Sanitary improvement of pharmacy premises. Hygienic requirements for the sanitary improvement of pharmacy premises (insolation, lighting, heating, ventilation, water supply, sewerage.) Hygienic requirements for ventilation and air conditioning

Maximum and minimum list of industrial pharmacy jobs.

Maximum:

1. public service hall:

Sales of ready-made drugs according to recipes

Sales of ready-made drugs without prescriptions

accepting prescriptions from the population for the production of dosage forms

Dispensing medicines prepared in a pharmacy

information

implementation of optics

sales of parapharmaceutical products

2. assistant:

production of medical forms for internal use

production of medical forms for external use

HP packaging internal use

packaging of drugs for external use

pharmacist-technologist

enlarged production of lek. forms for health care

packaging of medicines for healthcare facilities

3. analytical

quality control of manufactured drugs

4. procurement of concentrates and semi-finished products

production of concentrates and semi-finished products

5. washing and sterilization

processing of prescription dishes

processing of glassware for sterile dosage forms

sterilization of dishes

preparation of closures and auxiliary material

6. distillation

obtaining distilled water (purified)

7. disinfection

processing of returnable dishes from LPU

8. unpacking

unpacking the goods

9. prescription-forwarding

receiving requirements (prescriptions) from healthcare facilities

picking and issuing medical orders

10. assistant-aseptic

production of sterile drugs

packaging of manufactured drugs

11. sterilization

sterilization of dosage forms

sterilization of medical forms

12. control marking

design of manufactured medical forms for healthcare facilities

minimum list of industrial pharmacy jobs:
1.public service hall

sales of drugs and medical products

2. assistant

production of molds according to recipes

3.analytical

quality control of medical forms

4. washing and sterilization

processing of prescription dishes

5. distillation

obtaining distilled water

6. unpacking

unpacking the goods

hygienic requirements for the sanitary improvement of pharmacy premises (insolation, lighting, heating, ventilation, water supply, sewerage.)

insolation-as a factor external environment Insolation actively affects the human body. It has been established that even UV rays that penetrate through ordinary glass, have a detrimental effect on the microflora of the room. Besides. Sun rays have a positive effect on mood, well-being, and create a positive emotional background during work. Taking into account the beneficial biological and psychophysiological effects of solar radiation, it is necessary to ensure sufficient insolation of pharmacy premises and at the same time prevent them from overheating. violation of optimal microclimatic conditions. The initial criterion for maintaining these conditions is to provide at least 3 hours per day of continuous direct solar irradiation of the room.

A significant role in ensuring the insolation regime is played by the correct orientation of the pharmacy premises to the cardinal points. most favorable for the main production premises The pharmacy is south and southeast oriented. for rooms where overheating is possible (WASHING, sterilization, distillation and sterilization), it is recommended to be oriented to the north.

heating. Pharmacy personnel must perform their complex and responsible work in rooms with optimal microclimatic conditions. the parameters that determine the microclimate of the pharmacy are temperature (18-20), relative humidity(40-60 percent) and air mobility (0.1-0.2ms). The premises of the built-in pharmacies are heated using a centralized water (convection) and radiant (radiation) heating system. The heating system must be carried out in accordance with the current construction code 2.04.05-91 of 1996. In storage rooms, microclimate parameters (temperature, humidity, air speed) must be monitored. The most optimal and hygienically justified is radiant heating. In pharmacies it is advisable to use panel heating (one of the types of radiant). The advantage of panel heating compared to water heating is that the body’s heat transfer by radiation is reduced, so a person feels the same thermal comfort at t = 17-18 as at 19-20 in a room with convection heating. in addition, settling and burning of dust on radiators is eliminated; this is especially appropriate for heating the aseptic unit, assistant’s room and pharmacist-analyst’s room, where compliance must be observed high level cleanliness. Steam heating is prohibited in pharmacy premises as it is the least hygienic. With this type of heating, changes in air temperature occur in the heated rooms. In addition, there is a risk of burns from touching the radiators as the temperature of the supplied steam reaches a high level. In pharmacies located in separate buildings in rural areas arrange local water heating, stove in rare cases. Dutch ovens are the most suitable. The combustion openings should go into the corridor so as not to pollute the production premises. The air temperature in pharmacy premises must be within the requirements set out in the Instructions for the sanitary regime of pharmacy organizations (pharmacies) No. 309 dated 10.21.97.

lighting. Affects health, visual function, performance, productivity and mood. All production, administrative, auxiliary and sanitary premises must be provided with natural and artificial lighting. Absence is allowed only in storerooms and basements. Sufficient lighting allows you to maintain sanitary conditions and cleanliness. In case of insufficient lighting, incorrect dosage and inaccurate weighing are possible, which leads to a deterioration in the quality of the products being manufactured. To ensure a sufficient level natural light in the pharmacy it is necessary that window glass were level, the window sills were free of various objects that would block the penetration of light. The window sashes are thin. Mandatory window cleaning at least 2 times a year. There should be no protrusions in the path of spread in pharmacy premises luminous flux. With one-sided side lighting, the ratio of the depth of the room (the distance from the light-carrying wall to the opposite wall) to the height of the upper edge of the window should not be more than 2. The intensity of natural lighting in pharmacies is assessed based on indicators such as luminous coefficient (lc) and natural light coefficient (keo). So, in the assistant room of a pharmacist-analyst, aseptic sk should be equal to 1:4, keo 2%. In other premises of the pharmacy, sk is within 1:6, 1:7, keo 1.5-0.6%. Artificial lightingpharmacy premises carried out at the expense of fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps. The main hygienic requirement for artificial lighting of pharmacy premises is to ensure sufficient and uniform illumination of premises and workplaces. For artificial lighting of pharmacy production facilities, it is recommended to use low-pressure fluorescent light sources. The advantage of fluorescent lamps over incandescent lamps comes down to a favorable spectral characteristic, close to the spectrum daylight. For pharmacies, lampshades are more acceptable; they provide diffused light. In the assistant's room, aseptic room, pharmacist-analyst's room, packaging and defect room, lamps with fluorescent lamps are used, located locally above the work stations. The sales area is equipped with lamps that meet lighting, hygienic, architectural and artistic requirements. They must create the required level of illumination and satisfy the aesthetic needs of visitors. In addition to general lighting, local lighting fixtures with lamps corresponding to the spectrum of lamps used in the general lighting system are installed at the workplaces of pharmacists-technologists and pharmacists. There are fluorescent lamps in the storerooms. In the washing room, distillation and sterilization room, toilet and shower room, waterproof pendant lamps with incandescent lamps are used for damp rooms. The illumination of the manager’s office, staff room, and wardrobes is set in accordance with current standards. The combined use of incandescent and fluorescent lamps in the same pharmacy room is not recommended. Yes and claim Lighting in industrial premises of pharmacies with rational use can improve labor productivity.

Ventilation. It is contaminated as a result of the vital activity of the body of workers, drug production technology, storage, intra-pharmacy transportation, visiting sick visitors, possible microclimatic disturbance of the pharmacy environment. 2 types of ventilation.

Natural ventilation. Aeration through windows, vents, transoms. Most effective due to exhaust through channels. To enhance traction through the channels, special nozzles - deflectors - are installed on the roofs of buildings. All pharmacies have natural ventilation, but the frequency of air exchange does not always ensure the removal of industrial hazards, so it is sufficient only for administrative and sanitary premises.

Artificial ventilation. Necessary in rooms where normalized microclimate parameters, dust content, oxygen and gas flow are not achieved through natural air exchange. impurities. In accordance with SNiP 2.04.05-91 of 1996 and Instructions for the sanitary regime of pharmaceutical organizations No. 309 of October 21, 1997, pharmacies should provide supply and exhaust ventilation with mechanical drive, local and exchange. The entire artificial ventilation system must be installed so that air from one room does not penetrate into others. In the assistant's, unpacking, distillation, defector's, storerooms, pharmacist-analyst's room, there is a general supply and exhaust system with a predominance of exhaust over inflow. Also in the pharmacist-analyst’s room there should be local exhaust ventilation - pull out drobe. Particular attention should be paid to washing and distillation-sterilization, because The microclimate of the pharmacy depends on their design. Due to the fact that in these rooms there are sources of heat and moisture release, with insufficient efficient work ventilation hot and wet air may penetrate into other rooms. Supply and exhaust ventilation is installed with an air exchange rate of +3-4. In the washing room, in addition, it is necessary to install local exhaust ventilation above the washing baths in the form of an umbrella. In the sales area there is a supply and exhaust unit. Ventilation of the aseptic block and aseptic room must ensure movement air flow from the aseptic room into the adjacent airlock rooms, and then the corridor. It is necessary to create air pressure from outside. Air exchange should be a multiplicity of +4-2. The air supply should be carried out through the ceiling perforated panel and the side supply slots at a level not lower than 2.5 m from the floor. Exhaust holes are in the anti-fill end of the aseptic tank near the floor. The supplied air must be cleaned by passing it through special filters. The most effective type of ventilation is air conditioning - creating and maintaining an artificially simulated microclimate.

Water supply. Built-in urban pharmacies have central water supply. Pharmacies in rural areas have a separate water supply from a local water source. If there is no local water supply system, water supply is provided from a well. To maintain sanitary and hygienic conditions, it is necessary to provide rational water distribution. Hot water must be supplied to all production and auxiliary sanitary premises. Water quality must comply with current Sanitary Hygiene requirements (SanPiN)

Sewerage. Wastewater City pharmacies are removed through the sewer system. In rural areas, a liquid sewage removal system is used. solid waste is collected in metal hermetically sealed garbage containers installed in the yard on cemented areas.

LPU pharmacies.

Currently, our country has created a wide network of medical and preventive institutions: hospitals, dispensaries, clinics, and maternity hospitals.

The main function of the pharmacy of health care institutions is to manufacture and dispense according to the requirements of drugs ordered by certain departments of health care institutions, dispensing ready-made drugs to them medicines, dressings, patient care items, medical instruments and other medical products. That. The scope of work of healthcare facility pharmacies is wider than that of pharmacies serving the population, because they supply this institution not only with the usual pharmacy assortment, but also with reagents, surgical and other instruments, and medical equipment.

Pharmacies of healthcare facilities are divided into categories depending on the number of beds in the hospital.

The technology for manufacturing drugs in health care facilities is no different from pharmacies serving the population, therefore the staffing units in them are the same, with some exceptions. Thus, in health care facility pharmacies there is a position of pharmacist-clinician, pharmaceutical inspector, gas cylinder manager and equipment repair engineer.

In terms of the volume of work in health care pharmacies, 40-50% are requirements for sterile dosage forms (in pharmacies serving the population only 5%). In this regard, the set of premises and their sizes differ slightly from those in self-supporting pharmacies serving the population.

Pharmacies of medical institutions as well as pharmacies, serving the population, have production, auxiliary (storage), administrative and utility premises. They are placed on the 1st floor in compliance with the relevant sanitary and hygienic requirements. These premises should be convenient for reception and storage large quantity medical property, placement of mechanization equipment, equipment and pharmacy furniture.

An important sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic requirement is the reliable isolation of the pharmacy premises of health care facilities from the treatment and diagnostic departments intended for the stay of patients, but at the same time the pharmacy must have a convenient, safe connection from the point of view of contamination and infection with the hospital departments. It is most advisable to place a pharmacy in the main building of the hospital or in separate building. In this case, the pharmacy must have a basement and good access roads. Pharmacies of large clinical hospitals and multidisciplinary health care facilities have a special premises, consisting of 2 rooms with a total area of ​​45 m2, for small-scale production of tablets and ampoule preparations. The hospital pharmacy is responsible for supplying hospitals with oxygen and other gases. In this case, it is planned to build a central oxygen station at the pharmacy.

In healthcare facility pharmacies there is no sales area; instead, there is a waiting area intended for medical staff who come to the pharmacy from the hospital, clinic patients, etc. in order to deliver requests, applications, prescriptions and receive prepared medicines or medical products. Appointments. Unlike pharmacies serving the population, a health care facility pharmacy has a prescription and forwarding department in which a large amount of work is performed on receiving and fulfilling requirements and prescriptions. In addition, healthcare facility pharmacies are distinguished by the presence of a large (from 80-120 m2) well-equipped aseptic unit for the preparation of large quantities of sterile drugs. There is no separate room for a pharmacist-analyst in health care facility pharmacies. The assistant's room has a pharmacist-analyst's desk with the necessary equipment for physical and chemical analyses. These pharmacies are equipped with 2 washing rooms for processing dishes. One of them is for receiving, sorting, processing dishes prepared for eye drops and other sterile injection solutions. The other is for collecting, processing and sorting ordinary pharmaceutical glassware and pharmaceutical equipment. At the pharmacy large number storage rooms for special purposes.

Purpose of the lesson:

1. Familiarization with the main types of ventilation.

2. Study of methods for assessing the effectiveness of ventilation.

3. Solving situational problems.

Location of the lesson: educational laboratory of the department of general hygiene.

Equipment: tables and diagrams.

5.1. Terms and Definitions.

1. Ventilation air– air of an appropriate degree of purification, entering the room through a fan or ventilation system and ensuring the appropriate cleanliness of the production room.

2. Room cleanliness class– the status of a “clean” zone or “clean” room, establishing limits for the content of mechanical particles of a certain size and/or viable microorganisms in 1 m3 of air.

3. Unidirectional air flow (laminar flow)- an air flow with parallel, as a rule, jets (stream lines) passing in the same direction with the same speed in the cross section.

4. "Clean" rooms- production facilities and/or areas for the manufacture of sterile finished medicinal products with air purity standardized for the content of mechanical particles of a certain size and viable microorganisms, designed and used in such a way as to minimize the penetration, spread, formation and retention of mechanical particles and microorganisms inside these premises.

5.2. Hygienic requirements for ventilation and air conditioning.

Ventilation and air conditioning in industrial buildings should be designed in accordance with current building codes and rules (SNiP), requirements of the Instructions for construction design medical industry enterprises.

Ventilation is a set of measures and devices used in organizing air exchange to ensure the desired state of the air environment in rooms and workplaces.

Ventilation systems are classified according to the method of creating pressure with natural and artificial (mechanical) stimulation; by purpose: supply and exhaust; by service area: local and general exchange. The basis natural ventilation Air exchange is based on the temperature difference between the outside air and indoor air (thermal pressure) and wind pressure. With unorganized ventilation, carried out using window openings, transoms, etc., the air exchange rate for industrial premises will be insufficient. Only an organized and controlled natural ventilation system (aeration) allows for sufficient air exchange in the premises. For air intake and removal there are special openings in the external fences of the building. IN cold period During the summer, the top row of side openings is used, and in the warm season, the bottom row of windows is also used. The advantage of aeration is the ability to carry out air exchange of such a large volume, which is practically unattainable with artificial ventilation. It should be noted that in practice, so-called mixed ventilation is often provided, that is, both natural and mechanical

(artificial) ventilation.

Forced ventilation used for supply to ventilated rooms clean air to replace the deleted one. The supply air can be subjected to special treatment, for example, cleaning. This ventilation system is used in rooms where it is undesirable for polluted air to enter (for example, an aseptic block of pharmacies). Exhaust ventilation removes polluted or heated exhaust air from the room. This ventilation system is used in rooms when it is necessary to prevent the spread of harmful emissions into neighboring ones (for example, a washing room and an analytical chemist’s room). As a rule, both supply and exhaust systems are provided in the room. Their performance must be balanced.

Both supply and exhaust ventilation can be installed at the workplace (local) or for the entire room (general). Local exhaust ventilation used when discharge sites harmful substances are localized and can be prevented from spreading throughout the room.

Local supply ventilation used when it is necessary to improve

meteorological conditions in limited areas of the premises (air showers). Their cooling effect is based on increasing heat transfer from the body under the influence of temperature differences and increased speed air movement. However local systems ventilation cannot solve all the problems facing ventilation. Not all harmful emissions can be localized by these systems, for example, when harmful emissions are dispersed over a large area or volume. General ventilation is designed to provide ventilation in the room as a whole. General exhaust systems remove air relatively evenly from the entire room, and general exchange supply systems supply air and distribute it throughout the entire volume of the room. An essential element of exhaust ventilation systems are devices for cleaning the exhaust air from industrial dust, vapors and gases.

Ventilation is assessed based on the volume and frequency of air exchange. Ventilation volume– the amount of fresh air that needs to be supplied to the room per 1 person per hour so that the amount of existing pollutants does not exceed the permissible level. Air exchange rate – a value showing how many times the air in the room is exchanged within an hour. It is defined as the ratio of the amount of air supplied or removed from a room to the volume of the room. For example, from a packaging volume of 60 m3, 180 m3 of air per hour is removed using exhaust ventilation. The air exchange rate is 3. Ventilation rates are preceded by (+) or (–) signs. The sign (+) means air exchange through the inlet, and the sign (–) means air exchange through the exhaust. For example, the air exchange rate in an aseptic room should be +4–2, therefore, four times the amount of air relative to the volume of a given room is supplied to the aseptic room within an hour, and twice the volume of a given room is removed. Thus, knowing the required volume of supplied or removed air, you can calculate the required air exchange rate for inlet and outlet.

5.3. Hygienic requirements for ventilation in pharmacy premises.

For various pharmacy premises, standards for air exchange rates for inlet and outlet have been established in accordance with the Instructions for sanitary regime pharmaceutical organizations (pharmacies) of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation 309 dated 10.21.97. (Table 12).

Table 12.

Hygienic requirements To technological process, decoration of premises, landscaping, and personal hygiene of pharmacy workers do not differ from the requirements for those in pharmacies serving the public. Pharmacies in healthcare facilities and pharmacies serving the population are subject to uniform hygiene standards.

Insolation. As an environmental factor, insolation actively affects the human body. It has been established that even those UV rays that penetrate through ordinary glass have a detrimental effect on the microflora of rooms. In addition, the sun's rays have a positive effect on mood, well-being, and create a positive emotional background during work. Considering the beneficial biological and psychophysiological effects of solar radiation, it is necessary to ensure sufficient insolation of pharmacy premises and at the same time prevent them from overheating and disturbing optimal microclimatic conditions. The initial criterion for maintaining these conditions is to provide at least 3 hours per day of continuous direct solar irradiation of the premises.

A significant role in ensuring the insolation regime is played by the correct orientation of the pharmacy premises to the cardinal points. The most favorable orientation for the main production premises of a pharmacy is south and southeast. For rooms where overheating is possible (washing, sterilization, distillation and sterilization), it is recommended to be oriented to the north.

Lighting.Rational lighting of industrial premises and workplaces in pharmacies is of great importance hygienic value, as it affects the health status, visual function, performance, labor productivity and mood of workers. All production, administrative, auxiliary and sanitary premises must be provided with natural and artificial lighting. The absence of natural light is allowed only in storerooms and basements. Sufficient lighting allows you to maintain a sanitary regime and maintain cleanliness. Poorly lit production areas can create conditions for the accumulation of dust and dirt, which inevitably affects the quality of medicines. If there is insufficient lighting, incorrect dosage and inaccurate weighing are possible, which also leads to a deterioration in the quality of manufactured drugs. In addition, poor lighting requires strain on the visual analyzer and adversely affects performance and productivity.

To ensure a sufficient level of natural light in a pharmacy, it is necessary that the window glass be smooth, clean, and the window sills free of various objects that block the penetration of light. Window sashes should be thin. It is important to emphasize that hygienic standards for natural lighting are established taking into account the mandatory cleaning of windows at least 2 times a year.

A serious factor determining the distribution of luminous flux indoors is interior layout, and painting walls and other (including work) surfaces. In pharmacy premises there should be no protrusions in the path of light flux. With one-way side lighting, the ratio of the depth of the room (the distance from the light-carrying wall to the opposite one) to the height of the upper edge of the window should not be more than 2.

The influence of painting walls and other surfaces in pharmacy premises on the level of illumination and the performance of pharmacy staff was studied. It has been established that due to the light coloring of the walls of the premises, multiple reflections of light occur. This increases illumination, promotes uniform dispersion of light, and creates soft diffused lighting. For example, walls painted in White color, reflect 80% of the rays incident on them, in light yellow - 50%, in blue - 25%, in brown - only 13 %. Consequently, the choice of color is of great importance for creating an optimal sanitary and hygienic regime in the pharmacy, since it is easier to maintain cleanliness in light rooms than in dark ones. In addition, for successful work Pharmacy staff should be carefully selected color scheme, take into account the spectrum of reflected light and intense lighting. It has been established that the eyes of pharmacy workers involved in the manufacture of medicines are less tired if the color of surrounding objects and equipment is sufficiently diverse. Monotonous and harsh colors have a negative impact on the emotional state of workers. In addition, the choice of color is of great importance for maintaining sanitary and hygienic conditions in pharmacies. Light colors are most favorable in this regard.

The intensity of natural light in pharmacy premises is assessed based on indicators such as luminous coefficient (LC) and natural lighting coefficient (LFC). So, in the assistant's room, pharmacist-analyst's room, aseptic SC should be equal to 1:4, KEO - 2%, in other rooms of the pharmacy - SC within 1:6-1:7, KEO 1.5-0.6%.

Artificial lighting of pharmacy premises is carried out using fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps. The main hygienic requirement for artificial lighting of pharmaceutical production premises is to ensure sufficient and uniform illumination of premises and workplaces. This is especially important, since the illumination of workplaces, in particular the assistant, pharmacist-analyst, packer, pharmacist-technologist, must provide the required visual acuity and speed of discrimination small parts and stability of clear vision. To ensure the required level of artificial lighting in pharmacies, in accordance with the Instructions for the sanitary regime of pharmaceutical organizations (pharmacies) (No. 309 of October 21, 1997) and SNiP 23-05-95, the following standards have been established (Table 5.4).

Table 5.4 – Standards for artificial lighting of pharmacies

Low-pressure fluorescent light sources are recommended for artificial lighting of pharmacy production facilities. The hygienic advantage of fluorescent lamps over incandescent lamps comes down to a favorable spectral characteristic close to the spectrum of daylight. For pharmacies, lampshades are the most suitable. Their fittings reduce the stroboscopic effect and allow diffused light to be obtained.

Particular attention should be paid to the lighting of the assistant's room - the main functional unit of the pharmacy. Here it is advisable to use lamps with fluorescent lamps located locally above the workplaces. Similar principles of artificial lighting are used in the aseptic room, the pharmacist-analyst room, the packaging room and the defect room.

The sales area should be equipped with lamps that meet lighting, hygienic, architectural and artistic requirements. Lamps must not only create the required level of illumination, but also satisfy the aesthetic needs of visitors. For this purpose, artistically designed chandeliers and shades are used, harmoniously combined with decorative finishing trading floor. In addition to general lighting, local lighting fixtures with lamps corresponding to the spectrum of lamps used in the general lighting system are installed at the workplaces of pharmacists-technologists and pharmacists. Otherwise, colored shadows may appear, which makes work difficult, causes rapid eye fatigue, and reduces labor productivity.

In storerooms, fluorescent lamps are used, installed at the workplaces of the pharmacist-technologist and packer. The same lamps are used as in the assistant's room.

In the washing and distillation-sterilization rooms, toilets and showers, waterproof pendant lamps with incandescent lamps are used, intended for damp rooms. In the washing room above each bathroom, a local lamp is installed on a bracket, which has a protective angle of the fittings (more than 30") to protect the eyes from the glare of light.

The illumination of the pharmacy manager's office, staff room, wardrobes, and corridors is established in accordance with current standards. The combined use of fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps in the same pharmacy room is not recommended.

Natural and artificial lighting in the production premises of pharmacies, when used rationally, can improve the productivity of pharmacy workers. Thus, hygienic studies in a number of pharmacies showed that as a result of improving the illumination of the workplace of packers, their labor productivity increases by 12%, that of assistants by 11%, and that of pharmacist-technologists by 8%. %.

Heating. Pharmacy personnel must perform their complex and responsible work in rooms with optimal microclimatic conditions. The parameters that determine the microclimate of pharmacy premises are temperature (18-20 ° C), relative humidity (40-60%) and air mobility (0.1-0.2 m/s). The premises of the built-in pharmacies are heated using a centralized water (convection) and radiant (radiation) heating system. The heating system must be carried out in accordance with the current SNiP 2.04.05-91 of 1996. Microclimate parameters (temperature, humidity, air speed) must be monitored in storage rooms. The most optimal and hygienically justified is radiant heating. In pharmacies, it is advisable to use panel heating (one of the types of radiant). The advantage of panel heating compared to water heating is that the heat transfer from the body by radiation is reduced, so a person feels the same thermal comfort at a temperature of 17-18 ° C as at 19-20 ° C in a room with convection heating. In addition, , the settling and burning of dust on the radiators is excluded.This is especially suitable for heating the aseptic unit, assistant and pharmacist-analyst's room, where a high level of cleanliness must be maintained.

Steam heating is prohibited in pharmacy premises as it is the least hygienic. With this type of heating, dust burns on the radiators, which is accompanied by the appearance of an unpleasant odor; Heating devices heat up unevenly throughout the day, resulting in changes in air temperature in heated rooms. In addition, there is a risk of burns from touching the radiators as the temperature of the supplied steam reaches a high level.

In pharmacies located in separate buildings in rural areas, it is advisable to install local water heating. Stove heating is allowed in extreme cases. Dutch ovens are the most acceptable. The combustion openings for the ovens should go into the corridor so as not to pollute the production premises. It is necessary to ensure that the chimney is closed in a timely manner to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning.

The air temperature in pharmacy premises must be within the requirements set out in the Instructions for the sanitary regime of pharmacy organizations (pharmacies) No. 309 dated October 21, 1997 (Table 5.5).

Table 5.5 - Estimated temperatures, air exchange rates of pharmacy organizations (pharmacies)

Ventilation. In a pharmacy setting, ventilation is especially important for maintaining sanitary and hygienic conditions. The air in the premises of a pharmacy, like other premises, is polluted as a result of the vital activity of the body of the people working there. A major role in air pollution in pharmacies is played by the technology of drug production, their storage, packaging, intra-pharmacy transportation, as a result of which dust of medicinal substances, plant raw materials, and gaseous chemicals enters the air. toxic substances and substances with various, often unpleasant odors. Due to the fact that not only healthy but also sick people visit the pharmacy, there may be microorganisms in the air, including pathogenic ones. In a pharmacy, microclimatic conditions may be disrupted due to the accumulation of humid and hot air in rooms such as washing, sterilization and distillation.

Properly organized ventilation helps remove contaminated air from the premises of the pharmacy and maintain a sanitary and hygienic regime. The pharmacy uses both natural and artificial ventilation.

Natural ventilation is carried out through aeration through windows, vents, transoms. The most effective ventilation is carried out by extracting air through channels enclosed in the walls of the building. To enhance draft in the channels on the roofs of buildings (on the hood), special deflector attachments are installed. All pharmacies have natural ventilation, but the frequency of air exchange does not always ensure the removal of industrial hazards, so it is sufficient only for administrative and sanitary premises.

An artificial ventilation device is necessary in rooms where the normalized microclimate parameters, dust content, microorganisms and gaseous impurities are not achieved through natural air exchange. In accordance with SNiP 2.04.05-91* of 1996 and Instructions for the sanitary regime of pharmaceutical organizations (pharmacies) No. 309 of October 21, 1997, pharmacies should provide supply and exhaust ventilation with mechanical impulse, local and general. The entire artificial ventilation system of pharmacy premises must be installed in such a way that air from one room does not penetrate into others. Different nature of work in various rooms pharmacy requires a particularly careful approach to choosing a ventilation system and type ventilation devices. So, in the assistant's room - the main production room, where the release of medicinal dust, gaseous medicinal and chemical substances can be expected, general supply and exhaust ventilation is arranged with a predominance of exhaust over inflow (+2-3). Exhaust and supply openings are located in the upper zone of the room. The same ventilation should be provided in the unpacking, distillation, defector's, packaging, storerooms, and in the pharmacist-analyst's room. In the latter, in addition to general supply and exhaust ventilation, there must be local exhaust ventilation - a fume hood.

The ventilation of the washing and distillation-sterilization rooms should be Special attention, since the microclimatic conditions of the entire pharmacy depend on its correct design and operation. Due to the fact that in these rooms, especially in the washing room, there are sources of heat and moisture release, if the ventilation is not efficient enough, hot and humid air can penetrate into other rooms of the pharmacy, therefore, in the washing and distillation-sterilization rooms, supply and exhaust ventilation with an air exchange rate must function +3-4. In the washing room, in addition, it is necessary to install local exhaust ventilation above the washing baths in the form of an umbrella.

The sales area also requires general supply and exhaust ventilation with a predominance of exhaust over inflow (+3-4).

Ventilation of the aseptic unit and especially the aseptic room (where injection solutions and eye drops are produced, which requires complete sterility) should ensure the movement of air flows from the aseptic room to the adjacent rooms - the airlock, and then into the corridor. It is necessary to create an air supply from the aseptic room, preventing the penetration of untreated air from outside. Aseptic ventilation should provide air exchange with a multiplicity of +4-2. The air supply should be carried out through the ceiling perforated panel and side supply slots at a level not lower than 2.5 m from the floor. Exhaust openings should be located at the opposite end of the aseptic tank at the bottom near the floor. The supplied air must be cleaned by passing it through special filters.

The most effective type of ventilation of pharmacy premises is air conditioning - the creation and automatic maintenance of an artificially simulated microclimate.

Ventilation units that create noise and vibration during operation must be placed in basements on a vibration-damping foundation with a noise-damping shelter.

Water supply. Built-in urban pharmacies have a central water supply by connecting to the city water supply network. Pharmacies located in rural areas have a separate water supply from a local water source. If it is not possible to install a local water supply system, the pharmacy’s water supply is provided from a well located on the territory land plot pharmacies.

To maintain optimal sanitary and hygienic conditions, it is necessary to provide rational water distribution. Hot water must be supplied to all production, auxiliary and sanitary premises.

The quality of water supplied to pharmacies, both with centralized and non-centralized water supply, must comply with current sanitary and hygienic requirements (SanPiN, etc.).

Sewerage. Wastewater from city pharmacies is disposed of through the sewer system. In rural areas, a liquid sewage removal system is used. Solid waste is collected in metal, hermetically sealed garbage containers installed in the yard on cemented areas.

Central heating of pharmacy premises is recommended - water. Pharmacies located in residential or public buildings, usually connected to heating system building. Heating devices placed in special niches under windows and recesses in external walls. The most appropriate are smooth-walled radiators that are easily accessible for cleaning from dust. The laying of pipelines to them in the public service, aseptic, assistant and packaging rooms must be hidden. It is advisable to install panel heating in an aseptic block. In category V-VI pharmacies located in a separate building, it is advisable to install local water heating (see page 138), but stove heating is also allowed. The heating system must ensure the air temperature in the pharmacy premises indicated in Table 14.

Importance in creating comfortable hygienic conditions the pharmacy has the organization of correct and sufficient air exchange, which can be achieved with the help of natural and artificial (mechanical) ventilation. Its goal is to maintain normal microclimatic conditions in all premises of the pharmacy and ensure the maximum permissible concentrations of toxic vapors, gases and dust in the air established by our sanitary legislation. Air exchange also plays a very significant role in the fight against air pollution by microflora.

In pharmacies located in residential buildings, natural air exchange is ensured using exhaust ventilation ducts in interior walls premises. Air enters these channels through grilles located in the upper zone of the premises. The amount of air removed depends mainly on the difference between the external and internal temperatures: the greater the difference between them, the greater the air exchange. However, the efficiency of ventilation in such conditions is insufficient even if deflectors are installed at the outlet openings of the channels to enhance air exchange.

From the above, it follows that it is necessary to use it in pharmacies. additional devices natural ventilation of rooms in the form of transoms or vents, the area of ​​which in each room must be at least 1/50 of the floor area.

However, if we take into account the purpose separate rooms, natural air exchange can be limited only to the manager’s office, office, staff room, toilet and shower. In all other rooms, artificial ventilation should be provided to ensure the most stable air environment. When installing ventilation, one should be guided by design standards internal temperatures and the frequency of air exchange separately in the exhaust and in the supply.

Taking into account the nature of the operations performed and the characteristics of the air environment, the design temperature and exchange rate in various rooms should be ensured according to Table 14.

System selection mechanical ventilation and the type of ventilation devices depends on the operating conditions. To maintain a normal microclimate in the prescription department and in the manual sales department in the vestibule entrance doors must be provided air curtain with a supply air temperature in winter of 30-35°; the amount of heated air is determined by the volume of the vestibule.

In the hall for visitors, an exhaust ventilation device is needed with air intake from the upper zone, and in order to prevent it from flowing from here into neighboring rooms (primarily into the assistant's room), the exhaust should be slightly larger than the inflow.

For assistant room ventilation, the most appropriate is a supply and exhaust system with exhaust and supply ventilation openings located in the upper zone. A similar system should be implemented in material room. Workplace It is advisable to install the analyst in the assistant's room in a shelter with an incentive thrust. In the work room of the analytical chemist, local exhaust ventilation should be provided - a fume hood, as well as an inflow into the upper zone. Ventilation of washing and still-sterilization rooms is very important for creating normal microclimatic conditions in a pharmacy. In these premises, along with the installation exhaust hoods above the washing tubs and stove is necessary general ventilation, and in order to prevent the spread of overheated and over-humidified air into adjacent rooms, the inflow volume must be less than the exhaust volume. Storage areas in basements should also be provided with general ventilation.