The temperature of the classroom in the school is the sanitary standards of Russia. Sanitary and hygienic requirements for classrooms for classrooms

Maintaining normal air-thermal regime in the classroom, air is changed through vents, transoms, and window sashes.

Air humidity in the classroom ( relative humidity), at the above temperatures can fluctuate between 40-60% (in winter 30-50%), it also depends on humidity climate zone. Increasing humidity increases heat transfer from the body. In warm climates, relative humidity is 30-40%; in moderate and cold temperatures it can reach up to 65%.

Indeed, with the onset heating season, air humidity has decreased, but in the computer science classroom it is different from the optimal parameters. In offices with big amount flowers, humidity has optimal values(room No. 21), which means it is beneficial for the health of students and teachers.

Ways to reduce humidity:

Ways to increase humidity:

• Ventilate classrooms after each lesson;
• To increase humidity and improve the air composition of classrooms, increase the number of green spaces;
• IN winter time humidify the air in living spaces (open vessels with water, porous humidifiers).

Thus, we can draw the following conclusion: at low temperatures and high humidity air, heat transfer increases and a person experiences greater cooling.

High humidity is also bad for human health at any temperature.

The combination of high humidity and high temperature air, since this significantly worsens the thermal state of a person, reduces the efficiency of sweat evaporation and thereby makes heat transfer more difficult.

To eliminate the adverse effects of indoor air humidity, ventilation, air conditioning, etc. are used.

2.4 Solving problems on the topic “ Air humidity»

Problem 2 Air humidity is 78%, and the dry bulb reading is 12 °C. What temperature does the wet bulb thermometer show? (Answer: 10 °C.)

Problem 3 The difference in the readings of dry and wet thermometers is 4 °C. Relative humidity 60%. What are the dry and wet bulb readings? (Answer: tc-l9°С, tm= 10 °C.)

Problem 4 The difference between the readings of dry and wet thermometers is 40C. Relative humidity 60%. What are the dry and wet thermometer readings? (Answer tc=140C? tvl=100C). Problem 5 Define absolute humidity air if partial pressure the steam in it is 14 kPa, and the temperature is 333 K.

Problem 6 To dry the air in a cylinder with a capacity of 10 liters, a piece of calcium chloride was introduced into it, which absorbed water weighing 0.13 g. What was the relative humidity of the air in the cylinder if its temperature is 200C?

Problem 7 The air temperature is 18° C, and its dew point is 10° C. Find the relative humidity at 18° C. The density of saturated water vapor at 18° C is 15.4 g/m3, and at 10° C - 9.4 g/m3 .

Problem 8 At a temperature of 25° C, the relative humidity is 70%. How much moisture will be released from each m3 when the temperature drops to 16° C? The density of saturated steam at 25°C is 23 g/m3, at 16°C - 13.6 g/cm3.

Problem 9 V = 20,000 m3 of air must be supplied to the room at temperature t1 = 18° C and relative humidity φ1 = 50%. The air is taken from the street, where the temperature is t2 = 10° C, and the humidity is φ2 = 60%. How much additional water needs to be evaporated? The density of saturated steam at 18°C ​​is 15.4 g/m3, and at 10°C - 9.4 g/m3.

What's happened microclimate and what indicators does it consist of?

Microclimate is a set of environmental climate indicators inside an object/institution, consisting of three indicators: 1) air temperature; 2) relative air humidity; 3) intensity of air exchange.

Our children most time is spent in educational institutions - in the first half of the day it is a kindergarten or school, in the second it is sections and clubs.

During the cold season, due to the rise in the incidence of influenza and ARVI, we would like to draw your attention to compliance with the requirements for the microclimate of premises in educational institutions. This is just one of the measures aimed at preventing acute respiratory infections. viral infections and flu. Requirements for the microclimate of premises in educational institutions are regulated sanitary rules for preschool organizations - SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13", for educational institutions SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10", for educational organizations additional education children SanPiN 2.4.4.3172-14 ".

1) Air temperature- on school premises for classrooms, offices, dining room, recreation, lobby, wardrobe is 18 - 24°C, 17-20°C - for the gym, room for sectional classes, workshops. For main rooms kindergarten: 22-24°C - reception rooms, playrooms of nursery group cells, 21-23°C - reception rooms, playrooms of junior, middle, senior group cells, 19-20°C - bedrooms of all group cells. In additional education rooms for classrooms, rooms for music classes, lecture halls - 20-22°C -, 18-22°C - in the lobby and wardrobe, 17-20°C - in rooms for choreography, sports, technical creativity , 20-22°C - in changing rooms at gyms and choreography halls. Any temperature deviation from the norm, both a decrease and an increase, is harmful to the child’s body. The higher the room temperature, the drier the air. Dry air leads to drying out of the mucous membranes and disables the local immune system.

2) Relative humidity– relative air humidity in all premises of educational institutions should be within 40 - 60%.

3) Air exchange rate- the main way practical implementation is ventilation. Ventilation is the most effective method prevention of ARVI in children's groups, since viruses die instantly in cool, moist moving air and remain active for hours in dry, warm and still air. All premises of a preschool organization must be ventilated daily. Ventilation is carried out for at least 10 minutes every 1.5 hours. Training facilities educational organizations are ventilated during breaks, and recreational ones - during lessons. All rooms for additional education classes must be ventilated daily during breaks between classes, between shifts and at the end of the day. In all premises of educational organizations through ventilation ventilation is not carried out in the presence of children and toilet rooms not allowed. It is very important to remember and comply with these standards in educational institutions! Violation of microclimate parameters (even one of the indicators), either a decrease or an increase below or above normal limits, can cause great harm children's body.

. OPTIONS MICROCLIMATE IN EDUCATIONAL PREMISES

Microclimate (meteorological conditions) has a great influence on a person’s well-being and performance. production premises, which is determined by air temperature, its composition and pressure, relative humidity, and the speed of air flow.

IN compound atmospheric air includes nitrogen (78.08%), oxygen (20.95%), carbon dioxide (0.03%), argon and other gases (0.94%). Oxygen is necessary to maintain human life. When breathing, the venous blood entering the lungs is freed from carbon dioxide and enriched with oxygen. In the process of moving through the body, blood gives oxygen to tissues and takes away carbon dioxide formed in them. Gas exchange occurs normally at pressures close to atmospheric. Nitrogen is a physiologically harmless gas. Carbon dioxide It is slightly toxic, but dangerous because, by replacing oxygen, it reduces its content in the air.

The air also contains water vapor, dust and other impurities.

Small deviations in the content of these gases, and primarily a decrease in oxygen concentration and an increase in carbon dioxide content, reduce performance, and with significant deviations from the norm, the atmosphere becomes dangerous to human life.

The worker’s well-being largely depends on temperature conditions. When the ambient temperature rises (over 22 °C), a person quickly gets tired, his ability to work decreases, the body relaxes, and sweating increases.

With insufficient lighting, visual perception decreases, myopia develops, eye diseases and headaches appear. Due to constant eye strain, visual fatigue occurs. If there is insufficient lighting, the worker leans towards the equipment, as a result of which the risk of an accident increases. Permanent translation looking from a sufficiently illuminated object to a poorly illuminated one causes an occupational disease - nystagmus. Prolonged work in high light can lead to photophobia - increased sensitivity of the eyes to light with characteristic lacrimation, inflammation of the mucous membrane or cornea of ​​the eye.

The air temperature should be:

in classrooms, classrooms, laboratories – 18-20 0 C with conventional glazing and 19-21 0 C with strip glazing;

in training workshops – 15-17 0 C;

in the assembly hall, lecture halls – 18-20 0 C;

in the gym and rooms for sectional classes – 15-17 0 C;

in the locker room gym– 19-23 0 C;

in doctors’ offices – 21-23 0 C;

in recreation 16-18 0 C;

in the library – 17-21 0 C.

in the lobby and wardrobe - 16-19 0 C.

Academic and physical education classes are conducted in well-ventilated areas. Cross ventilation is recommended during breaks when there are no children in the room.

When the air temperature in the room reaches 14-15 0 C, ventilation should be stopped.

Educational areas are ventilated during breaks, and recreation areas are ventilated during lessons. . Aeration classrooms should be controlled by a thermometer, which is located at a level of 1.0-1.2 m from the floor.

The area of ​​transoms and windows must be at least 1/50 of the floor area; they must function at any time of the year.

Relative air humidity should be maintained within 40-60%.

In school training and production workshops, where work on machines and mechanisms is associated with the allocation large quantity heat and dust, a forced exhaust ventilation. The air exchange rate is at least 20 m 3 per hour per student. Machine tools and mechanisms must meet the requirements of sanitary standards and have appropriate protective devices.

Exhaust ventilation It is also equipped in the kitchen and restrooms.

Table 1

The duration of cross-ventilation of classrooms depending on the outside temperature

Requirements for natural lighting

Educational spaces should be designed to be left-handed daylight. For double-sided lighting, which is designed for classrooms with a depth of more than 6 m, it is necessary to install right-side lighting, the height of which must be at least 2.2 m from the ceiling. In this case, one should not allow the direction of the main luminous flux in front and behind the students.

In training and production workshops, assembly and sports halls, two-way side natural lighting and combined (top and side) lighting can also be used.).

-In classrooms with one-way side natural lighting, the natural illumination coefficient (NLC) should be 1.5% at a distance of 1 m from the wall opposite the light openings.

-The unevenness of natural lighting in rooms intended for student activities should not exceed 3:1.

-The orientation of the windows of the classrooms should be towards the southern, south-eastern and eastern sides of the horizon. The windows of the drawing and painting classrooms, as well as the kitchen rooms, can be oriented to the northern sides of the horizon; the orientation of the computer rooms is to the north, northeast.

-Light openings in classrooms are equipped with adjustable sun-protection devices such as blinds and light-colored fabric curtains.

-Curtains made of polyvinyl chloride film are not used.

-For interior decoration, materials are used that create a matte surface with a reflective coefficient:

-for the ceiling – 0.7-0.8; for walls – 0.5 –0.6; for the floor – 0.3–0.5. The following types of paints should be used:

-for the walls of classrooms – bright hues yellow, beige, pink, green, blue;

-for furniture (desks, tables, cabinets) – natural wood colors or light green;

-for chalkboards – dark green, dark brown;

-for doors, window frames- white.

-For maximum use of daylight and uniform lighting in classrooms, it is recommended to plant trees no closer than 15 m, bushes no closer than 5 m from the building;

-do not close window glass; Do not place flowers on windowsills. They should be placed in portable flower boxes 65–70 cm high from the floor or hanging flower pots in the window walls.

-Clean and wash windows twice a year: in autumn and spring.

Sanitary and hygienic requirements

to classrooms.

1. Placement of student tables (desks) in the office.

In classrooms with a conventional rectangular configuration, tables are placed in three rows, maintaining the required illumination of workplaces, gaps between rows of desks (tables) and walls. The following distance must be maintained:

· from outer wall to the first row of desks (tables) - at least 0.5 m;

· from interior wall to the third row – 0.5 m;

· from the back wall to the last desks (tables) – 0.65 m;

· from the blackboard to the first desks (tables) – 2 m;

· from the blackboard to the last desk (table) – no more than 8 m;

· between rows – 0.6 m.

In the classroom, in accordance with the number of height groups, it is necessary to place furniture of at least three various groups(numbers). If there is difficulty in selecting furniture, it is better to seat the student at a desk larger than the number required.

For schoolchildren, a height scale is adopted with an interval of 15 cm. In accordance with this scale, desks and sets of student tables with chairs of six numbers are manufactured.

Dimensions of desks, student tables and chairs

The seating of students should be carried out by teachers and class teachers under the guidance of a doctor ( nurse) after measuring student height (in shoes) at the beginning of each school year.

According to hygienic requirements Workplaces in classrooms and offices behind the first and second desks in any row should be allocated to students with hearing loss. Students with reduced visual acuity should sit at the first desks in the row near the window. With good visual acuity correction with glasses, students can sit in any row. Students with rheumatic diseases, prone to frequent sore throats and acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, it is better to place workplaces further away from windows.

At least twice per academic year Students sitting in the 1st and 3rd rows are swapped without disturbing the correspondence between the desk number and their height.

When equipping classrooms for 6-year-old students, it is recommended to use preschool furniture.

When arranging a classroom, smaller furniture is placed closer to the blackboard, and large sizes- further. In cases where it becomes necessary to place the furniture of large rooms closer to the chalkboard, it should be placed only first in the 1st and 3rd (4th) rows.

The surface of the chalkboard should be smooth, without flaws or bulges, and evenly painted over the entire area. The color of the coating can be dark green, dark brown, black. The state of visual functions, as well as the performance of students, are more favorable when reading and copying text written on a dark green board with bright yellow chalk. Bottom edge chalkboard above the floor is installed: for primary school at the level of 75-80 cm, for students of 5-1 1st grades - 80-90 cm.

2. Lighting of classrooms .

Daylight classrooms, classrooms, laboratories, workshops and other main premises are considered sufficient when the coefficient of natural illumination at the place furthest from the window reaches 1.75-2.0% (central Russia).

The main flow of light in classrooms should be provided only on the left side of students. During training sessions bright light should not blind the eyes, so light openings in the wall on which the chalkboard is located are not allowed. Randomly hanging posters, stands, etc. on the walls of classrooms sharply reduces the light reflection of surfaces, which is why all aids should be hung on the wall opposite the board, so that the top edge of the objects is not located higher than 1.75 cm from the floor. Cabinets and other equipment should be installed against the back wall of the room.

The light openings of classrooms are equipped with adjustable sun-protection devices such as blinds, fabric curtains in light colors that match the color of the walls and furniture. When not in use, curtains must be placed in the walls between the windows. Curtains made of polyvinyl chloride film are not used.

Artificial lighting is no less important than natural. IN middle lane Russia at the start of classes at 8:30 am. During the first two lessons, the lighting in the workplace with natural light is insufficient. In this regard, it is necessary to turn on artificial lighting for the first two lessons.

The chalkboard is illuminated by two mirror lamps installed parallel to it. These lamps are placed 0.3 m above the top edge of the board and 0.6 m towards the classroom in front of the board.

For maximum use daylight and uniform lighting of classrooms it is recommended:

· do not paint over window glass;

· do not place flowers on window sills - they should be placed in portable flower boxes 65-70 cm high from the floor or hanging planters in window walls;

· Clean and wash glass twice a year (autumn and spring).

3. Finishing of classrooms.

To decorate classrooms, finishing materials and paints are used that create a matte surface with reflection coefficients:

For the ceiling - 0.7-0.8; for walls - 0.5-0.6;

For the floor - 0.3-0.5.

Should be used following colors colors:

For the walls of classrooms - light colors of yellow, beige, pink, green, blue;

For furniture (desks, tables, cabinets) - natural wood colors or light green;

For chalkboards - dark green, dark brown;

For doors and window frames - white.

4. Volume educational information transmitted audiovisual by any means.

When used in educational institutions audiovisual technical means training (AV TSO) their long-term continuous use in the educational process is established according to the table.

Duration of continuous use in lessons

various technical teaching aids

5. Air-thermal regime.

The area of ​​properly functioning transoms and windows in classrooms must be at least 1/50 of the floor area. Transoms and vents must function at any time of the year.

Classrooms are ventilated during breaks. The duration of through ventilation is determined by weather conditions, and before and after classes, through ventilation is carried out.

Duration of cross-ventilation of classrooms

depending on outside temperature

When the outside air temperature is more than +10°C, it is advisable to conduct classes with open transoms and vents.

Air temperature in classrooms, classrooms, laboratories, depending on climatic conditions should be:

> 18-20°C with conventional glazing and 19-21°C with strip glazing;

> in training workshops - 15-17°C;

> in the assembly hall, lecture hall, singing and music class, club room - 18-20°C;

> in display classes the optimal temperature is 19-21°C, acceptable 18-22°C;

> in the gym and rooms for sectional classes -15-17°C;

> in the gym locker room - 19-23°C;

> in doctors' offices - 21-23°C;

> in recreation - 16-18°C;

> in the library - 17-21 °C.

The difference in air temperature in the classroom, both vertically and horizontally, should not exceed 2-3 C.

Physical education lessons should be held in well-aerated halls. To do this, it is necessary to open one or two windows on the leeward side during classes in the hall when the outside air temperature is above +5 C and there is little wind. At a lower temperature and higher air speed, classes in the hall are held with open transoms, and through ventilation is carried out during breaks in the absence of students.

When the air temperature in the room reaches 15-14 C, ventilation of the room should be stopped.

In the premises of educational institutions, the relative air humidity should be maintained within 40-60%.

In school workshops, where work on machines and mechanisms involves the release of large amounts of heat and dust, mechanical exhaust ventilation is equipped. The air exchange rate should be at least 20 m3 per hour per child. Machine tools and mechanisms must meet the requirements of sanitary standards and have appropriate protective devices.