing 0.13 g. What was the relative humidity of the air in the cylinder if its temperature is 200C?

Problem 7 The air temperature is 18° C, and its dew point is 10° C. Find the relative humidity at 18° C. The density of saturated water vapor at 18° C is 15.4 g/m3, and at 10° C - 9.4 g/m3 .

Problem 8 At a temperature of 25° C, the relative humidity is 70%. How much moisture will be released from each m3 when the temperature drops to 16° C? The density of saturated steam at 25°C is 23 g/m3, at 16°C - 13.6 g/cm3.

Problem 9 V = 20,000 m3 of air must be supplied to the room at temperature t1 = 18° C and relative humidity φ1 = 50%. The air is taken from the street, where the temperature is t2 = 10° C, and the humidity is φ2 = 60%. How much additional water needs to be evaporated? The density of saturated steam at 18°C ​​is 15.4 g/m3, and at 10°C - 9.4 g/m3.