Foreign words enter the Russian language along with many concepts, ideas, theories and concepts. Inventing your own terms to express borrowed concepts is often too difficult and even impractical, so in most cases, along with a new concept, a word or phrase that expresses it also comes into the language. For example: floppy disk (from the English diskette) is a small-format magnetic disk, usually flexible, a storage medium for processing on a computer.

The number of such words is gradually increasing in the context of expanding political, economic, scientific, technical and cultural ties. Over time, many of the borrowed words are polished, adapted to the norms of the Russian language, and become changeable in accordance with these norms, which greatly facilitates their use. For example: audit (from the English audit) is a form of financial control over the activities of organizations, enterprises, firms, carried out at the request of the client. In addition, we say audit, meaning another meaning of the word: audit. An auditor (from Latin auditor - listener, investigator) is a person who checks the financial and economic activities of a company on the basis of a contract. This noun, like the word audit, is inflected.

The process of “Russification” of borrowed words is the subordination of borrowed unchangeable nouns and adjectives to the norms of inflection of the Russian language: kepi - cap, papua - papuans, papuan, lobby - lobbying - lobbyist - lobbyist, pike - dive, bezh - beige, etc.

However, there are many examples when borrowed words remain “foreigners” in the system of the borrowing language (jury, highway, scoreboard, attaché, kangaroo, etc.). Difficulties often arise in determining the grammatical gender of these words, in their pronunciation and stress placement. Things to remember:
1) indeclinable words of foreign language origin, denoting inanimate objects, belong to the neuter gender: publicity (advertising, fame, popularity); summary (a brief conclusion from what has been said, summary essence of speech).
Although the word coffee is masculine, in colloquial speech it can also be used as a neuter;
2) if a word is included in a more general, generic concept, then it correlates with this concept in grammatical gender. Thus, indeclinable nouns included in the concept of “language” belong to the masculine gender: Bengali, Pashto, Hindi, etc.; the word Esperanto is used in both the masculine and neuter gender; the word sirocco is masculine (under the influence of the word wind); the words beriberi (disease), kohlrabi (cabbage), salami (sausage) are feminine; the word breeches is not only neuter, but also plural(trousers);
3) indeclinable foreign words denoting animate objects (animals, birds, etc.) are masculine: gray kangaroo, small chimpanzee, funny pony, pink cockatoo. But: hummingbird, kiwi-kiwi feminine (influenced by the word bird); iwasi (fish, herring), tsetse (fly) feminine; if it is clear from the context that we are talking about a female, then the names of the animals refer to the feminine gender: the kangaroo carried a baby kangaroo in her bag; a chimpanzee was feeding a baby;
4) indeclinable nouns of foreign origin, denoting people, are classified as masculine or feminine in accordance with the gender of the person designated: rich rentier, old lady; the same applies to proper names: great Verdi, poor Mimi; bigeneric words are vis-a-vis (my vis-a-vis is my vis-a-vis), protégé, incognito;
5) the gender of indeclinable nouns denoting geographical names (cities, rivers, lakes, etc.) is determined by the grammatical gender of the common noun denoting a generic concept (i.e., by the gender of the words city, river, lake, etc. ): sunny Batumi, wide Mississippi, deep-water Ontario, picturesque Capri (island), inaccessible Jungfrau (mountain);
6) the same principle is used to determine the grammatical gender of indeclinable names of press organs: “The Times” (newspaper) published...; Figaro Literaire (magazine) published...; Time (magazine) published...;
7) pronunciation foreign words has a number of features: in borrowed words, in place of the letter o in an unstressed position, it is pronounced [o], that is, without reduction: b[o]a, [o]tel, kaka[o], for the sake of [o]; Double pronunciation is allowed: p[o]et - p[a]et, s[o]net - s[a]net, etc.; Before the vowel, denoted by the letter e, in many foreign words the consonants are pronounced firmly: at[e]lie, code[e]ks, cafe[e], Shop[e]n.

Simultaneously with the borrowing, another (Russian in origin) word with the same meaning can function in the Russian language, for example: aloe - agave, lumbago - lumbago, rendezvous - date.

Borrowed words that characterize specific national characteristics of the life of different peoples and are used in describing non-Russian reality are called exoticisms. Thus, when depicting the life and way of life of the peoples of the Caucasus, the following words are used: aul, saklya, arba, horseman; Italian flavor is conveyed by the words gondola, tarantella, tavern, spaghetti, pizza, etc.

Many borrowings, unable to withstand the test of time, quickly disappeared from the modern dictionary, but are found in literature: victoria (victory), plaisir (pleasure), voyage (travel), polites (politeness), etable (arrange).

In recent decades, the abuse of calques from foreign words has become a frequent occurrence, although there are Russian equivalents to denote the corresponding concepts. For example, we read in the newspapers: the summit participants came to a consensus... In boutiques big choice ready-to-wear clothes... We hear on the radio: primaries have passed in the USA, the rating of the main candidate for the post of contender has decreased.

At the same time, the development of a market economy in Russia naturally supplemented our speech with such borrowed words as broker (intermediary), dealer (a person or company acting on the market using trademark manufacturers), tender (official offer to fulfill an obligation), tranche (financial part, series), transfer (financial transfer), offer (official offer to conclude a deal) and many others.

It is worth noting such a phenomenon in the life of a foreign word as a shift in the hierarchy of meanings inherent in the source of borrowing. Thus, our dictionaries of foreign words give the following meanings of the English word sponsor: 1. Guarantor. 2. The person financing the event or organization. In modern Russian the first meaning has not taken root. The word sponsor means “a structure, a person who finances someone.” A similar shift has occurred in the use of the word business. In the Russian interpretation, business is commercial activity, non-state trade, while the dictionary gives the following meanings as the main ones: business, permanent occupation, specialty, duty, duty.

One more group of words should be highlighted. Their semantic transformations illustrate a certain change in socio-economic and - as a consequence - linguistic guidelines. Consider, for example, the words control, control. They have long been included in the Russian language, being borrowed from French, and mean accordingly: check, check. Since the 1990s, the word control has come to mean primarily not inspection, but management, keeping under influence. The pattern is found in English, where control means, first of all, management. In the new usage, the meaning of verification shifts to the number of secondary ones.

The words have undergone similar changes: analyst (now not so much the one who analyzes, but rather the observer, commentator); administration (now not only and not so much the governing body of the enterprise, but the body state power); director or CEO(not only the head of the enterprise, but also often its co-owner). A similar transformation can be found in the meanings of the words liberalization, model, policy.

The main thing in the use of borrowings is precise knowledge of the meaning or meanings of a foreign word and the appropriateness of its use.

There are adopted words in absolutely every language in the world. They come whenever countries interact. This article will help you understand what borrowed words are and how to distinguish between them.

In contact with

Dictionary of loanwords

Borrowed words in Russian appear in relationships with representatives of other countries and nationalities, and in this way speech is supplemented and improved. Borrowed vocabulary appears when an important concept is missing.

Borrowing words from other languages ​​significantly complements speech, where they enter, make people closer friend to a friend, it becomes easier to understand foreigners who use international terms in their speech.

The dictionary of borrowed words contains adopted words that came into Russian at different time periods. Meaning they are revealed very fully, the etymology is explained. You can find the required word by the first letter, as in a regular glossary.

Words borrowed from other languages

Foreign words that came through adoption behave differently. Some take root, become part of speech, changing according to all the rules of the Russian dialect (for example, sandwich), while others do not change, are used in their original state (a striking example is the word sushi).

Borrowed words divided into Slavic and non-Slavic. For example, Slavic dialects - Czech, Ukrainian, Old Church Slavonic, Polish, etc. Non-Slavic - Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Scandinavian, Turkic, etc.

List of foreign words in Russian

Most borrowed words are simply forced to change according to all the rules of the Russian dialect: phonetically, semantically and morphologically. But over time, such terms become so firmly established in everyday life that most simply cease to be regarded as foreign. For example, words “school”, “sugar”, “activist”, “bathhouse”, “artel” and others were originally introduced into Russian from other dialects, only now they are accepted as Russian.

Attention! Borrowed from others adverbs, words can change radically: some change only the endings, others can change gender, others even change their meaning.

Consider the words conservatory, conservator, canned food.

At first glance, their meanings are completely different, even these three expressions came from completely different countries, but they have something in common, something that even at first glance catches your eye - they are similar in spelling.

This is explained very simply. They came to our dialect from Italian, French and Latin. And from their side came one term from Latin, meaning “to preserve.”

Important! To correctly determine the lexical meaning of any word, you need to find out where it was brought from.

If you are not sure whether an expression comes from other languages ​​or is originally Russian, dictionaries come to the rescue, where not only the meaning is explained, but also its origin.

For clarity, below are examples of borrowed words in Russian:

Foreign words

You can often hear the phrase foreign word. What are foreign words?, what are they?

Foreign words are terms adopted from other dialects. The introduction of borrowed words occurs in two ways: through conversation and through literature. This is a natural process during the interaction of two different languages and cultures.

There are a number of differences that can be used to determine How do native Russian words differ from borrowed ones?.

The first sign is phonetic:

1. Starts with the letter a. It is easy to distinguish them, since truly Russian expressions begin with the letter a extremely rarely. They begin with just an interjection, imitation of sounds and their derivatives.
2. Original Russian words do not have the letter e at their roots; this is typical for adopted terms. Exceptions are , interjections and those formed from adopted words.
3. Letter f. Exceptions are imitation of sounds, interjections, the word owl.
4. Several vowels in the root of a word indicate borrowed words in Russian.
5. Consonant combinations“kg”, “kd”, “gb” and “kz” in the roots of words.
6. Combinations of "ge", "ke" and "he" at the root. Original Russian words have these combinations only in the stem-ending combination.
7. Combinations of “vu”, “mu”, “kyu” and “bu” at the root.
8. Double consonants in the root.
9. The hard sound of a consonant before the vowel e, read as e.
10. Words, starting with letter e.

The second sign is morphological:

1. Nouns that are not inflected.
2. Invariability of gender and number of nouns.

The third feature is word formation:

1. Consoles foreign origin.
2. Suffixes of foreign origin.
3. Roots such as aqua-, geo-, marine-, grapho-, etc.

To summarize, it should be noted that native Russian and borrowed words easy to distinguish, just paying attention to the above signs.

Borrowed vocabulary

What exactly is borrowed? These are expressions that have entered speech from other languages ​​due to external (political, commercial, general cultural relations, definitions of concepts, objects) and internal (law of conservation of verbal means, enrichment of language, popular term) reasons.

Let's consider examples of borrowed words and their meaning.

Examples of English words

List of foreign words in Russian we can continue endlessly. By finding out from which language the word came into speech, you can trace how the interaction between countries took place.

Examples of native Russian and borrowed words in the science of lexicology are strictly distributed by origin.

There are many glossaries that explain what foreign language terms are. They explain from what language came this or that expression. It also contains sentences with borrowed words from all centuries. After a long time, many expressions began to be perceived as originally Russian.

Now the most famous dictionary is the “School Dictionary of Foreign Words” by V.V. Ivanova. It describes which language which word came from, what it means, examples of use. This is one of the most comprehensive glossaries, covering the most basic concepts of the most commonly used terms.

Examples of loanwords

Are borrowed words necessary?

Conclusion

Find out from which language this or that word came, quite simply, once you understand its original meaning. The dictionary provides a whole list of expressions, and it is constantly updated. The history of terms and their origin can tell a lot, you just have to look up the word in the glossary.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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The meaning of foreign words in Russian

The number of foreign words in everyday speech is increasing from year to year. But equivalent words also exist in Russian. The situation is aggravated by the media and the policies pursued by Russian ministries and departments in this direction. More and more often on TV screens we hear newly introduced words from the predominantly Germanic group of languages, mainly these English language, such as "manager", "campus", "shopping", "creativity", "digger" and other similar words.

The Russian language is purposefully littered, and the common people forget that there are words with the same meaning in native language. Therefore, the question comes to mind: “Where is this rich and powerful Russian language?”

So where did foreign words come from in the Russian language?

· From Slavic languages ​​(Old Church Slavonicisms, Church Slavonicisms and Slavonicisms)

Church Slavonic language for about ten centuries it represented the basis of religious and cultural communication among the Orthodox Slavs, but was very far from everyday life. The Church Slavonic language itself was close, but did not coincide, either lexically or grammatically, with the national Slavic languages. However, its influence on the Russian language was great, and as Christianity became an everyday phenomenon, an integral part of Russian reality, a huge layer of Church Slavonicisms lost their conceptual foreignness (names of the months - January, February, etc., heresy, idol, priest and others).

· From non-Slavic languages

Greekisms. A noticeable mark was left by Greekisms, which came into the Old Russian language mainly through Old Church Slavonic in connection with the process of completing the Christianization of the Slavic states. Byzantium took an active role in this process. The formation of the Old Russian (East Slavic) language begins.

Turkisms. Words from Turkic languages ​​penetrated into the Russian language since Kievan Rus neighbored such Turkic tribes as the Bulgars, Polovtsy, Berendeys, Pechenegs and others.

Latinisms. By the 17th century, translations appeared from Latin language into Church Slavonic, including the Gennadian Bible. Since then, Latin words have begun to penetrate into the Russian language. Many of these words continue to exist in our language to this day (bible, doctor, medicine, lily, rose and others).

· Borrowings under Peter I. The flow of borrowed foreign language vocabulary characterizes the reign of Peter I.

Peter's transformative activity became a prerequisite for the reform of the literary Russian language. The Church Slavonic language did not correspond to the realities of the new secular society. The penetration of a number of foreign words, mainly military and craft terms, the names of some household items, new concepts in science and technology, in maritime affairs, in administration and in art.

It is known, however, that Peter himself had a negative attitude towards the dominance of foreign words and demanded that his contemporaries write “as intelligibly as possible,” without abusing non-Russian words.

· Borrowings in the 18th-19th centuries

M. V. Lomonosov made a great contribution to the study and organization of foreign borrowings. He believed that the Russian language had lost its stability and linguistic norm due to the “clogging” of the living spoken language borrowings from a variety of languages.

TO end of the XVIII century, the process of Europeanization of the Russian language, carried out mainly through the French culture of the literary word, reached a high degree of development. The old-language language culture was supplanted by the new European one. The Russian literary language, without leaving its native soil, consciously uses Church Slavonicisms and Western European borrowings.

· Borrowings in the XX--XXI centuries

Linguist L.P. Krysin, in his work “On the Russian Language of Our Days,” analyzes the flow of foreign language vocabulary at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. In his opinion, the collapse Soviet Union, intensification of business, scientific, trade, cultural relations, the flourishing of foreign tourism, all this caused an intensification of communication with native speakers foreign languages.

Now let's look at how these words are formed, that is, the ways of forming borrowed words in the Russian spoken language.

The range of new concepts and phenomena of Russian origin is limited. foreign borrowing vocabulary language

Therefore, borrowing an already existing nomination with a borrowed concept and subject is considered more prestigious and effective. The following groups of foreign borrowings can be distinguished:

1. Direct borrowings. The word is found in Russian in approximately the same form and with the same meaning as in the original language.

These are words such as weekend - weekend; black - black; mani - money.

2. Hybrids. These words are formed by adding a Russian suffix, prefix and ending to a foreign root. In this case, the meaning of the foreign source word often changes somewhat, for example: to ask (to ask), to buzz (busy - restless, fussy).

3. Tracing paper. Words of foreign origin, used while maintaining their phonetic and graphic appearance. These are words such as menu, password, disk, virus, club, sarcophagus.

4. Half tracing paper. Words that, when grammatically mastered, obey the rules of Russian grammar (suffixes are added). For example: drive - drive (drive) “There hasn’t been such a drive for a long time” - in the meaning of “fuse, energy.”

5. Exoticisms. Words that characterize the specific national customs of other peoples and are used to describe non-Russian reality. Distinctive feature of these words is that they do not have Russian synonyms. For example: chips, hot dog, cheeseburger.

6. Foreign language inclusions. These words usually have lexical equivalents, but are stylistically different from them and are fixed in one or another area of ​​communication as an expressive means that gives speech a special expression. For example: okay (OK); wow (Wow!).

7. Composites. Words consisting of two English words, for example: second-hand - a store selling used clothing; video salon - a room for watching films.

8. Jargon. Words that appeared as a result of the distortion of any sounds, for example: crazy - crazy.

Thus, neologisms can be formed according to models existing in the language, borrowed from other languages, and appear as a result of the development of new meanings for already known words.

I would like to discuss with you Mikhail Zoshchenko’s story “The Monkey’s Language.”

Difficult this Russian language, expensive citizens! Trouble Which difficult.

home cause V volume, What foreign words V him before trait. Well, take French speech. All Fine And It's clear. Keskese, mercy comsi -- All, please pay attention yours attention, purely French, natural, understandable words.

A come on, show up Now With Russian phrase - trouble. All speech sprinkled words With foreign, foggy meaning.

From this finds it difficult speech, violated breath And chatter nerves.

I Here on days heard talk. On meeting was. Neighbours my got to talking.

Very smart And intelligent talk was, But I, Human without higher education, understood theirs talk With labor And clapped ears.

Began case With nothing.

My neighbour, Not old more man, With beard, bent down To to his neighbor left And politely asked:

-- A What, comrade, This meeting plenary will Ali How?

-- Plenary, -- carelessly answered neighbour.

-- Look You, -- surprised first, -- something like that I And I see What is that? How as if it And plenary

-- Yes really be are deceased, -- strictly answered second. -- Today strongly plenary And quorum such got close-- only hold on.

-- Yes Well? -- asked neighbour. -- Really And quorum did you get close?

-- By God, -- said second.

-- AND What same He, quorum this?

-- Yes Nothing, -- answered neighbour, some confused. -- Got close And All here.

-- Tell on mercy, -- With chagrin shook it head first neighbour. -- WITH what would This He, A?

Second neighbour divorced hands And strictly looked on interlocutor, Then added With soft smile:

-- Here You, comrade, I suppose Not do you approve these plenary meetings... A to me somehow They closer. All somehow, you know whether, comes out V them minimally By essentially day... Although I, directly I'll say last thing time I relate enough permanently To this meetings. So, you know whether, industry from empty V empty.

-- Not Always This, -- objected first. -- If, Certainly, look With points vision. Join, So say, on point vision And from now on, With points vision, That Yes, industry specifically.

-- Specifically actually, -- strictly corrected second.

-- Perhaps, -- agreed companion. -- This I Same I admit it. Specifically actually. Although How When...

-- Always, -- short cut off second. --Always, Dear comrade. Especially, If after speeches subsection will brew minimal. Discussions And scream Then Not you'll turn out...

On podium ascended Human And waved hand. All fell silent. Only neighbours my, some hot dispute, Not straightaway fell silent. First neighbour no way Not could make peace With those What subsection brewed minimal. To him it seemed What subsection brewed some otherwise.

On neighbors my shushed. Neighbours shook shoulders And fell silent. After first neighbour again bent down co second And quiet asked:

-- This Who and there such came out?

-- This? Yes This presidium came out Very spicy man. AND speaker first. Forever acute speaks By essentially day.

Speaker extended hand forward And began speech.

AND When He pronounced arrogant words With foreign, foggy meaning, neighbours my harshly nodded heads. Moreover second neighbour strictly looked on first, wanting show, What He All same was rights V only What finished dispute.

Difficult, comrades, speak in Russian!

And so, this short ironic story by Mikhail sharply ridicules social shortcomings. Namely, idle talk, bureaucracy and ignorance. The issue concerns the story and the contamination of the Russian language with foreign words.

The characters in the story intersperse their speech with “foreign words, with a vague meaning.” The narrator, from whose first person the story is told, listens to them, “flapping his ears.” He is delighted and confident that the art of speaking in incomprehensible words is a sign of “smart, intelligent conversation.” This is the author's ironic technique - he shows the funny under the guise of the serious.

At the same time, the “intellectuals” themselves are complete ignoramuses. They don’t understand the words they use to say: “...the quorum has been reached - just hold on. Yah? - the neighbor asked with disappointment. “Has the quorum really arrived?... Why would it be him, huh?” Under the guise of “smart” conversation, people talk such nonsense that it’s enough to tear your tummies: “the subsection will be minimally brewed...”.

But no one is ready to admit their ignorance. Their contrasting speech, skillfully conveyed by the author of the story, makes the reader laugh sincerely.

Who are these people? That's right, they're just monkeys. Mikhail Zoshchenko directly expressed his opinion about them in the title of the story - “monkey language.”

We examined the problems associated with borrowing words from foreign languages, which is especially significant in modern conditions, since today serious concerns are being expressed about the powerful influx of borrowings, which could lead to the devaluation of the Russian word. But language is a self-developing mechanism that can clean itself and get rid of unnecessary things. In general, foreign language terminology is a very interesting linguistic phenomenon, the role of which in the Russian language is very significant. I believe that in the schools of our city it is necessary to carry out work to instill in schoolchildren a culture of handling foreign words and good language taste. And good taste is the main condition for the correct and appropriate use of linguistic means, both foreign and one’s own.

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Introduction

1. History of borrowings

3. Mastering foreign words

4. Orthoepic norms loanwords

Conclusion

Language in its modern state cannot be unified, since it represents a combination of separate individual languages. Practical decisions must be based on how close these individual languages ​​currently are to each other.

Much in the Russian language was borrowed from Indo-European culture. It is assumed that the ancestral territory of the eastern Indo-European tribes, including the ancestors of the Slavs, was the north-west of Russia, the Baltic Sea basin. The comparative study of Indo-European languages ​​proves the special closeness between the Slavic and Baltic languages.

It should be noted that the original Slavs gravitated to the west - to the Germans, from whom they borrowed their material culture, their military life, and political structure. Let us consider words related to these areas, borrowed by the Russian language from Germanic languages. For example: shelom - helmet; finely – milk, khyz – house, hut; as well as glass, buy, cattle, etc.

The number of words borrowed from Iranian languages ​​is very small. These are words like God - from ancient Persian. Baga; ax – tappari.

Another example of borrowing: from Germanic, Celtic and Latin is the word sea - lat. Mare, german. Meri, Celt. Muir.

Much is borrowed from Finnish languages: palttina - canvas; varpu – sparrow; arti – army; suntia – church minister; sun'd – judge, court.

2. Foreign language vocabulary

Before talking about foreign language vocabulary in the Russian language, let's say a few words about native Russian vocabulary. Let us say once again that these are words dating back to the Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Slavic and Old Russian eras and inherited by the Russian language, as well as created in the Russian language according to the models existing in it.

Russian words themselves arose from the end of the 14th century. These are almost all nouns with the suffixes –schik, -chik, -yatin (a), -lk (a), ovk (a), -telstvo (o), -sh (a), -nost, -emest, -shchin( a), -tel (with the meaning of a tool or device). For example: mason, hauler, sour, lighter, leaflet, certificate, doctor, reality, controllability, piecework, switch; compound nouns: university, salary. Actually Russian are also words that arose in earlier eras and then changed their meaning. Thus, the word red in Proto-Slavic and Old Russian meant “good”, “beautiful”, and in Russian it began to mean color.

The most ancient, Proto-Indo-European layer of native Russian vocabulary has correspondences in other Indo-European languages. These are some terms of kinship: mother, son, brother; animal names: wolf, goose, deer. Natural phenomena: water, moon, snow, stone. Body parts: nose, tooth, ear, eye; some actions: take, give, be, see; numbers: two, three, etc.

Proto-Slavic vocabulary is represented by a greater number and diversity than Proto-Indo-European. These are words that have equivalents in Slavic languages and absent in other Indo-European ones: heart, child, spring, rain, grass, snake, saddle, labor, kind, ring, yesterday, etc. There are only about 2000 words of these two layers, but they are among the most common.

The Old Russian layer of vocabulary consists of words common to Russian and Ukrainian Belarusian languages and absent in other Slavic languages. These are words such as: uncle, spinner, samovar, lark, cheap, pockmarked, vouch, forty, ninety, etc.

Words of other languages ​​used in Russian as regular lexical units are called foreign language vocabulary. In the Russian language, about 10% of words are borrowed from other languages. Borrowing is based on trade, cultural, scientific ties between peoples and, as a consequence, language contacts. The overwhelming majority of foreign words were borrowed by the Russian language along with a thing, a concept: school is a Greek word, class is a Latin word, briefcase is French, satchel is German, pencil is Turkic, pioneer is English, tea is Chinese, candy is Italian, tundra is Finnish.

As you know, a borrowed word can denote a special type of object, concept that existed in the Russian language. For example, the word jam from English means “a special kind of jam”, from French, for example, porter - “a type of service in a hotel.”

The reason for borrowing words from other languages ​​may also be the desire to replace a descriptive expression or phrase with one word. Let's take an example: the English word sniper instead of the phrase "sharpshooter". Or, for example, motel (English word) - instead of “hotel for motor tourists”, tour (French word) - instead of traveling along a circular route.

Foreign words penetrated into the Russian language at different periods of its history. Some of these words came from the Old Russian language, which, in turn, could have received them from Proto-Slavic. Such ancient borrowings from Germanic languages ​​are, for example, prince, king, beech, carp, onion (as a plant), and barn.

The words whip, hook, pud, herring came into the Old Russian language from the Scandinavian languages. From Finnish - navaga, herring, salmon, fir, riga, blizzard, tundra. From the Turkic - armyak, bashlyk, shoe, sheepskin coat, horse, herd, barn, shed, chest, hero, guard. From Greek - bed, notebook, ship, sail, beetroot, whale, lantern.

It should be said that the borrowing of a word may not be direct, but through another language. Thus, many Greekisms penetrated into the Old Russian language through Old Church Slavonic, and words from other eastern languages ​​were borrowed through Turkic languages. The words beads and dagger are borrowed from Arabic. Tub, turquoise, cripple are borrowed from Persian. At a later time, various Western European languages ​​penetrated greek words. Such as anatomy, geometry, philosophy, analysis, democracy, politics, drama, tragedy, architecture. Latin words: inertia, radius, student, dean, dictatorship, republic. Words from Western European languages ​​could have been borrowed through Polish language. For example, a bottle, a guitar, a lady, a turkey, a carriage, a market, a fruit.

From the era of Peter I, the expansion of the vocabulary of the Russian language began due to borrowing from Western European languages. Maritime terms were borrowed from the Dutch language. For example, words such as boatswain, harbor, sailor, storm. And also from the English language: emergency, boat. At a later time, sports terms were borrowed from English. Let's give an example: boxing, volleyball, start, finish, champion. From German language Military terms came into Russian, for example: parapet, camp, officer, soldier, bayonet. And mining terms such as mine, adit, drift. Art terms were borrowed from the French language: ballet, parterre, landscape, still life, director. Literature terms: genre, novel, feuilleton, march. Culinary: dessert, cutlet, soup, puree, stew. Names of clothing: jacket, muffler, suit, coat. Musical terms entered Russian from the Italian language. For example: aria, baritone, cello, mandolin, serenade and many others.

At the very beginning of the 20s of the 20th century, due to the isolation of the country, borrowing became scarce. In the 20s, the influence of vernacular language, dialects, and jargons on the literary language was especially noticeable. The strengthening of literary language norms that began in the 1930s eliminated many words used in various literary genres in the previous period, but some of these words remained in literary language. In the late 20s and 30s they borrowed mainly English words. Such as jazz, combine, conveyor, container, speedometer, trolleybus. From the vernacular and dialects, such words as wilderness, milkmaid, dark, korzhik, kosovitsa, hassle, new settler, vacation, ladle, comb, study entered literary usage. As far as jargon goes, it’s junk. Blat, thieves, buzz. Some of these words have lost their non-literary connotation, while others still belong to colloquial or colloquial vocabulary.

Language is the most universal means of communication, which responds flexibly to changes in the needs of society. Every day one or more new words appear, which are the result of simplification or merging of existing ones, but greatest number verbal novelties originating from abroad. So, foreign words in the Russian language: why do they appear and what do they represent?

Original Russian vocabulary

The Russian language was formed over many centuries, as a result of which three stages in the genesis of original Russian words were identified.

Indo-European vocabulary arose in the Neolithic era and was based on the basic concepts of kinship (mother, daughter), household items (hammer), food products (meat, fish), names of animals (bull, deer) and elements (fire, water).

Basic words have been absorbed into the Russian language and are considered part of it.

Proto-Slavic vocabulary, which was highly relevant at the border of the 6th-7th centuries, had a great influence on Russian speech. and spread to the territory of Eastern and Central Europe, as well as the Balkans.

In this group words related to flora(tree, grass, root), names of crops and plants (wheat, carrots, beets), tools and raw materials (hoe, fabric, stone, iron), birds (goose, nightingale), as well as food products (cheese, milk, kvass).

Modern words of the original Russian vocabulary arose in the period from the 8th to the 17th centuries. and belonged to the East Slavic linguistic branch. The mass fraction of them expressed an action (run, lie, multiply, put), the names arose abstract concepts(freedom, outcome, experience, fate, thought), words appeared corresponding to everyday objects (wallpaper, carpet, book) and names national dishes(cabbage rolls, cabbage soup).

Some words have taken root so firmly in Russian speech that they will not need replacement soon, while others have been blatantly supplanted by more consonant synonyms from neighboring countries. So “humanity” turned into “humanity”, “appearance” was transformed into “image”, and the “competition” was called a “duel”.

The problem of borrowing foreign words

Since ancient times, the Russian people have had trade, cultural and political relations with speakers of other languages, so it was almost impossible to avoid mixing vocabulary.

New words were introduced into Russian speech both from neighboring states and from distant republics.

In fact, words of foreign origin have been present in our speech so often and for a long time that we have become accustomed to them and absolutely do not perceive them as something foreign.

Here are some examples of well-established foreign words:

• China: tea.
• Mongolia: hero, label, darkness.
• Japan: karate, karaoke, tsunami.
• Holland: orange, jacket, hatch, yacht, sprats.
• Poland: donut, market, fair.
• Czech Republic: tights, gun, robot.

Official statistics say that only 10% of words in the Russian language are borrowed. But if you listen to the colloquial speech of the younger generation, you can conclude that the contamination of the Russian language with foreign words has a more global scale.

We go to fast food for lunch and order a hamburger and a milkshake. Having discovered free Wi-Fi, we will not miss the opportunity to visit Facebook to put a couple of likes on the best friend’s photo.

Borrowing foreign words: main reasons

Why are we so attracted to vocabulary from neighboring countries?

Greece

Now let's look at the geography of borrowing.

The most generous country that has lent the Russian language part of its vocabulary is Greece. She gave us the names of almost all famous sciences(geometry, astrology, geography, biology). In addition, many words related to the field of education (alphabet, spelling, Olympiad, department, phonetics, library) are of Greek origin.

Some foreign words in Russian have abstract meanings(victory, triumph, chaos, charisma), others characterize quite tangible objects (theater, cucumber, ship).

Thanks to ancient Greek vocabulary, we learned how sympathy is expressed, felt the taste of style and were able to capture bright events in photographs.
It is interesting that the meaning of some words passed into the Russian language without change, while others acquired new meanings (economics - home economics, tragedy - goat song).

Italy

Do you think there are many words in Russian speech that come from the Apennine Peninsula? Surely, apart from the famous “ciao” greeting, you won’t immediately remember anything. It turns out that Italian foreign words are present in sufficient quantities in the Russian language.

For example, an identity document was first called a passport in Italy, and only then this word was borrowed by many languages, including Russian.

Everyone knows the tricks of the Sicilian clans, so the origin of the word “mafia” is beyond doubt. Likewise, “carnival” has taken root in many languages ​​thanks to the colorful costume show in Venice. But the Italian roots of “vermicelli” were surprising: in the Apennines, vermicelli is translated as “worms.”

IN Lately It has become fashionable to use the definition for the press as “paparazzi.” But in direct translation These are not journalists at all, as you might think, but “annoying mosquitoes.”

France

But France gave the Russian speech many “delicious” words: grillage, jelly, croissant, canapes, creme brulee, omelet, puree, stew, soup, soufflé, eclair, cutlet and sauce. Of course, along with the names, cooking recipes were also borrowed from French chefs, many of which were enjoyed by Russian gourmets.

Several more extensive borrowing industries are the literature, cinema and entertainment industries: artist, ballet, billiards, magazine, couplet, play, purse, repertoire, restaurant and plot.

The French also became the inventors of seductive details women's clothing(pants and peignoir), taught the world the rules of behavior in society (etiquette) and the art of beauty (makeup, cream, perfume).

Germany

German vocabulary is so different from Russian that it is difficult to imagine what words could take root in it. It turns out there are quite a lot of them.

For example, we often use the German word “route”, which means a pre-selected path. Or “scale” - the ratio of sizes on the map and on the ground. And “font” in Russian is a designation for writing characters.

The names of some professions have also stuck: hairdresser, accountant, mechanic.

The food industry is also not without borrowings: sandwiches, dumplings, waffles and muesli, it turns out, also have German roots.

Also, the Russian language has absorbed several fashion accessories into its vocabulary: for women - “shoes” and “bra”, for men - “tie”, for children - “backpack”. By the way, a smart child is often called a “prodigy” - this is also a German concept.

Foreign words feel quite comfortable in the Russian language; they have even taken up residence in our home in the form of a chair, a bathtub and tiles.

England

The largest number of borrowed words come from Foggy Albion. Since English is an international language, and many people know it at a fairly decent level, it is not surprising that many words migrated into Russian speech and began to be perceived as native.

Foreign words are almost ubiquitous in the Russian language, but the most popular areas of their use are:

• business (PR, office, manager, copywriter, broker, holding);
• sports (goalkeeper, boxing, football, penalty, time-out, foul);
• computer technologies (blog, offline, login, spam, traffic, hacker, hosting, gadget);
• entertainment industry (talk show, casting, soundtrack, hit).

Very often, English words are used as youth slang, which is most influenced by fashion (baby, boyfriend, loser, teenager, respect, make-up, freak).

Some words have become so popular in the world that they have acquired a common meaning (jeans, show, weekend).