The topic is what the Chinese sage Confucius taught. Confucius - the greatest sage and teacher in Chinese history

Teacher of history and social studies Andrianova T.E.

Subject: "What did the Chinese sage Confucius teach"

Lesson type: combined.

Lesson Objectives: 1. Students should:

A) Know: the provisions of the teachings of Confucius on family, state, learning, behavior; facts from the biography of Confucius, geographical position And large rivers China.

B) Be able to: work with text, historical map, with additional literature (dictionaries, encyclopedias), analyze and draw conclusions.

2. Develop thinking, spatial concepts, creative abilities.

3. Cultivate respect for elders and parents.

Teaching methods: verbal, visual.

FOPD: frontal, individual.

Equipment: multimedia projector, computer, textbook, map, encyclopedia.

On the board: topic of the lesson, new words: Yellow River, Yangtze, Confucius, bamboo.

During the classes:

1. Organizational moment.

Welcoming students, wishing them fruitful work, creating a friendly atmosphere. Psychological and emotional mood for the lesson.

2. Updating students’ basic knowledge on the topic “Indian castes.”

1. What is caste?

2. How do castes differ from classes?

3. What castes existed in India?

4. What was the name of the god from whose body parts castes emerged?

When did the unification of India take place? – in the 3rd century BC

Which king united India? - King Ashoka.

What did Buddha teach?

What is so attractive about the legendary Buddha?

What is the difference between the ideas of the Buddha and the teachings of the Indian Brahmins?

3. Learning new material.

Plan.

1. Nature and people of China.

2. Personality in history - Confucius.

3. Teachings of Confucius.

We met religious beliefs ancient Indians. They found out that Buddha, the founder of the world religion - Buddhism, taught to give preference to a person’s personal merits rather than his origin. But what the Chinese sage Confucius taught, we will find out today in class.

1. Working with the map.So, first, we must learn as much as possible about the country - the homeland of the famous sage. Where do you start exploring an unfamiliar country? - geographical position. There are messages (the time limit for each message is no more than 2 minutes) from the guys about the Great Chinese Plain, the Yellow River, the Yangtze River. China is located in southeast Asia. The banks of the Yellow River are made of loess - rock, similar to fine compacted sand. Loess soils are soft and, with good watering, very fertile. Therefore, already three and a half thousand years ago, settlements of farmers and cattle breeders existed on the banks of the Yellow River. At the same time, the banks of the Yangtze, covered with dense forests, were not inhabited. Archaeological finds confirm that the inhabitants of the Great Chinese Plain were engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding, and crafts, facing considerable difficulties. They had to cut down forests, develop new lands, irrigate fields, and build dams.

Vocabulary work.

China is a country located in East Asia on the Great Chinese Plain.

The first states in the valleys of these rivers arose around 1700 BC. The rulers of the countries were constantly at odds with each other. In the 3rd century BC. Almost all the kingdoms were united under his rule by Qin Shihuang.

2. Personality in history - Confucius.

Confucius was born in 551 BC. in a noble but impoverished family in the city of Lu. Therefore, his life was filled with hardships, and at the same time with a passionate desire to break through and become a worthy and respected member of society. He was distinguished by a greedy desire for knowledge. The young man read a lot and tried to acquire all the books he could find. In the time of Confucius, they wrote on narrow tablets of split bamboo. Confucius studied a lot and at the age of 22 began teaching himself. He became famous as one of the best teachers in China. At the School of Confucius, children studied four sciences: morality, language, politics and literature.

At the age of 50, Confucius began political activity and soon took a high position in Lu. For three months, traders did not dare raise prices, “no one dared to raise what was left on the roads,” and there was peace and tranquility in the kingdom. But soon he had to leave the service due to intrigues.

After this, Confucius traveled around China for 13 years, but was never able to find application for his abilities and ideas. As you can see, it is not easy to be honest and fair at all times.

Confucius traveled until he was 66 years old, preaching his teachings, and then returned to his homeland. Confucius died at the age of 72. And on the site of his house a temple was built. Confucius entered the history of world culture as the founder of a special religion - Confucianism.

The spread of Confucius's ideas began in the 2nd century BC. Then the philosopher’s idea about the need for scientists to work in the government was accepted. Soon the ideas of Confucius were recognized as the state religion of China and remained so until 1912, when the people dethroned last emperor China.

Today, Buddhism has replaced Confucianism in China.

Count what year Confucius died and mark the dates of his life on the time line.

In what century was Confucius born and in what century did he die? Died 479 BC

3.Teachings of Confucius.

In China, many tales and legends about the famous sage have been preserved. Books were written about him, poems and fairy tales were composed. But what a fable time has brought to us. Listen to her. – Students speak (fable “The Wise Man’s Answer”).

Questions: How do you feel about what Confucius sought to instill in his students?

What do you need most in life: intelligence, courage, hard work, caution, joy?

What would you like to learn from your teachers?

Working with the document (handouts). Questions and tasks regarding the document:

1. Select statements that characterize the attitude towards knowledge and learning. How do you agree with his statements?

2. Select statements by Confucius that talk about how to treat elders, parents, and other people. Why is it important to respect your parents?

3. What should a person strive for, according to Confucius? Give an example from own life, when you acted according to the rule that coincides with the advice of Confucius.

4. Explain the meaning of the penultimate statement of Confucius. What school subject can help in studying the “old”?

5. Explain the meaning of Confucius’s last statement. Which Russian proverb corresponds to the words of the Chinese sage?

6. How should a person, from the point of view of Confucius, relate to wealth, fame, and service?

7. What statements bring Confucius closer to Buddha?

Application.

Confucius taught.

In the family circle, honor your parents. Outside the family, honor your elders.

Be honest and merciful with people, love goodness.

Be hard on yourself and gentle on others. This way you will protect yourself from human hostility.

Good must be done. Evil will create itself.

Try to become at least a little kinder, and you will see that you will no longer be able to do a bad deed.

People do bad things out of laziness. To do a good deed, you have to put in the work.

Learn! For life always reminds us that all our knowledge is not enough. When a person stops learning, he may lose what he previously learned.

People want wealth and fame for themselves; if both cannot be acquired honestly, they should be avoided. People are afraid of poverty and obscurity; if both cannot be avoided, they should be accepted with dignity.

Don't worry about not being in a high position. Worry about whether you are serving well in the place where you are.

Be respectful to your parents and teachers. Only in mercy and self-sacrifice be ahead of them.

Don't envy anyone and don't despise anyone. When meeting a noble person, think about how to become equal to him; When meeting a low person, think about how not to become the same yourself.

Don’t be easy on your words, don’t say what is unlawful.

If you want to learn something new, turn to the old one.

What you don’t wish for yourself, don’t do to others.

4. Lesson summary

China is a country where everything is unique, wise, amazing! Everything in this country is majestic and amazing: the Great Chinese Plain, the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. The Chinese nation has a long history and a brilliant culture. The Chinese people have developed and nurtured such wonderful traditional character traits as hard work, courage, simplicity and kindness.

5. Reflection

– There are stickers stuck on the corners of your desks Pink colour, you need to write down three words on them that you remember and would characterize your attitude towards China and its ancient wisdom.

6.Homework.

Create a cluster.

Group 1 - family relationships,

Group 2 - relations in the state,

Group 3 - behavior of a well-mannered Chinese,

Background

China is located in East Asia. In the first millennium BC, the Chinese settled the entire Great Plain of China between the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. In the 2nd millennium BC. e. The first states arose in the valleys of the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. In the first millennium BC. e. there were several states here that were at war with each other.

Events

551-479 BC.- the years of the life of the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius (Kun Futsi - the venerable teacher Kun), the founder of Confucianism.

The teachings of Confucius were based on the fact that he...

He considered it important to follow traditions and observe long-established rituals (Confucius said: “I imitate the ancient times, and do not compose”).
believed that elders should be respected. Little brothers must show respect to elders, children to parents, inferiors to superiors. Confucius compared the state to big family, in which the subjects treat the ruler as a father. The ruler must educate and instruct his subjects (Confucius condemned executions and cruel punishments).
believed that ancient wisdom was expressed in books. A book in ancient China was a bunch of planks made of split bamboo. The Chinese wrote hieroglyphs on such tablets from top to bottom.
considered it necessary to follow the rules of behavior: take off your shoes before entering the house, sit with your heels tucked under you, and eat with two chopsticks.

The Chinese believed in supernatural beings (spirits, gods, winged serpents - dragons); they considered Heaven to be the highest being. The cult of ancestors was widespread in China.

Conclusion

Confucius laid the foundations of Confucianism, which became one of the main philosophical and religious movements in China. During the era of the Qin Empire, followers of Confucius were persecuted (see lesson), but already from the 2nd century. BC. Confucianism becomes state ideology, which laid the foundations for the uniqueness of Chinese civilization and way of life.

China is located in East Asia. The great rivers of China, the Yangtze and Yellow River, are similar to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. They are very stormy, carry a lot of silt and sand, and often overflow suddenly, destroying dams and washing away soil from fields. The development of the valleys of these rivers began around 2000 BC. e. in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Later, around 1700 BC. e., the first states arose here, the rulers of which were often at enmity with each other. But the inhabitants of all these states considered themselves one people, because they had a single culture and similar customs. In today's lesson we will get acquainted with traditions and customs Ancient China, we learn about the fate of the great Chinese thinker Confucius.

Like other peoples, the Chinese believed in supernatural beings: gods, spirits, monsters, winged serpents - dragons. But the highest being for them was Heaven. They considered Heaven to be the ancestor of the ruler, therefore the king in China was called the “Son of Heaven”, and the country subordinate to him was called the “Celestial Empire”.

The sage Confucius (Fig. 1), who was highly revered in China, spoke about the customs of the ancient Chinese.

Rice. 1. Confucius ()

Confucius was born in the east of the country, in the principality of Lu, into a noble but impoverished family. His father was a brave officer. At the time of the birth of Confucius, his last son, he was 70 years old, and he died two years later. The family was poor, and Confucius began to work early, mastering various crafts. He was strong in body and tall, distinguished by his curiosity and hard work. In his youth he received the position of overseer of barns and state lands. People often turned to him for advice. Gradually he turned into a teacher, in particular, a music teacher. The name given to him at birth - Kun Qiu - was changed by grateful students to Kun Futsi, which means “Reverend Teacher Kun”. (The Latinized form, Confucius, became established in Europe.) He traveled throughout China and was respected for his extensive knowledge. Returning to his homeland, Confucius, already in adulthood, was appointed governor of the city, and then became the supreme judge of the principality. Despite the fact that his business was going well, he resigned and went on his travels again. According to legend, he had 3 thousand students, 12 of whom were with him constantly. At times he was in mortal danger, but he never lost courage and calm. He spent his last years in his homeland and died under the shade of trees on the bank of a quiet river. He left no notes. The sayings of Confucius were recorded by his students and followers (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Sayings of Confucius

The teachings of Confucius have come to us in the form of ancient Chinese books written on narrow tablets made of split bamboo. A thin brush or stick was dipped in black ink and hieroglyphs were applied from top to bottom. If they made a mistake, they scraped off what was written with a knife. Then holes were made in the planks and string was threaded through. The bundle of bamboo was an ancient Chinese book (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Ancient Chinese books ()

A learned Chinese had to memorize thousands of hieroglyphs that denoted individual words. Just as in Egyptian writing, in China hieroglyphs originated from drawings, and sometimes in their form one can still guess the original image.

Confucius saw the rational organization of society in the preservation of traditions: “If you do not observe anciently established rituals, or even more so abolish them, then everything will get mixed up and discord will ensue.” He himself perceived rituals not as a means to appease the gods, but as an element of self-discipline and order.

Confucius believed that a well-mannered person can be easily recognized by his behavior. Before entering the house, a polite Chinese man took off his shoes and walked barefoot. Walking in shoes on mats spread on the floor was considered simply indecent. The Chinese sat either on the same mat or on a low seat, but always with their heels tucked under them. Only completely ill-mannered people could sit with their legs dangling, much less stretching them forward. Already in ancient times, the Chinese mastered the art of eating with two chopsticks. They continue this custom to this day.

The ancient Chinese created complex hairstyles on their heads, collecting their hair in a bun. They considered those who walked with their hair down to be savages. Usually the Chinese wore a robe, ordinary people the robes were made of cheap material. Noble rich people dressed in silk robes, with beautiful embroidery flowers and figures of dragons (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Traditional clothes and hairstyles ()

Confucius taught that not only in the family, but throughout the state, order should be maintained in relations between elders and younger ones. A well-mannered Chinese is polite to everyone, he is not rude to those who are lower in position, and does not curry favor with those who are higher. But he behaves with those and with others, knowing his place well - with the elders respectfully, and with the younger ones favorably. Confucius taught that the state is like a large family. Subjects must respect the ruler as a father. But Confucius also advised rulers to treat their subjects as their children. A wise ruler does not torment people with harsh punishments, but patiently educates them - first of all, by his example. Cruelty does not suit a ruler at all; fatherly instruction is enough. “To execute someone instead of guiding him on the true path is inhumane,” said Confucius.

Bibliography

A.A. Vigasin, G.I. Goder, I.S. Sventsitskaya. Ancient world history. 5th grade - M.: Education, 2006.
Nemirovsky A.I. History reading book ancient world. - M.: Education, 1991.

Bibliotekar.ru ()
Sch714-china.narod.ru ()
Newacropol.ru ()

Homework

Locate Ancient China.
What rules of decency should a well-bred Chinese man observe?
How were the Chinese supposed to treat the rulers, and how were the rulers supposed to treat the common people?
How is Chinese writing similar to the writing of other ancient states? What is the difference?

Abstract to methodological development.

teacher of history and social studies of the educational educational institution "Secondary school in the village of Oktyabrsky Gorodok" in the village of Karamyshka

The purpose of this lesson: form an idea of the life of Chinese society, philosophical teaching Confucius, using active forms of learning and information technology. Designed for 5th grade students.

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Separate division Branch of the municipal educational institution "Secondary comprehensive school the village of Oktyabrsky town" in the village of Karamyshka

Abstract open lesson on History of the Ancient World

What did the Chinese sage Confucius teach?

5th grade

Prepared by: Gavrilova Elena Alekseevna

history and social studies teacher

2012

Lesson topic: Plague was taught by the Chinese sage Confucius.

“Learn! For life always reminds us that all our knowledge is not enough. When a person stops learning, he may lose what he learned before.”

Confucius.

Target: to form an idea of the life of Chinese society, the philosophical teachings of Confucius, using active forms of learning and information technology.

Tasks:

Cognitive tasks:

mastering a system of theoretical knowledge: main events, historical figures and practical knowledge of maps;
formation of a historical approach to events;
creating conditions for adequate assessment of learning outcomes and self-esteem among 5th grade students

Developmental tasks:

development creative thinking students;
development of independence;
development of abilities to analyze, systematize and generalize historical facts and events;
development of ability to use information technologies in the learning process.

Educational task:

nurturing students’ interest in the culture of the countries of the Ancient East and people’s respect for each other.

Key learning outcomes:

Students, getting acquainted with the basics of Confucianism, gain experience and form ideas about ancient civilizations and the forms and rules of human interaction.
Practicing the skill of working with a map (emphasis on marking historical sites on the map);
Mastering the technology of problem-based learning educational material. By analyzing, systematizing and summarizing historical facts and events, we proved the problem posed at the beginning of the lesson “China is amazing, wise, unique”;
Formation of skills to work with various sources information (textbook, reference books, Internet resources) Students prepare their own reports on a new topic (advanced learning);
An express survey, in the form of a test task used at the end of the lesson, optimizes the testing of mastery of educational material new topic and motivates students to work with electronic textbooks

Structure: lesson learning new material.

Control and evaluation system:

a) frontal work, survey;
b) express survey;
c) self-control

Equipment:

Computer, presentation
History textbook for grade 5 (authors Vigasin A.A., Goder G.I., Sventsitskaya I.S. year of publication - 2000)
Handout

Board design:

Great Chinese Plain, Yellow River, Yangtze River, sayings of the Chinese sage Confucius, image of the god Brahma, bamboo book, hieroglyph.

Before the lesson, the guys receive tasks: prepare messages (for 1 minute) on the topics: “The Great Chinese Plain”, “Yang He River”, “Yangtze River”, “Sage Confucius”

DURING THE CLASSES

Stage I. Organizing time

Stage II. Updating basic knowledge on the topic: “Ancient India”

On the board is a table and an image of the god Brahma. Students need to fill in the missing elements in the table.

Students work using cards (time limit: 5 minutes)

India is separated from the mainland by the highest _________________________ mountains.

The coasts of India from the west, east and south are washed by the waters of the ______________________ ocean.

The most abundant rivers in India are ______________________ and ______________________.

According to the beliefs of the ancient Indians, God ______________________ created people from different parts of your body.

In India they grew ______________________, ______________________, ______________________.

______________________ is a group of people with certain rights and responsibilities.

The main rivers of China are ___________ and _____________.

The famous Chinese sage was ____________________.

Guys, did you all complete the task? (No)

Why do you think? (We don't know who the Chinese sage was)

Let's try to formulate what we will talk about in class today?

(Formulate the topic of the lesson)

Open your notebooks, write down the date and topic of the lesson.

Slide No. 1 “What the Chinese sage Confucius taught”
Stage III. Learning a new topic

In previous lessons we learned about the religious beliefs of the ancient Indians. We looked at the various castes that existed in society. But what the Chinese sage Confucius taught and why China is called unique, wise and amazing, we will find out today in class

1.Formulation of the problem

slide No. 2 “China – unique, wise, amazing”

But before we talk about the Chinese sage Confucius, we first need to find out about the country in which he lived.

2. Working with the map

slide number 3 map // messages sound (each message is no more than 2 minutes) from the guys about

Great Chinese Plain slide number 4
Yellow River slides No. 5-6
Yangtze River slides No. 7-8
Sage Confucius slides No. 9-10 // work with the word "sage"»

Guys, now count what year Confucius died and mark the dates of his life on the time line.
In what century was Confucius born and in what century did he die? Died 479 BC

slide number 2

Presentation of new material

He spoke about the customs of the ancient Chinese ancient sage Confucius

– Confucius taught: “A well-mannered man is easily recognized by his manners.” slide No. 11 // working with the word "manners".
– Explain how you understand the word “manners.”(Manner is a habitual way of action for a given person; one or another feature of behavior).
– A polite Chinese man took off his shoes before entering the house and walked barefootslides No. 12-13 (at home)
– Walking in shoes on mats spread on the floor was considered simply indecent.
– Explain how you understand the word “mat.”(Mat is a carpet woven from reeds) slide No. 14 // work with the word “mats”
“The Chinese sat either on a mat or on a low seat, but always with their heels tucked under them. Only completely ill-mannered people could sit with their legs dangling, much less stretching them forward.
slide number 15
– Much attention was given appearance person. Ancient Chinese men wore hairstyles made from long hair, which were placed in tight buns on the crown of the head. Above the forehead, on the temples and on the back of the head, the hair was carefully smoothed. The knot was secured with a pin (reminiscent of a “bump”). Women's hairstyles were very complex, but gave the impression of lightness, they were decorated with flowers, and on holidays their hairstyles were decorated with precious stones.
slide number 16
– Usually the Chinese wore a robe. Ordinary people wore them from cheap material, while noble and rich Chinese dressed in silk robes decorated with expensive and beautiful embroidery. A dragon was embroidered on the emperor's clothes - a symbol of divinity.

Return to the problem: “China is unique, wise, amazing” slide number 2

– The way of life of the Chinese people is subject to discipline, order, respect and veneration for elders and younger ones. slides No. 17-18
– What does this wisdom teach?

4. Conscious independent reading by students of the textbook text slide No. 19

– How do you understand the wisdom of Confucius?
Reading the text of the textbook (author Vigasin A.A., Goder G.I., Sventsitskaya I.S.) pp. 100-101
Paragraph 2 “The highest virtue is respect for elders”
– How were the elders in the family treated?
– Now you don’t have to answer me, but answer yourself – how do you feel about your parents?
– There is an expression: “Everything comes from the family.” Explain why?
slide number 20

Now let’s turn to paragraph 3 “Wisdom is in the knowledge of ancient books”
– Remember, the king, of which state, during wars of conquest, took away books in addition to jewelry?
slide number 21
– What does the Chinese wisdom say: “Wisdom is in the knowledge of ancient books”?
– What is shown on the slide?

Teacher's message "Bamboo Book of Ancient China"

Chinese characters

More than 3.5 thousand years ago, the Chinese created their own writing. They wrote in hieroglyphs. Using a special brush or stick, hieroglyphs were applied from top to bottom onto silk fabric or strips of bamboo.

There were about 50 thousand characters in Chinese writing.

Art was highly valued calligraphy – beautiful writing of hieroglyphs.

Students had to take very a large number of exams. But those students who learned to read, write and count in ancient China could count on a decent and well-off financially. Because they could occupy a very prestigious official position. slide number 22
slide number 23

– Writing instruments, despite their apparent simplicity, were very expensive. They wrote with brushes, dipping them in ink made from ash.

In previous lessons we have already become acquainted with various types writing and learned that the writing of the Phoenicians was the simplest, but what is the writing of the ancient Chinese, I suggest you find out and try to write on ancient bamboo books using hieroglyphs.

Questions:

Guys, do you think it was easy to learn to read and write in ancient China?
How much time is needed for this? Why?

(Sample answer:In ancient China, learning to read and write took long years because remembering 50 thousand hieroglyphs was very difficult and difficult.

Students try to write using hieroglyphs and find out that the writing of the ancient Chinese is very complex.

Return to the problem: “China is unique, wise, amazing”slide number 2
slide number 24, slide No. 25
– Like other peoples, the Chinese believed in supernatural forces - gods, spirits, dragons living in rivers or mountains. But the highest being for the ancient Chinese was Heaven. According to their ideas, Heaven is the ancestor of the ruler, so the emperor in China was called “Son of Heaven”, and the lands subordinate to him were called the Celestial Empire.

Return to the problem: “China is unique, wise, amazing” slide number 2

The ancient Chinese made many important discoveries and inventions that people still use today.

Writing based on hieroglyphs

Invention of paper slide 26

In the 1st century BC. Paper was invented in China. It was made from hemp, silk combs, and plant fibers (bamboo). This whole mass was soaked or boiled, and then placed in molds. Then the sheets were pressed and dried on a heated wall. This material was quite suitable for writing and very cheap. Later, in the 8th century, they learned to make impressions with wooden planks, on which a design or text was carved and painted. This is how printing first appeared. In the 11th century The Chinese invented collapsible font

Observing sunspots, the Chinese compiled a map of the starry sky.

Invention of porcelain slide 27

In the VI century. BC e. Chinese craftsmen invented porcelain, from which they began to make cups and beautiful vases. Before the vessel was sculpted, porcelain clay was buried in the ground for several decades. China was very beautiful and very expensive. It was sold for its weight in gold. The production of porcelain was kept secret.

A compass, a mechanical water clock, and an instrument for predicting earthquakes.

Compass slide 28

This wonderful item was also invented in China. The Chinese already knew in ancient times that a magnet attracts iron. They knew the property of a magnet - to indicate the direction of north and south. The Chinese compass was a long-handled spoon made of magnetized iron. The spoon was placed on a smooth wooden or bronze stand with divisions, spun it, and it stopped, pointing one side to the south and the other to the north. In ancient times, the compass was not known to any people. Except the Chinese. The compass was used during trips along the Great Silk Road.

Architecture - construction of temples, multi-story palaces with multi-tiered roofs.

Growing tea slide 29

The Chinese were the first to learn how to grow tea bushes and prepare tea. From them the tea bush came to the countries Western Europe and to us. The word "tea" in Chinese means "young leaf".

And in ancient Chinese poetry there are references to tea:

Heard through the sound of running water
somewhere a spinning wheel is knocking.
A bridge under the arch of spring foliage,
The time for flowers has passed.
Suddenly the most wonderful aroma
the wind blew from behind the mountains.
This is in a village near the pass
midday tea is being prepared.

(Gao Qi)

– In order to check how you understood today’s material, I suggest taking a test slide No. 26-30

Stage IV. Lesson summary

And now, to characterize your attitude towards China, towards its ancient wisdom, continue the statement: “China is a country………”

Students answer.

V stage. Reflection

- Guys, what new did you learn in class today?

What's interestnig?

Did you like today's lesson?

Stage VI. Homework

Paragraph 22, answer questions
Based additional literature, Internet resources, prepare reports about one of the Chinese discoveries that are used today (gunpowder, chinese calendar, Chinese medicine, etc.).
Draw a picture

Background

Events

551-479 BC.- the years of the life of the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius (Kun Futsi - the venerable teacher Kun), the founder of Confucianism.

The teachings of Confucius were based on the fact that he...

He considered it important to follow traditions and observe long-established rituals (Confucius said: “I imitate the ancient times, and do not compose”).
believed that elders should be respected. Younger brothers should show respect to their elders, children to their parents, and inferiors to their superiors. Confucius compared the state to a large family in which the subjects treat the ruler as a father. The ruler must educate and instruct his subjects (Confucius condemned executions and cruel punishments).
believed that ancient wisdom was expressed in books. A book in ancient China was a bunch of planks made of split bamboo. The Chinese wrote hieroglyphs on such tablets from top to bottom.
considered it necessary to follow the rules of behavior: take off your shoes before entering the house, sit with your heels tucked under you, and eat with two chopsticks.

The Chinese believed in supernatural beings (spirits, gods, winged serpents - dragons); they considered Heaven to be the highest being. The cult of ancestors was widespread in China.

Conclusion

Confucius laid the foundations of Confucianism, which became one of the main philosophical and religious movements in China. During the era of the Qin Empire, followers of Confucius were persecuted (see lesson), but already from the 2nd century. BC. Confucianism becomes a state ideology that laid the foundations for the uniqueness of Chinese civilization and way of life.

China is located in East Asia. The great rivers of China, the Yangtze and Yellow River, are similar to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. They are very stormy, carry a lot of silt and sand, and often overflow suddenly, destroying dams and washing away soil from fields. The development of the valleys of these rivers began around 2000 BC. e. in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Later, around 1700 BC. e., the first states arose here, the rulers of which were often at enmity with each other. But the inhabitants of all these states considered themselves one people, because they had a single culture and similar customs. In today's lesson we will get acquainted with the traditions and customs of Ancient China and learn about the fate of the great Chinese thinker Confucius.

The sage Confucius (Fig. 1), who was highly revered in China, spoke about the customs of the ancient Chinese.

Rice. 1. Confucius ()

Rice. 2. Sayings of Confucius

Rice. 3. Ancient Chinese books ()

The ancient Chinese created complex hairstyles on their heads, collecting their hair in a bun. They considered those who walked with their hair down to be savages. Usually the Chinese wore a robe; ordinary people had robe made from cheap material. Noble rich people dressed in silk robes, with beautiful embroidery with flowers and figures of dragons (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Traditional clothes and hairstyles ()

Bibliography

A.A. Vigasin, G.I. Goder, I.S. Sventsitskaya. Ancient world history. 5th grade - M.: Education, 2006.
Nemirovsky A.I. A book to read on the history of the ancient world. - M.: Education, 1991.

Bibliotekar.ru ()
Sch714-china.narod.ru ()
Newacropol.ru ()

Homework

Locate Ancient China.
What rules of decency should a well-bred Chinese man observe?
How were the Chinese supposed to treat the rulers, and how were the rulers supposed to treat the common people?
How is Chinese writing similar to the writing of other ancient states? What is the difference?

China is located in East Asia. The great rivers of China, the Yangtze and Yellow River, are similar to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. They are very stormy, carry a lot of silt and sand, and often overflow suddenly, destroying dams and washing away soil from fields. The development of the valleys of these rivers began around 2000 BC. e. in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Later, around 1700 BC. e., the first states arose here, the rulers of which were often at enmity with each other. But the inhabitants of all these states considered themselves one people, because they had a single culture and similar customs. In today's lesson we will get acquainted with the traditions and customs of Ancient China and learn about the fate of the great Chinese thinker Confucius.

Like other peoples, the Chinese believed in supernatural beings: gods, spirits, monsters, winged serpents - dragons. But the highest being for them was Heaven. They considered Heaven to be the ancestor of the ruler, so the king in China was called the “Son of Heaven”, and the country subordinate to him was called the “Celestial Empire”.

The sage Confucius (Fig. 1), who was very revered in China, spoke about the customs of the ancient Chinese.

Rice. 1. Confucius

Confucius was born in the east of the country, in the principality of Lu, into a noble but impoverished family. His father was a brave officer. At the time of the birth of Confucius, his last son, he was 70 years old, and he died two years later. The family was poor, and Confucius began to work early, mastering various crafts. He was strong in body and tall, distinguished by his curiosity and hard work. In his youth he received the position of overseer of barns and state lands. People often turned to him for advice. Gradually he turned into a teacher, in particular, a music teacher. The name given to him at birth, Kun Qiu, was changed by grateful students to Kun Futsi, which means “Reverend Teacher Kun.” (The Latinized form, Confucius, became established in Europe.) He traveled throughout China and was respected for his extensive knowledge. Returning to his homeland, Confucius, already in adulthood, was appointed governor of the city, and then became the supreme judge of the principality. Despite the fact that his business was going well, he resigned and went on his travels again. According to legend, he had 3 thousand students, 12 of whom were with him constantly.

At times he was in mortal danger, but he never lost courage and calm. He spent his last years in his homeland and died under the shade of trees on the bank of a quiet river. He left no notes. The sayings of Confucius were recorded by his students and followers (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Sayings of Confucius

The teachings of Confucius have come to us in the form of ancient Chinese books written on narrow tablets made of split bamboo. A thin brush or stick was dipped in black ink and hieroglyphs were applied from top to bottom. If they made a mistake, they scraped off what they had written with a knife. Then holes were made in the planks and string was threaded through. The bundle of bamboo was an ancient Chinese book (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Ancient Chinese books

The ancient Chinese created complex hairstyles on their heads, collecting their hair in a bun. They considered those who walked with their hair down to be savages. Usually the Chinese wore a robe; ordinary people had robes made of cheap material. Noble rich people dressed in silk robes, with beautiful embroidery with flowers and figures of dragons (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Traditional clothing and hairstyles

Confucius taught that not only in the family, but throughout the state, order should be maintained in relations between elders and younger ones. A well-mannered Chinese is polite to everyone, he is not rude to those who are lower in position, and does not curry favor with those who are higher. But he behaves with those and with others, knowing his place well - with the elders respectfully, and with the younger ones favorably. Confucius taught that the state is like a large family. Subjects must respect the ruler as a father. But Confucius also advised rulers to treat their subjects as their children. A wise ruler does not torment people with harsh punishments, but patiently educates them - first of all, by his example. Cruelty does not suit a ruler at all; fatherly guidance is sufficient. “To execute someone instead of guiding him on the true path is inhumane,” said Confucius.