home · electrical safety · Types of heating devices. A variety of modern heating systems - their design and control Heating devices for heating systems

Types of heating devices. A variety of modern heating systems - their design and control Heating devices for heating systems

One after another, economic crises are hitting the planet, which, coupled with a rapidly decreasing amount of resources, creates a need for the development and use of energy-saving technologies. This trend has not bypassed heating systems, which strive to maintain or even increase their efficiency while consuming significantly less resources. Let's figure out what new technologies for heating a private house, apartment and industrial premises, decomposing the heating system into four main components: heat generator, heating device, heating system and control system.

The boiler heating system is the most productive, although also the most expensive (after electric heaters) of all modern autonomous heating technologies. Although the boiler itself is an invention with ancient history, modern manufacturers have managed to modernize it, increasing efficiency and adapting it to different types of fuel. Thus, there are three main (fuel-burning) types of boilers - solid fuel, gas, liquid fuel. Electric boilers that are somewhat out of this classification, as well as combined or multi-fuel boilers, combine the qualities of two or three types at once.

Solid fuel boilers

There is an interesting trend of returning to the traditions of the past and active use solid fuel: from ordinary firewood and coal to special pellets (pellets pressed from wood processing by-products) and peat briquettes.

Solid fuel boilers are divided according to the type of fuel into:

Classic ones “accept” any type of solid fuel without any problems, are extremely reliable and simple (in fact, this is the oldest heat generator in the history of mankind), and are cheap. Disadvantages: “capriciousness” in relation to wet fuel, low efficiency, inability to adjust the temperature of the coolant.

A pellet boiler is a heating device that runs on wood waste compressed into small pellets. They are distinguished by high efficiency, long-term operation on one load, extremely convenient system loading of pellets (filled from a bag or package), the ability to configure the boiler. The only significant drawback is the rather expensive pellets for heating, the price of which ranges from 6900 to 7700 rubles per ton, depending on the ash content and calorific value.

The next type is pyrolysis heating boilers, operating on pyrolysis gas extracted from wood. The fuel in such a boiler slowly smolders rather than burns, due to which it gives off noticeably more heat. Advantages: high efficiency and reliability, adjustable heat transfer, up to half a day of operation without reloading. The only drawback is the need to connect to the electrical network, which can cause the house to be left without heat during power outages.

Standard boilers long burning loaded with any types of solid fuel, with the exception of wood: coke, brown and hard coal, peat briquettes, pellets. There is another variety, designed specifically for working with wood and slightly different in design. Advantages: work up to five days on oil products and up to two days when loaded with wood. Disadvantages: relatively low efficiency, need for constant cleaning.

Gas boilers

Mains gas is the most economical of all types of fuel, and boilers running on it are considered the most convenient to use and maintain. This is explained by their fully automated operation and absolute safety, for which many sensors and controllers are responsible. They do not have any disadvantages as such, although they do require a gas line or constant delivery of new cylinders.

Liquid fuel boilers

It cannot be said that such heating systems are innovative, but they have been consistently in demand for decades and are therefore worthy of mention. The main types of liquid fuel: diesel fuel and liquefied propane-butane mixture. Advantages over solid fuels: almost complete automation of operation. Disadvantages: extremely high price heating, second only to electricity.

Electric heating

It is distinguished by a wide variety of heating systems and individual devices. These include electric convectors (which in turn are in-floor, floor-mounted and wall-mounted), and electric boilers, and fan heaters, and infrared heaters, and oil radiators, and heat guns, and the well-known warm floor. Their common and so far insurmountable drawback is the extremely high cost of heating. The most economical of them are infrared radiators and heated floors.

Heat pumps

These heating systems are modern in the full sense of the word, despite the fact that they appeared back in the 80s. Then they were available only to wealthy people, but now many have gotten used to collecting them by hand, thanks to which they are slowly but surely gaining popularity. A very simplified principle of their operation is to extract heat from the air, water or ground outside the house and transfer it into the house, where the heat is transferred either directly into the air, or first into the coolant - water.

Solar systems

Another rapidly developing technology is solar heating systems, better known as solar panels.

Advantages:

Flaws:


Thermal panels

They are thin rectangular (usually) plates fixed to the wall. Backside such a plate is covered with a heat-accumulating substance that can heat up to 90 degrees and receives heat from heating element. Energy consumption is only 50 watts per 1 square meter, unlike older electric fireplaces that require at least 100 watts for the same area. Heating occurs due to the convection effect.

In addition to being economical, thermal panels differ in:

There is only one drawback - thermal panels become unprofitable in the spring and early autumn, when the home needs only a little heating from evening to morning.

Monolithic quartz modules

Unique development of S. Sargsyan - candidate technical sciences. Externally, the plates are very similar to thermal panels, but their operating principle is based on high heat capacity quartz sand. The heating element transfers sand thermal energy, after which it continues to heat the home, even when the device is unplugged. The savings, as in the case of thermal panels, are 50% of the costs of standard electric heaters.

PLEN - film radiant electric heaters

This one innovation system The heating device is as simple as it is ingenious: a power cable, heating elements, a dielectric film and a reflective screen. The heater is fixed to the ceiling, and the infrared radiation it produces heats objects located below. These, in turn, transfer heat to the air.

The main advantages of PLEN:


Thermal hydrodynamic pumps

These devices, also known as cavitation heat generators for heating systems, generate heat by heating the coolant using the principle of cavitation.

The coolant in such a pump rotates in a special activator.

At the sites of rupture of an integral mass of liquid, as a result of an instantaneous decrease in pressure, bubbles-cavities appear, bursting almost instantly. This causes a change in the physicochemical parameters of the coolant and the release of thermal energy.

It is interesting that even with the current level of scientific and technological development, the process of cavitation energy generation is poorly understood. A clear explanation for why the energy gain is greater than its costs has not yet been found.

Air conditioner as a heater

Almost everything modern models air conditioners are equipped with a heating function. Oddly enough, the air conditioner has three times the efficiency of standard electric heaters: 3 kW of heat from 1 kW of electricity versus 0.98 kW of heat from 1 kW of electricity.

Thus, an air conditioner for heating in winter can temporarily replace a switched-off heating system or a broken electric fireplace. However, due to the fact that air conditioners do not use heating elements to heat the air, their efficiency drops with every degree of temperature outside the window. Besides, severe frost overloads the device, and operation in this mode can lead to breakdown. The best option would be to use air conditioning in the off-season.

Convectors

Since a convector heating system is an extremely broad concept, and almost every modern heating device uses the convection effect, we will make a reservation in advance that we are talking here only about individual water and electric convectors. They represent placed in metal case fin heater.

The air circulating between the ribs of the device heats up and rises, and in its place air masses that have already cooled during this time are drawn in.

This endless circulation is called convection. Based on the heat source, convector heaters are divided into water and electric, and based on location - into in-floor, floor-mounted and wall-mounted. Also, any of them can work according to the principle or natural convection, or forced (with a fan).

Although the types of convectors and the features of each of them are a topic for a separate article, we can highlight the general advantages of using these heaters:

So which is more profitable financially?

As a summary of this section, let’s compare the cost of heating using different types of fuel: wood, pellets, coal, diesel fuel, propane-butane mixture, regular main gas and electricity. With average prices for each type of fuel and with average duration heating season in 7 months during this time you will have to spend:

The leader is obvious.

Heating devices

First of all, modern heating radiators are bimetallic and aluminum models. However, there is a stable demand for both steel and cast iron products, which is due to the new approach of manufacturers to the manufacture of seemingly outdated heating devices. Let us briefly describe the advantages and disadvantages of each type.

Aluminum

They are most popular in the post-Soviet space for their price/quality ratio (cheaper than bimetallic, in many ways more reliable than steel and cast iron).


Advantages:

  1. the best heat transfer among all analogues;
  2. expensive models can withstand pressure up to 20 bar;
  3. little weight;
  4. simplest installation.

Disadvantages: poor corrosion resistance, especially noticeable at the junction of aluminum with other metals;

Bimetallic

Generally recognized best type radiators. They got their name due to the combination of steel (inner layer) and aluminum (casing) in their design.

Advantages:


Disadvantages: high price.

Steel

Poorly suited for multi-storey buildings and centralized heating system as a whole, and all its own best properties They are exhibited in private homes and fit perfectly into the heating systems of industrial premises in factories and factories. More details about steel radiators heating can be read .


Advantages:

  1. heat transfer is above average;
  2. rapid onset of heat transfer;
  3. low cost;
  4. aesthetic appearance.

Flaws:


Cast iron

It should be understood that modern cast iron heating radiators are no longer lumpy and heavy relics of the past that “decorated” almost every house during the Soviet era. Modern manufacturers significantly improved their appearance, making them almost indistinguishable from bimetallic or aluminum models. Moreover, there is a growing fashion for the so-called, the shapes and patterns of which bring the atmosphere of the early 20th century into the house.
Advantages:

Disadvantages: huge weight and the ensuing difficulties with installation (special supports-legs are often required).

Heating system

Most modern country houses use a horizontal heating system, the main difference of which from vertical distributions is the partial (less often - complete) absence of vertical risers.

In Russia, such a type of horizontal system as a single-wire heating system (or single-pipe) is especially popular.

She assumes the natural, without circulation pump movement of water. From the heating device, the coolant flows through a riser to the second floor of the building, where it is distributed over radiators and transmission risers.

Water circulation without a pump is made possible by changing the density of hot and cold water.

A single-pipe system has a number of advantages over a two-pipe system:


Control system

Additional benefits can be provided by a heating system controller - a miniature computer device capable of:


Heating devices are the main element of the heating system and must meet certain thermal, sanitary and hygienic, technical and economic, architectural, construction and installation requirements.

Thermal requirements consist mainly in the fact that heating devices must transfer heat well from the coolant (water or steam) to the heated rooms, i.e. so that their heat transfer coefficient is as high as possible, no less than 9...10 W/(m 2 ·K), taking into account that for modern designs of heating devices it is in the range of 4.5...17 W/(m 2 ·K).

Sanitary and hygienic requirements requirements for heating devices are that the design and shape (type) of their surface do not lead to the accumulation of dust and allow it to be easily removed.

The technical and economic requirements are as follows: minimum factory cost; minimum consumption metal; compliance of the device design with the requirements of their mass production technology; sectionality, allowing the device to be configured with the required heating surface area.

The criterion for thermotechnical and technical-economic assessment of metal heating devices is the thermal voltage of the metal of the device M, W/(kg K), which represents the ratio of the heat flux of the device with a difference in the average temperatures of the surface of the device and the ambient air of the room of 1 ° C, referred to weight of the metal of the device.

The higher the thermal stress of the metal of the heating device, the more profitable it is. Modern devices operate with a metal thermal voltage of 0.9…1.6 W/(kg K).

Architectural and construction requirements include reducing the area occupied by heating appliances and ensuring they are pleasant appearance. To meet these requirements, heating devices must be compact, with a surface that is easily accessible for inspection and cleaning from dust, and must correspond to the interior of the room.

Installation requirements primarily reflect the need to increase labor productivity in the manufacture and installation of heating devices. Their design should be conducive to production automation and be easy to install. The devices must be durable, easy to transport and install, and their walls must be steam- and waterproof and temperature-resistant.

The wide variety of types and types of heating devices is explained by the fact that it is very difficult to satisfy all the considered requirements at the same time.

All heating devices are divided according to the following signs: according to the predominant method of heat transfer; by surface type; according to the material used; in height and construction depth.

According to the predominant method of heat transfer, devices are divided into 3 groups:

1. Radiation devices, transmitting by radiation at least 50% of the total heat flux. The first group includes ceiling heating panels and radiators.

2. Convection-radiation devices, transmitting by convection from 50 to 75% of the total heat flow. The second group includes sectional and panel radiators, smooth-tube appliances, and floor heating panels.

3. Convective devices , transmitting at least 75% of the total heat flow by convection. The third group includes convectors and finned tubes.

According to the material used There are metallic, combined and non-metallic heating devices. Metal devices made mainly of gray cast iron and steel (sheet steel and steel pipes). Also used copper pipes, sheet and cast aluminum and other metals.

IN combined instruments They use heat-conducting material (concrete, ceramics) into which steel or cast iron heating elements (panel radiators) are embedded. Finned metal pipes are placed in a non-metallic casing (convectors).

TO non-metallic devices include concrete panel radiators, ceiling and floor panels with embedded plastic heating pipes or with voids without pipes, as well as ceramic, plastic and similar radiators.

By height vertical heating devices are divided into high(over 650 mm high), average(more than 400 to 650 mm) and low(more than 200 to 400 mm). Devices with a height of 200 mm or less are called baseboards.

By depth(thickness) devices used small(up to 120mm), average(more than 120 to 200mm) and big depth (more than 200mm).

Let's consider the main types of heating devices widely used in residential, public and industrial buildings.

Radiators- heating devices, the radiation heat transfer of which is significant (25...50%). Radiators are made of cast iron and steel.

Cast iron radiators, the most common heating devices, consist of individual elements(sections) made by casting from gray cast iron into special molds.

Cast iron radiators have relatively high thermal performance. The heat transfer coefficient of modern cast iron radiators is 9.1...10.6 W/(m 2 °C). A positive property is their high corrosion resistance.

However, the relatively low thermal stress of the metal is 0.29...0.36 W/(kg°C), high metal consumption, unattractive appearance, labor-intensive manufacturing and installation, as well as low mechanical strength (withstands hydraulic pressure 0.6 MPa), lead to a reduction in their production in our country due to an increase in the production of radiators made of steel, aluminum and alloys.

Finned cast iron pipes cast from gray cast iron with round ribs on the side in contact with air. The fins dramatically increase the air heating surface. The heat transfer of these heating devices by convection is 50%.

Thermal performance indicators of finned cast iron pipes very high. The relative ease of manufacturing and installation of finned tubes and their low cost contribute to the widespread use of these heating devices in industrial and agricultural construction. However, the low hygienic and aesthetic qualities of ribbed cast iron pipes make them unsuitable for civil and residential construction.

Concrete heating panels with steel pipes built into them are used in panel radiant heating systems for placement under windows, in partitions and landings of staircases. The main part of the thermal energy of such panels is transferred into the room by radiation. They don't occupy usable area, hygienic, have good installation.

To their significant shortcomings include the complexity of repairs and significant inertia in regulating thermal performance during operation.

Aluminum heating devices have greater heat transfer compared to steel and cast iron, have less mass, thermal inertia, can be decorated, but have less mechanical strength and are less chemically resistant.

Bimetallic heating appliances are predominantly steel channels for coolant covered with cast aluminum heat-transfer elements. They combine mechanical strength and chemical resistance steel appliances with the thermal characteristics of aluminum appliances.

Convector They are a tubular-finned heating element enclosed in a casing, which ensures intensive air flow around the fins of the convector. Steel pipes with sheet steel ribs pressed onto them are often used as a heating element. The functions of the casing can be performed by fin elements due to their special shape, in this case the device is called a convector without a casing.

Basic designs heating devices are shown in Fig. 7.2.

Rice. 7.2. Design of heating devices various types
(cross sections):

A– sectional radiator, b– steel panel radiator, V– smooth-tube device (register), G– convector with casing, d– finned tube (register); 1 – channel for coolant, 2 – fins made of steel plates, 3 – connecting flange.

Accommodation heating devices in rooms is carried out in the lower zone of the room, mainly near the outer walls. In residential and public buildings, heating devices are placed mainly in window sill niches, both with and without window sills. This placement of heating devices is due to the need to warm up the lower zone of the room, protect the room from radiation cooling from the external walls and heat the infiltration air. Low-profile devices provide more uniform heating of the room due to the longer length of the device with equal heat transfer (Fig. 7.3, b). Tall and shorter appliances cause an intense rise in the flow of heated air near the appliance, which leads to overheating of the upper zone of the room and the penetration of cooled air on both sides of the appliance into the serviced area (Fig. 7.3, b).

Rice. 7.3. Placement of a heating device under a window:

A– low and long, b– tall and short

Despite the indicated advantages of low-profile devices, their use is limited by their relatively higher cost (due to the large number of sections for the same heat transfer) and labor-intensive installation.

To compensate for the heat loss of the room, it is necessary to select a standard size of the heating device that will ensure, at the design coolant temperatures, the heat transfer of the heating device equal to the heat loss of the room.

Heating device- this is an element of the heating system that serves to transfer heat from the coolant to the air of the heated room.

1. Registers from smooth pipes They are a bundle of pipes located in two rows and connected on both sides by two pipes - manifolds, equipped with fittings for supplying and discharging coolant.

Registers made of smooth pipes are used in rooms where increased sanitary, technical and hygienic requirements are imposed, as well as in industrial buildings, an increased degree of fire hazard, where a large accumulation of dust is unacceptable. The devices are hygienic and easy to clean from dust and dirt. But they are not economical, they consume metal. Calculated heating surface of 1 m of smooth pipe.

2. Cast iron radiators. A block of cast iron radiators consists of sections cast from cast iron connected to each other by nipples. They come in 1-2 and multi-channel types. In Russia, there are mainly 2-channel radiators. Based on the mounting height, radiators are divided into high 1000 mm, medium 500 mm and low 300 mm.

M-140-AO radiators have intercolumn fins, which increases their heat transfer, but reduces aesthetic and hygienic requirements.

Cast iron radiators have a number of advantages. This:

1. Corrosion resistance.

2. Well-established manufacturing technology.

3. Easy to change the power of the device by changing the number of sections.

The disadvantages of these types of heating devices are:

1. High metal consumption.

2. Labor-intensive manufacturing and installation.

3. Their production leads to environmental pollution.

3. Finned tubes. They are a pipe cast from cast iron with round ribs. The fins increase the surface area of ​​the device and reduce the surface temperature.

Finned pipes are used mainly in industrial enterprises.

Advantages:

1. Cheap heating devices.

2. Large heating surface.

Flaws:

Do not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements (difficult to clean from dust).

4. Stamped steel radiators. They consist of two putty steel parts connected to each other by resistance welding.

There are: column radiators RSV 1 and coil radiators RSG 2.

Columnar radiators: form a series of parallel channels connected to each other at the top and bottom by horizontal collectors.

Coil radiators form a series of horizontal channels for the passage of coolant.

Steel plate radiators are manufactured single-row and double-row. Double-row ones are manufactured in the same sizes as single-row ones, but consist of two plates.

Advantages:

1. Small weight of the device.

2. Cheaper than cast iron by 20-30%.

3. Lower transportation and installation costs.

4. Easy to install and meet sanitary and hygienic requirements.

Flaws:

1. Low heat dissipation.

2. Special treatment of heating water is required, since plain water corrodes with metal. They are widely used in housing in public buildings. Due to the rise in metal prices, production is limited. High price.

5. Convectors. They are a series of steel pipes through which the coolant moves and steel fin plates mounted on them.

Convectors are available with or without a casing. They are manufactured in various types: For example: “Comfort” convectors. They are divided into 3 types: wall-mounted (hung on a wall h=210 m), island-mounted (installed on the floor) and staircase (built into a building structure).

Convectors are manufactured as end-type and through-type. Convectors are used for heating buildings for various purposes. Mainly used in middle lane Russia.

Non-metallic heating devices

6. Ceramic and porcelain radiators. They are a panel cast from porcelain or ceramics with vertical or horizontal channels.

Such radiators are used in rooms that have increased sanitary and hygienic requirements for heating devices. Such devices are used very rarely. They are very expensive, the manufacturing process is labor-intensive, short-lived, and subject to mechanical stress. It is very difficult to connect these radiators to metal pipelines.

7. Concrete heating panels. Represent concrete plates with pipe coils embedded in them. Thickness 40-50 mm. They are: window sill and partition.

Heating panels can be attached or built into the structure of walls and partitions. Concrete panels meet the most stringent sanitary and hygienic requirements, architectural and construction requirements.

Disadvantages: difficulty of repair, large thermal inertia, which complicates the regulation of heat transfer, increased heat loss through additionally heated external structures of buildings. Mainly used in medical institutions in operating rooms and in maternity hospitals in children's rooms.

Plumbing heating devices must satisfy thermal, sanitary, hygienic and aesthetic requirements.

Thermotechnical assessment heating devices is determined by its heat transfer coefficient.

Sanitary and hygienic assessment- characterized constructive solution device, making it easier to keep it clean.

Temperature of the external surface of the heating device must meet sanitary and hygienic requirements. To avoid intense burning of dust, this temperature should not exceed for residential and public buildings 95 o C, for medical and children's institutions 85 o C.

Aesthetic evaluation- the heating device must not spoil internal view premises, should not take up much space.

Heating devices central heating systems

Heating devices are divided into two main types: radiators and concrete heating panels, which give off heat primarily by radiation; finned tubes and convectors that release heat mainly by convection.

The most common in civil engineering are radiators, differing:

  • in height - low (300 mm), medium (500 mm) and high (1000 mm);
  • in depth - small (100 mm) and normal (180 mm);
  • according to material - cast iron, steel and rarely used - non-metallic (ceramic and porcelain).

The domestic industry produces about ten types of cast iron radiators of various sizes.

The picture below shows the side view cast iron radiator brand M-140 (depth 140 mm), two sections of a heating battery assembled from these three sections, and a nipple used to connect them.


1 - nipple; 2 — through radiator plug; 3 - blind radiator plug.

Two through radiator plugs 2 with are installed in the nipple holes of the outer sections internal thread for connection to the pipes of the heating system and two blind plugs 3. Between the ends of the sections for water heating, a gasket made of rag cardboard impregnated with drying oil is placed between the ends of the sections to seal the connection.

At steam heating The gasket is made from paronite - a mixture of asbestos fiber, rubber emulsion and kaolin, which has undergone special treatment and pressed into sheets 1 - 2 mm thick.

Dimensions radiator section of any type are characterized by the distance between the centers of the nipple holes (installation height) h m, total height h p, depth b and construction width a; for radiator section M-140: h m = 500 mm; h p = 582 mm; b = 140 mm; a = 96 mm.

The heating surface of the section is 0.254 m 2 and its weight is 7.6 kg. The heating battery can be assembled from any number of sections, but usually no more than 15 - 20 pieces.

Steel welded panel radiators have less weight compared to cast iron ones and, with their shallow depth, are especially convenient for installation in large-panel buildings. Radiators of this type are used in water heating systems filled and fed from thermal power plants or boiler houses with water treatment devices, since only then will the water be completely deaerated (deaerated), softened and devoid of aggressive qualities that cause metal.

The picture below shows a steel panel radiator.

The radiator with a width (length) from 518 to 1510 mm consists of two stamped steel sheets, resistance welded.

The heating surface of the radiator is Fpr = 2.25h n L, and the weight of a radiator with a length of 518 mm is only 7.5 kg with a heating surface Fpr = 0.65 m 2.

“Sanitary and technical installations of buildings”,
V.V.Konokotin

Concrete heating panels are classified: by height - high (wall and partition), medium and low (for installation under windows); by design - free-standing, placed in niches or special cutouts of building structures, and monolithic, which are part of them; according to the material of the heating element - on a panel with coils or registers made of steel or glass heat-resistant pipes,...


Radiant heating ensures a uniform room temperature and a slightly higher temperature internal surfaces external fencing. This reduces the heat transfer of a person by radiation and improves his well-being. The most common type of convection heating device is cast iron finned tubes with round or rectangular fins. Pipes with round fins are available in lengths of 0.5; 0.75; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 m, heating surface respectively...

In order to in the cold winter period provide in living quarters the necessary conditions for living, you need a system that would help maintain the desired temperature. The heating system is the most successful engineering solution to this problem. The heating system will help maintain the house comfortable conditions throughout the cold period, but you should know what heating systems are available in modern times.

Heating systems may vary depending on different criteria. There are such main types of heating systems as: air heating, electric heating, water heating, water heated floors, and others. Undoubtedly, an important issue is choosing the type of heating system for your home. The classification of heating systems includes many types. Let's look at the main ones, and also compare types of fuel for heating.

Water heating

Among the entire classification of heating systems, water heating is the most popular. Technical advantages Such heating were identified as a result of many years of practice.

Undoubtedly, when asked what types of heating there are, it is water heating that first comes to mind. Water heating has such advantages as:

  • Not very high surface temperature of various devices and pipes;
  • Provides the same temperature in all rooms;
  • Fuel is saved;
  • Increased service life;
  • Quiet operation;
  • Easy to maintain and repair.

The main component of a water heating system is the boiler. Such a device is necessary to heat water. Water is the coolant in this type of heating. It circulates through the pipes closed type, and then the heat is transferred to various heating components, and from them the entire room is heated.

Most simple option is circulation natural type. This circulation is achieved due to the fact that in the circuit there is different pressure. However, such circulation can also be of a forced nature. For such circulation, water heating options must be equipped with one or more pumps.

After the coolant passes through the entire heating circuit, it is completely cooled and returned back to the boiler. Here it heats up again and thus allows the heating devices to produce heat again.

Classification of water heating systems

Water heating type may vary according to criteria such as:

  • water circulation method;
  • location of distribution lines;
  • structural features of risers and the diagram according to which all heating devices are connected.

The most popular is the heating system, where water circulation occurs through a pump. Heating with natural water circulation in Lately used extremely rarely.

In the pump room heating system heating of the coolant can also take place thanks to a hot water boiler house, or thermal water that comes from a thermal power plant. In a heating system, water can even be heated by steam.

A direct-flow connection is used when the system allows water supply with very high temperature. Such a system will not cost as much, and the metal consumption will be somewhat less.

The disadvantage of direct-flow connection is the dependence thermal regime on the “impersonal” temperature of the coolant in the external type supply heat water.

Air heating

These types of heating various rooms are considered one of the oldest. For the first time such a system was used before our era. Today, such a heating system has become widespread - as in public spaces, and production.

Heated air is also popular for heating buildings. When recirculated, such air can be supplied to a room, where the process of mixing with indoor air occurs and, thus, the air is cooled to room temperature and heated again.

Air heating can be local, if the building does not have a central supply ventilation, or if the amount of air supplied is less than necessary.

In air heating systems, the air is heated by air heaters. The primary heater for such components is hot steam or water. In order to warm the air in the room, you can use other heating devices or any heat sources.

Local air heating

When asked what kind of heating there is, local heating is often equated only to industrial premises. Local heating devices are used for rooms that are used only during certain periods, in rooms of an auxiliary nature, in rooms that communicate with external air flows.

The main devices of the local heating system are a fan and a heating device. For air heating, devices and devices such as air heating devices, heat fans or heat guns can be used. Such devices operate on the principle of air recirculation.

Central air heating is done in rooms of any type, if the building has a central ventilation system. These types of heating systems can be organized into three various schemes: with direct-flow recirculation, with partial or complete recirculation. Full air recirculation can be used mainly during non-working hours for standby types of heating, or to heat the room before the start of the working day.

However, heating according to such a scheme can take place if it does not contradict any rules fire safety or basic hygiene requirements. For such heating circuit a supply ventilation system should be used, but the air will be taken not from the street, but from those rooms that are heated. The central air heating system uses the following: structural types heating devices such as radiators, fans, filters, air ducts and other devices.

Air curtains

Cold air can enter large quantities from the street, if the house is opened too often entrance doors. If you don't do anything to limit the amount of cold air that enters the room or don't warm it up, it can negatively affect your health. temperature conditions, which must comply with the standard. To prevent this problem, possible in the open doorway create an air curtain.

At the entrances of residential or office buildings, you can install a low-rise air-thermal curtain.

Limiting the amount of cold air entering from outside the building takes place thanks to constructive change entrance to the room.

Compact air-thermal curtains have become increasingly popular lately. The most effective curtains are considered to be “shielding” type curtains. Such curtains create a jet air barrier that will protect the open doorway from the penetration of cold air flow. As a comparison of heating types shows, such a curtain can reduce heat loss by almost half.

Electric heating

Heating of the room occurs due to the distribution of air passing through dashboard without heating it up front side. This will completely protect against various burns and prevent any fire.

Electric convectors can heat any type of room, even if you only have one source of energy, such as electricity.

These types of building heating systems do not require large expenses for installation or repair, and they can provide maximum comfort. An electric convector can simply be placed in a certain place and connected to the mains power supply. When choosing a heating system, you can pay attention to this type - it is quite effective.

Operating principle

The cold air, which is at the bottom of the building, passes through the heating component of the convector. Then its volume increases and it goes up through the output grids. The heating effect also occurs due to additional heat radiation from the front side of the electric convector panel.

The level of comfort and efficiency of such a heating system is achieved due to the fact that electric convectors use electronic system, which helps maintain a certain temperature. You just need to install the necessary temperature indicator and the sensor, which is installed in the lower area of ​​the panel, will begin, after a specified period of time, to determine the temperature of the air that enters the room. The sensor will send a signal to the thermostat, which in turn will turn on or turn off heating element. Through such a system to maintain certain temperature, which will make it possible to connect electric convectors V different rooms, in order to heat an entire building.

Which system is better

Of course, the question of which heating system is better is inappropriate, since one or another system is effective under certain conditions. Comparisons of heating systems should be made taking into account all their pros and cons, focusing on installation conditions and your own capabilities.

Having considered what heating systems exist, you can draw certain conclusions for yourself. But in general, the best option will consult with professionals.