Heating device used in central heating systems. Types and types of heating devices. Local air heating

One after another, economic crises hit the planet, which, coupled with a rapidly decreasing amount of resources, creates a need to develop and use energy-saving technologies. This trend has not bypassed the heating systems, striving to maintain or even increase their efficiency with significantly lower resource consumption. Let's figure out what the new technologies for heating a private house, apartment and industrial premises, decomposing the heating system into four main components: a heat generator, a heater, a heating system and a control system.

The boiler heating system is the most productive, although the most expensive (after electric heaters) of all modern autonomous heating technologies. Although the boiler itself is an invention with ancient history, modern manufacturers have managed to modernize it, increasing efficiency and adapting it to different types of fuel. So, there are three main (fuel-burning) types of boilers - solid fuel, gas, liquid fuel. Electric boilers that are somewhat out of this classification, as well as combined or multi-fuel ones, combine the qualities of two or three varieties at once.

Solid fuel boilers

An interesting trend is a return to the traditions of the past and active use solid fuel: from ordinary firewood and coal to special pellets (granules pressed from wood processing by-products) and peat briquettes.

Solid fuel boilers are divided by type of fuel into:

The classic ones “accept” any kind of solid fuel without any problems, they are as reliable and simple as possible (in fact, this is the oldest heat generator in the history of mankind), and they are cheap. Among the shortcomings: "capriciousness" in relation to wet fuel, low efficiency, the inability to adjust the temperature of the coolant.

A pellet boiler is a heating device that uses waste wood compressed into small pellets. They are distinguished by high efficiency, long work on one load, extremely convenient system loading pellets (fall asleep from a bag or package), the ability to configure the boiler. The only significant drawback is rather expensive granules for heating, the price of which ranges from 6900 to 7700 rubles per ton, depending on the ash content and calorific value.

The next type is pyrolysis heating boilers operating on pyrolysis gas extracted from wood. The fuel in such a boiler slowly smolders, and does not burn out, due to which it gives off noticeably more heat. Advantages: high efficiency and reliability, heat transfer adjustment, up to half a day of operation without reloading. The only drawback is the need to connect to the mains, due to which, during power outages, the house can be left without heat.

Standard boilers long burning loaded with any type of solid fuel, with the exception of wood: coke, brown and hard coal, peat briquettes, pellets. There is another variety, designed specifically for working on wood and slightly different device. Advantages: work up to five days on oil products and up to two days when loaded with wood. Disadvantages: relatively low efficiency, the need for constant cleaning.

gas boilers

Main gas is the most economical of all types of fuel, and boilers running on it are considered the most convenient to use and maintain. This is explained by their fully automated operation and absolute safety, for which many sensors and controllers are responsible. They have no drawbacks as such, although they need a gas pipeline or a constant supply of new cylinders.

Oil boilers

It cannot be said that such heating systems are innovative, but they have been consistently in demand for decades and are therefore worthy of mention. The main types of liquid fuel: diesel fuel and liquefied propane-butane mixture. Advantages over solid fuel: almost complete automation of work. Cons: extremely high price heating, second only to electricity.

Electric heating

Differs in the widest variety of heating systems and separate devices. These are electric convectors (which in turn are floor, floor and wall), and electric boilers, and fan heaters, and infrared heaters, and oil radiators, and heat guns, and the well-known warm floor. Their common and so far insurmountable drawback is the extremely high cost of heating. The most economical of them are infrared radiators and underfloor heating.

Heat pumps

These heating systems are modern in the full sense of the word, despite the fact that they appeared back in the 80s. Then they were available only to wealthy people, but now many have adapted to collect them by hand, thanks to which they are slowly but surely gaining popularity. In a very simplified way, the principle of their work is to extract heat from the air, water or earth outside the house and transfer it to the house, where the heat is transferred either directly to the air, or first to the coolant - water.

solar systems

Another rapidly developing technology is solar heating systems, better known as solar panels.

Advantages:

Flaws:

Thermal panels

They are thin rectangular (usually) plates fixed on the wall. Backside of such a plate is covered with a heat storage substance that can heat up to 90 degrees and receive heat from the heating element. Power consumption is only 50 watts per 1 square meter, unlike older electric fireplaces requiring at least 100 watts for the same area. Heating occurs due to the convection effect.

In addition to efficiency, thermal panels differ in:

There is only one drawback - thermal panels become unprofitable in the spring and early autumn when the dwelling needs only a little heating from evening to morning.

Monolithic quartz modules

The unique development of S. Sargsyan - candidate of technical sciences. Externally, the plates are very similar to thermal panels, but the principle of their operation is based on a high heat capacity. quartz sand. The heating element transfers the sand thermal energy, after which it continues to heat the home, even when the device is unplugged. Savings, as in the case of thermal panels, is 50% of the cost of standard electric heaters.

PLEN - film radiant electric heaters

This innovative heating system has a device as simple as it is ingenious: a power cable, heating elements, a dielectric film and a reflective screen. The heater is mounted on the ceiling, and the infrared radiation it produces heats objects below. They, in turn, transfer heat to the air.

The main advantages of PLEN:

Thermal hydrodynamic pumps

These devices, also known as cavitation heat generators for heating systems, generate heat by heating the coolant according to the principle of cavitation.

The coolant in such a pump rotates in a special activator.

At the points of rupture of an integral mass of liquid, as a result of an instantaneous decrease in pressure, bubbles-caverns appear, bursting almost instantly. This causes a change in the physicochemical parameters of the coolant and the release of thermal energy.

Interestingly, even with the current level of scientific and technological development, the process of cavitation power generation is poorly understood. A clear explanation of why the increase in energy is greater than its costs has not yet been found.

Air conditioning as a heater

Almost all modern models of air conditioners are equipped with a heating function. Oddly enough, the air conditioner has three times the efficiency of standard electric heaters: 3 kW of heat from 1 kW of electricity versus 0.98 kW of heat from 1 kW of electricity.

Thus, an air conditioner for heating in winter is able to replace a switched off heating or a failed electric fireplace for a short time. However, due to the fact that heating elements are not used in air conditioners, their efficiency drops with every degree of temperature outside the window. Besides, hard frost overloads the device, and operation in this mode can lead to breakage. The best option would be to use the air conditioner in the off-season.

Convectors

Since the convector heating system is an extremely broad concept, and almost every modern heating device uses the convection effect, we will make a reservation in advance that we are talking here only about individual water and electric convectors. They are placed in metal case ribbed heater.

The air circulating between the fins of the device heats up and rises, and in its place air masses are drawn in, which have already cooled down during this time.

This endless circulation is called convection. According to the heat source, convector heaters are divided into water and electric, and according to the location - into underfloor, floor and wall. Also, any of them can work on the principle or natural convection, or forced (with a fan).

Although the types of convectors and the features of each of them are a topic for a separate article, the general advantages of using these heaters can be distinguished:

So which is better financially?

As a result of this section, we compare the cost of heating for different types fuels: wood, pellets, coal, diesel fuel, propane-butane mixture, conventional mains gas and electricity. With average prices for each type of fuel and with an average duration heating season in 7 months during this time you will have to spend:

The leader is obvious.

Heating appliances

First of all, modern heating radiators are bimetallic and aluminum models. However, there is a stable demand for both steel and cast iron products, which is due to the new approach of manufacturers to the manufacture of obsolete, it would seem, heating appliances. Let us briefly describe the advantages and disadvantages of each type.

Aluminum

The most popular in the post-Soviet space for the price / quality ratio (cheaper than bimetallic, in many respects more reliable than steel and cast iron).

Advantages:

the best heat transfer among all analogues;
expensive models withstand pressure up to 20 bar;
little weight;
the simplest installation.

Disadvantages: poor corrosion resistance, especially noticeable at the junction of aluminum with other metals;

Bimetallic

Generally recognized as the best type of radiators. The name was given due to the combination of steel (inner layer) and aluminum (casing) in its design.

Advantages:

Disadvantages: high price.

Steel

Poor fit for multi-storey buildings and the centralized heating system as a whole, and all their own best properties manifest in private homes, fit perfectly into the heating systems of industrial premises in factories and factories. More details about steel radiators heating can be read.

Advantages:

heat transfer above average;
rapid onset of heat transfer;
low cost;
aesthetic look.

Flaws:

Cast iron

It should be understood that modern cast-iron heating radiators are no longer bumpy and heavy remnants of the past, which “decorated” almost every house during the Soviet era. Modern manufacturers have greatly improved them appearance, making them almost indistinguishable from bimetal or aluminum models. Moreover, the fashion for the so-called is expanding, the shapes and patterns of which bring the atmosphere of the beginning of the 20th century into the house.
Advantages:

Disadvantages: huge weight and resulting installation difficulties (often require special support legs).

Heating system

In most modern country houses a horizontal heating system is used, the main difference of which from vertical wiring is the partial (less often - complete) absence of vertical risers.

In Russia, such a type of horizontal system as a single-wire heating system (or one-pipe) is especially popular.

It assumes natural, without circulation pump water movement. From the heating device, the coolant flows through the riser to the second floor of the building, where it is distributed to radiators and transmission risers.

Water circulation without a pump is made possible by changing the density of hot and cold water.

A single-pipe system has several advantages over a two-pipe system:

Control system

Additional benefits can be provided by the heating system controller - a miniature computer device capable of:

Part 2 HEATING APPLIANCES Classification Scope various designs Features of installation in rooms Regulation of heat transfer Determining the heating surface

REQUIREMENTS FOR HEATING DEVICES 1. Sanitary and hygienic: - n / a must have the lowest possible surface temperature, excluding sublimation of dust; - have a minimum horizontal surface to reduce dust deposits; - the design of the n / a must allow the surface of the device to be cleaned of dust. 2. Economic: - n / a must have the lowest reduced costs for their manufacture, installation and operation; - have a low metal consumption, providing increased thermal stress of the metal. The thermal stress index of metal n/a is defined as: where Qnp – thermal load n/a, W; Gm – weight of metal n/a, kg; , W/(kg K) Δt - temperature difference n/a, ºС; The higher the thermal stress, the more economical the device in terms of metal consumption. The value of the indicator M for modern s / a is within: 0.2 ≤ M ≤ 0. 6 3. Architectural and construction: The appearance of s / a should correspond to the interior of the room, and the volume occupied by it should be minimal. 4. Production and installation: - maximum mechanization of work in the production and installation of n / a must be ensured; - n / a must have sufficient mechanical strength. 5. Operational: - n/a must ensure controllability of their heat transfer (depends on thermal inertia n/a); n / a must provide temperature stability and water tightness at the maximum allowable hydrostatic pressure under operating conditions inside n / a. 6. Thermotechnical: - n / a must provide highest density specific heat flux per unit area, W / m 2. To fulfill this requirement, n / n must have an increased value of the heat transfer coefficient.

Classification heating appliances According to heat transfer according to the material used According to height according to depth according to the value of thermal inertia radiative metal high low fast convective-radiative non-metallic medium medium large inertia low large Convective skirting

Shares of consumption of various types of heating devices in the Russian market in 2011 29% - cast iron radiators Cast iron radiators 3% - steel tubular radiators 20% - steel panel radiators 27% - aluminum and bimetal radiators 21% - convectors (including special ones) Steel tubular radiators Steel panel radiators Total consumption about 6 million kw/year

Section cast iron radiator: hm - mounting height of the device, m; hп - construction height of the device, mm; a – instrument depth, mm; b - width of one section of the device, mm

Cast iron sectional radiators: high reliability in operation in domestic conditions, can be used in dependent heating systems of buildings for various purposes; price domestic models an average of 1500 rubles. /To. W; the cost of design radiators is 4000 -6000 rubles. /To. W additional cost of regrouping, leak testing, installation and painting 400 - 500 rubles. /To. W; the share of consumption in Russia is about 29%

Steel panel radiators: modern design; wide nomenclature; complete construction readiness; high hygiene of models without fins; models with built-in thermostat available; all models strictly require compliance with the rules of operation; cost 1500 - 2000 rubles. /To. W (without built-in thermostat); the share of consumption in Russia is 20%.

Basic requirements for the coolant of heating systems with aluminum heaters Name of indicators and their dimensions Hydrogen index r. N Optimal values Permissible values Indicator values 7 – 8.5 Dissolved oxygen content, μg/dm3, not more than 20 Iron compounds content, mg/dm3, not more than 0.3 Total hardness, mg-eq/dm3, not more than 0, 7 Amount of suspended solids, mg/dm 3, not more than 5 Use aluminum radiators allowed only in independent and autonomous systems heating Direct connection of the heads of sections of aluminum radiators with steel and copper heat pipes is prohibited. The use of galvanized plugs is prohibited, the use of aluminum and cadmium plugs is recommended. The use of cadmium nipples is recommended.

Comparison of aluminum and bimetal radiators Parameter Aluminum Bimetal Design The radiator is completely aluminum. Radiators are made in two ways. The extrusion method gives cheap and light products of not the highest quality (in Europe this method is not used). More expensive, but more durable will be radiators made by casting. Bimetal radiators are made from two different metals. The body, equipped with ribs, is made of aluminum alloy. Inside this body there is a core of pipes through which the coolant flows ( hot water from the heating system). These pipes are made either from steel or from copper (and the latter are practically not found in our country). Their diameter is smaller than that of aluminum models, so there is a greater likelihood of clogging. Heat dissipation Heat dissipation per section varies by model and manufacturer. It is somewhat lower than that of the full manufacturer. 1 section is capable of giving 140 - 210 watts. aluminum radiator, since the steel core helps to reduce the overall heat transfer. 1 section gives It has a minimum thermal inertia. 130 - 200 W. From 6 to 16 (some models up to 20) ati. 20 to 40 ati ( given parameter important if you choose radiators for an apartment with a central heating system. If you choose these radiators for a private house, then this parameter is not a minus for aluminum radiators, since there is no excess pressure in the local heating system.). Relation to the coolant Aluminum enters into various chemical reactions, which leads to corrosion of the device walls. And still in progress chemical reactions aluminum releases hydrogen, which is a fire hazard. Therefore, it requires the installation of a special valve in the upper radiator cap. Steel pipes in the middle of a bimetallic radiator are less demanding on the quality of the water flowing through them. The bimetallic radiator is more protected from the coolant. Maximum water temperature Up to 110 0 C. Up to 130 0 C. Durability Up to 10 years. 15 - 20 years old. Operating pressure

Radiators from aluminum alloys, bimetallic with aluminum manifolds (sectional, columnar and block): modern design; wide nomenclature; complete construction readiness; all models except for fully bimetallic ones require strict adherence to the rules of installation and operation; bimetallic models are equivalent in performance to cast-iron radiators; the cost of radiators made of aluminum alloys ~ 1700 - 2200 rubles. /To. W; the cost of "semi-bimetallic" radiators is 2000 - 2800 rubles. /To. W; the cost of bimetallic radiators is 2800 - 4000 rubles. /To. W; the share of consumption in Russia is 27%, including 14% bimetallic and bimetallic with aluminum collectors.

Steel tubular radiators and design radiators (sectional, columnar, block and block-section): modern design and hygiene; complete construction readiness; wide nomenclature; models with built-in thermostat available; require strict compliance with the rules of operation; there are models of increased anti-corrosion resistance; price: tubular radiators 3800 rub. /To. W; design radiators - 8000 rubles. /To. W; the share of consumption in Russia is 3%.

convectors Without casing (adjustment of heat transfer by water) With casing: - adjustment of heat transfer by water; - regulation of heat transfer through the air.

Sketches of convectors: a) "Comfort-20" with casing; b) "Accord" without casing; 1 - plate (heating element; 2 - casing; 3 - air valve

Convectors (wall, floor, with casing, without casing, steel, non-ferrous metals): high reliability in operation in domestic conditions, can be used in dependent heating systems of buildings for various purposes; small inertia; wide nomenclature; complete construction readiness; modern design; low temperature of the external elements of the convector design, the risk of burns is excluded; models with built-in thermostat available; cost: steel ~ 1300 rubles. /To. W; with a copper-aluminum heating element ~ 3000 rubles. /To. W; the share of consumption in Russia (including special convectors) is 21%.

Incorrect installation of wall convectors The gap between the appliance and the floor or window sill is small (less than 70% of the appliance depth). Reduced heat flow by 5 -50% Installation of brackets on an unprepared surface (subsequent plastering) - it is impossible to hang the casing Air flow past the heating element. Reduced heat flow by 5 -20% The heating element is not installed horizontally. Decreased heat flow by 4-7% Incorrect marking of bracket installation sites - it is impossible to hang the casing Casing backlog, gap between the wall and the casing. Reduced heat flow by 3 -20%

6. Special heating devices - convectors built into the floor structure, fan convectors: complete building readiness; modern design; small inertia; models with built-in fans and thermostats available; designed for elite class buildings and cottages; fan convectors operating in heat pump mode are characterized by high energy efficiency; cost 4000 -10000 rubles. /To. W; the share of consumption in Russia is about 4% (in the total group of convectors).

Basic requirements for the design of heating devices in accordance with GOST 31311-2005 “Heating devices. Are common specifications” and STO NP “AVOK” 4. 2. 2 -2006 “Heating radiators and convectors” 1. Devices must pass the static strength test: - not less than 3 times; - for other devices - not less than 2.5 times. 1. 2. The test pressure (factory) must exceed the declared maximum working overpressure: - for cast devices - not less than 1.5 times or not less than 0.6 MPa; - for other devices - not less than 1.5 times. 2. The rated heat flux of wall-mounted appliances with a height of up to 600 mm inclusive and a heat density of up to 2000 W / m3 must be no more than 400 W for the minimum size and no less than 2000 W for the maximum. 3. The average nomenclature step of the nominal heat flux of wall-mounted appliances up to 600 mm high inclusive and with a heat density up to 2000 W / m in the range of values from 400 to 1400 W should not exceed 200 W, and over 1400 W - no more than 400 W. 4. The wall thickness of the device in contact with water must be at least: - for a cast iron radiator - 2.7 mm; - at the steel panel radiator– 1.2 mm; - at a steel pipe tubular and bimetal radiators– 1.25 mm; - for cast and extruded aluminum radiators - 1.5 mm.

Basic requirements for the coolant in accordance with the "Rules for technical operation power stations and networks Russian Federation» for heat supply systems from steel heat pipelines Name of indicators and their dimension Values of indicators for heat supply systems open closed 8, 3 - 9, 0 8, 3 - 9, 5 8, 0 - 9, 5 Dissolved oxygen content, mcg / dm 3, not more than 20 20 Content of iron compounds, mg/dm 3, no more than 0.3 0.5 Total hardness, mg-eq/dm 3, no more than 0.7 5 5 Hydrogen index r. H: optimal values permissible values Amount of suspended solids, mg/dm 3, no more

Schemes for installing heating devices with different shelter coefficient β 4: a) β 4 = 1, 2; b) β 4 = 1.05; c) β 4 = 1.05; d) β 4 = 0.9; e) β 4 \u003d 1.25

Schemes for installing heating devices under windows: a) installation of a heating device relative to the edge of the window; b) installation of radiators; c) installation of a convector with a casing; d) installation of a convector without casing

Heat transfer coefficient n / a The intensity of heat transfer from the coolant through n / a to the room is characterized by the heat transfer coefficient of the heating device - Knp. It expresses the heat flux density per outer surface wall n / a at a temperature difference of 1 C: where Rnp - thermal resistance to heat transfer of the heating device: where Rin - thermal resistance to heat transfer from the heated liquid to the inner surface of the wall n / a (heat exchange occurs due to convection + thermal conductivity); Rst - thermal resistance to heat transfer from the inner to the outer surfaces of the wall of the heating device (thermal conductivity); Rn - thermal resistance to heat transfer from the outer surface of the wall n / a to a cold medium (liquid or gas) (heat exchange occurs due to convection + radiation). The main factors determining KNP: type and design features n / n and temperature difference The heat transfer coefficient of newly developed n / a is determined experimentally. View n / a allows you to judge in advance about possible meaning Knp. The results of experiments to determine Knp showed that it can be described: - for water coolant: where: m, n, p - experimental coefficients that are determined for each type of n / p; - temperature difference n/a; - air temperature in the heated room, ºС; - coolant temperature, respectively, at the inlet to the n / a and at the outlet from it, ºС; G - relative water flow in n / a, kg / h, - the ratio of the actual flow through n / a to the nominal, adopted during the thermal test n / a. When testing n/a samples, this flow rate was taken to be 360 kg/h (previously, testing of each type of n/a was carried out at different nominal water flow rates: for radiators 17.4 kg/h, for convectors 300 kg/h).

Schemes of water movement through the heating device: a) from top to bottom; b) from below - up; c) bottom to bottom

Thermal calculation of heating devices (determination of the heating surface), W (kcal / h), where is the nominal conditional heat flux n / a, according to which the standard size of the device is selected using n / a catalogs or a reference book. - complex coefficient of ghosting to the design conditions. - for water: - temperature difference n/a (for heat carrier - water), ºС; - coolant flow through n / a, kg / h; b - accounting factor atmospheric pressure; - coefficient for taking into account the direction of movement of the coolant in n / a; n, p, c - constant for this type n/a coefficients.

Small circulation rings in one-pipe heating systems Small circulation rings in a one-pipe heating system are radiator units, which include closing sections, connections to heating devices and the heating device itself. The water flow through the heater in the heating system with a three-way valve KRT is equal to the water flow through the riser, since the working design position of the KRT is “fully open”. The riser in this case turns out to be flow-adjustable. The water flow through the heating device with the closing section and the KRP through valve is determined by the coefficient of water inflow into the heating device: where: Gнп - water flow rate passing through the heating device, kg/h; Gst - water consumption in the riser, kg / h; αнп = 0 – the heating device is closed; αnp = 1 – the heating device is fully open (with CRT).

heating devices central heating systems are called devices for transferring heat from a coolant to a heated room. Heating devices should best transfer heat from the coolant to the room, ensure the comfort of the thermal environment in the room, without deteriorating its interior at the lowest cost of funds and materials.

Types and designs of heating devices can be very diverse. Devices are made of cast iron, steel, ceramics, glass, in the form of concrete panels with tubular heating elements etc.

The main types of heating devices are radiators, finned tubes, convectors and heating panels.

The simplest is heating device made of smooth steel pipes . Usually it is performed in the form of a coil or register. The device has a high heat transfer coefficient, withstands high coolant pressure. However, devices from smooth pipes expensive and take up a lot of space. They are used in rooms with significant dust emissions, for heating skylights. industrial buildings etc.

The most widely used heating devices are radiators . Their Various types differ from each other in size and shape. Radiators are assembled from sections, which allows you to assemble devices of different sizes. Usually sections are cast from cast iron, but can be steel, ceramic, porcelain, etc.

Quite widespread in heating systems are cast iron finned tubes . The ribs on the pipe surface increase the area of the heat-releasing surface, but reduce the hygienic qualities of the device (dust accumulates, which is difficult to remove) and gives it a rough appearance.

Convectors are steel pipes with sheet steel fins. The most perfect among convectors is a convector in a casing made of steel sheet. The device is equipped with a cap for regulating heat transfer. Between the finned surfaces of the device and the casing, under the influence of gravitational pressure, intensive air circulation occurs. This increases the heat removal from the finned surface by 20% or more. Convectors in a casing are compact and have a good appearance. In some designs, convectors are equipped with a special type of fan that provides intensive air movement. Artificial induction of air movement significantly increases heat removal from the device. Some disadvantage of convectors is the necessity and difficulty of cleaning from dust.

Concrete heating panels are plates with coils made of steel pipes embedded in them. Such panels are usually located in the structures of the fences of the premises. Sometimes they are freely installed near the walls.

At present, for heating large industrial workshops, hanging panels with reflective screens .

The use of panels for heating buildings satisfies the requirements of prefabricated construction and saves the metal spent on heating devices. The disadvantages of panel heating include: large thermal inertia, which complicates the regulation of heat transfer; the impossibility of changing the heating surface; the danger of pipe clogging and the difficulty of its elimination; the complexity of repairing systems; the possibility of internal corrosion and, as a result, a violation of the hydraulic tightness of the pipes.

To the cold winter period provide in living quarters the necessary conditions for living, you need a system that would help maintain the desired temperature. The heating system is the most successful engineering solution to this problem. The heating system will help keep the house comfortable conditions throughout the cold period, but you should know what heating systems are in modern times.

Heating systems may vary depending on different criteria. There are such basic types of heating systems as: air heating, electric heating, water heating, water heated floors, and others. Undoubtedly, an important issue is the choice of the type of heating system for your home. The classification of heating systems includes many types. Consider the main ones, as well as compare the types of fuel for heating.

Water heating

Among the entire classification of heating systems, water heating is the most popular. Technical advantages such heating were identified as a result of many years of practice.

Undoubtedly, when asked what types of heating are, it is water heating that first comes to mind. Water heating has such advantages as:

Not very high surface temperature of various devices and pipes;
Provides the same temperature in all rooms;
Saves fuel;
Increased operating time;
Silent operation;
Ease of maintenance and repair.

The main component of the water heating system is the boiler. Such a device is necessary in order to heat water. Water is the heat carrier in this type of heating. She circulates through the pipes closed type, and then the heat is transferred to various heating components, and the entire room is already heated from them.

Most simple option is the circulation natural type. This circulation is achieved due to the fact that different pressures are observed in the circuit. However, such circulation can also be forced. For such circulation, water heating options must be equipped with one or more pumps.

After the coolant passes through the entire heating circuit, it is completely cooled and returned back to the boiler. Here it heats up again and thus allows the heaters to release heat again.

Classification of water heating systems

The water type of heating may differ according to criteria such as:

water circulation method;
the location of the distributing type highways;
design features of the risers and the scheme by which all heating devices are connected.

The most popular is the heating system, where the circulation of water occurs through a pump. Heating with natural water circulation in Lately is used extremely rarely.

In the pump room heating system heating of the coolant can also take place due to the hot water boiler, or thermal water, which comes from the CHP. In a heating system, water can be heated even by means of steam.

A direct-flow connection is used when water supply with very high temperature. Such a system will not cost so much, metal consumption will be somewhat less.

The disadvantage of direct-flow connection is the dependence thermal regime from the "impersonal" temperature of the coolant in the supply heat pipe of the external type.

air heating

These types of heating various premises considered to be among the oldest. For the first time such a system was used before our era. To date, such a heating system has become widespread - as in public spaces, and production.

Hot air is also popular for heating buildings. With recirculation, this air can be fed into the room where it mixes with the indoor air and thus cools the air to room temperature and heats it up again.

Air heating can be local, if the building does not have a central supply ventilation, or if the incoming amount of air is less than necessary.

In air heating systems, air is heated by heaters. The primary heater for such components is hot steam or water. In order to warm the air in the room, you can use other devices for heating or any heat source.

Local air heating

When asked what kind of heating is, local heating is often equated only with production premises. Local heating devices are used for such rooms that are used only during certain periods, in auxiliary rooms, in rooms that communicate with external air flows.

The main devices of the local heating system are the fan and the heater. For air heating, devices and devices such as: air-heating devices, heat fans or heat guns can be used. Such devices work on the principle of air recirculation.

Central air heating is done in rooms of any plan, if the building has central system ventilation. These types of heating systems can be organized in three various schemes: with direct-flow recirculation, with partial or full recirculation. Full air recirculation can be used mainly during non-working hours for on-duty types of heating, or in order to heat the room before the start of the working day.

However, heating according to such a scheme can take place if it does not contradict any rules. fire safety or basic hygiene requirements. For such heating scheme a supply ventilation system should be used, but the air will not be taken from the street, but from those rooms that are heated. In the central air heating system, such constructive types heating appliances such as: radiators, fan, filters, air ducts and other appliances.

air curtains

Cold air can enter in large numbers from the street, if the front doors are opened too often in the house. If nothing is done to limit the amount of cold air that enters the room, or not to heat it, it can adversely affect temperature regime, which must comply with the norm. To prevent this problem, you can create an air curtain in an open doorway.

At the entrances of buildings of a residential or office plan, you can install a low-rise air-thermal curtain.

To limit the amount of incoming cold air from outside the building takes place due to a constructive change in the entrance to the room.

Recently air-thermal curtains of compact type are becoming more and more popular. The most effective curtains are curtains of a "shaving" type. Such curtains create a jet air barrier that will protect the open doorway from the penetration of cold air currents. As a comparison of types of heating shows, such a curtain can reduce heat loss by almost half.

Electric heating

Heating of the room takes place due to the distribution of air passing through dashboard without heating it up front side. This will completely protect against various burns and prevent any fire.

With electric convectors, you can heat any type of room, even if you have only one source of energy, such as electricity.

These types of building heating systems are inexpensive to install or repair, and can provide maximum comfort. An electric convector can simply be placed in a certain place and connected to the mains supply. When choosing a heating system, you can pay attention to this type - quite effective.

Operating principle

Cold air, which is located in the lower part of the building, passes through the heating element of the convector. Then its volume increases and it goes up through the outlet gratings. The heating effect also takes place due to additional heat radiation from the front side of the electric convector panel.

The level of comfort and efficiency of such a heating system is achieved due to the fact that electric convectors use electronic system which helps maintain a certain temperature. You just need to install the necessary temperature indicator and the sensor, which is installed in the lower area of the panel, will begin to determine the temperature of the air that enters the room after a specified period of time. The sensor will send a signal to the thermostat, which in turn will connect or, on the contrary, turn off heating element. Through such a system to maintain certain temperature, which will make it possible to connect electric convectors V different rooms to heat the entire building.

Which system is better

Of course, the question of which heating system is better is impractical, since one or another system is effective under certain conditions. Comparison of heating systems should be made, taking into account all their pros and cons, focusing on the installation conditions and their own capabilities.

Having considered what heating systems exist, we can draw certain conclusions for ourselves. But in general, the best option will consult with professionals.

heating devices central heating systems are called devices for transferring heat from a coolant to a heated room. Heating devices should best transfer heat from the coolant to the room, ensure the comfort of the thermal environment in the room, without worsening its interior, at the lowest cost of funds and materials.

Types and designs of heating devices can be very diverse. Devices are made of cast iron, steel, ceramics, glass, in the form of concrete panels with tubular heating elements embedded in them, etc.
The main types of heating devices are radiators, ribbed tubes, convectors and heating panels.
The simplest is heating device made of smoothsome steel pipes. Usually it is performed in the form of a coil or register. The device has a high heat transfer coefficient, withstands high pressure of the coolant. However, smooth tube appliances are expensive and take up a lot of space. They are used in rooms with significant dust emissions, for heating light lamps in industrial buildings, etc.
The most widely used heating devices are radiators. Their various types differ from each other in size and shape. Radiators are assembled from sections, which allows you to assemble devices of different sizes. Usually sections are cast from cast iron, but can be steel, ceramic, porcelain, etc.
Fairly widespread in heating systems received cast-iron ribbed tubes. The ribs on the pipe surface increase the area of the heat-releasing surface, but reduce the hygienic qualities of the device (dust accumulates, which is difficult to remove) and gives it a rough appearance.
Convectors are steel pipes with sheet steel fins. The most perfect among convectors is a convector in a casing made of steel sheet. The device is equipped with a cap for regulating heat transfer. Between the finned surfaces of the device and the casing, under the influence of gravitational pressure, intensive air circulation occurs. This increases the heat removal from the finned surface by 20% or more. Convectors in a casing are compact and have a good appearance. In some designs, convectors are equipped with a special type of fan that provides intensive air movement. Artificial induction of air movement significantly increases heat removal from the device. Some disadvantage of convectors is the need and difficulty in cleaning from dust.
Concrete heating panels are plates with coils made of steel pipes embedded in them. Such panels are usually located in the structures of the fences of the premises. Sometimes they are freely installed near the walls.
At present, for heating large industrial workshops, hanging pa-sheets with reflective screens.
The use of panels for heating buildings satisfies the requirements of prefabricated construction and saves metal spent on heating appliances. The disadvantages of panel heating include: large thermal inertia, which complicates the regulation of heat transfer; the impossibility of changing the heating surface; the danger of pipe clogging and the complexity of its elimination; the complexity of repairing systems; the possibility of internal corrosion and, as a result, a violation of the hydraulic tightness of the pipes.
Yu. M. Solovey Fundamentals of the construction business. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1989. - 429s.