FUNCTIONAL STYLES,

SUB-STYLES OF SPEECH, GENRES

Plan

1. General characteristics of the concept “functional style of speech” (definition, style-forming factors, sub-style and genre originality).

2. Features of conversational style of speech.

3. Features of literary and artistic style of speech.

4. Features of the social and journalistic style of speech.

5. Features of the scientific style of speech.

6. Features of the official business style of speech.

1. It is known that depending on the purpose of communication, the form of communication, the addressee, speech situations are grouped and correlated with a particular area human activity, for example, educational, business, social, etc. In this sense, speech is also typified: some means of language become preferable in situations of business communication, others in scientific, etc.

This is how they are formed functional styles– varieties of literary language. The term “functional style” itself emphasizes that varieties of literary language are distinguished on the basis of the functions(role) performed by language in each specific case. For example, for a scientific article, what is important first of all is accuracy in the designation of concepts, and in fiction and journalism - emotionality and figurativeness of expression. At the same time, in each specific case, special linguistic means are selected, and in some cases, the method of presenting these means is also important.

Word style(Greek stylo) in ancient Greek meant a pointed stick, a rod for writing on wax tablets. Later this word acquired the meaning of “handwriting”, and later began to denote the manner, method, and features of speech.

So, under style In linguistics, it is customary to understand a variety of literary language that serves some aspect of social life, has a special sphere, a certain range of topics, and is characterized by special conditions of communication. It is called functional, since it performs a certain function in society in each specific case.

The doctrine of styles goes back to M.V. Lomonosov, who wrote: “... the Russian language through the use of church books in decency has different degrees: high, mediocre and low. This comes from three types of sayings in the Russian language.”

A functional style is created by a combination of neutral linguistic means and special means used only in this style. Depending on the basis of classification, there are different kinds functional styles. The communicative and everyday function serves as the basis for opposition conversational style bookish style. In turn, based on specific stylistic manifestations, in accordance with the spheres of social activity, specific book functional styles are distinguished. The traditional classification of styles can be presented as the following diagram:

Each functional style represents complex system, the features of which are manifested in both oral and written forms of its implementation (albeit to a different extent). At the same time, stylistic differences cover all language levels: word pronunciation and stress placement, morphological means, lexical and phraseological composition, characteristic syntactic structures.

In functional styles, as a rule, stand out substyles that meet the requirements of a particular type of activity. Thus, the scientific style distinguishes between the scientific substyle (academic sphere), scientific and technical (engineering sphere), educational and scientific (field higher education) and other substyles.

Note that the peculiarity of each style is not only the scope and purpose of communication, General requirements, communication conditions, but also genres, in which it is implemented.

What is a genre? Let's define this concept. Genre is specific type texts, preserving the general features of a particular style (its dominant), but at the same time characterized by special compositional speech structures and linguistic means.

For example, in the literary and artistic style there are such genres as novel, short story, story, poem; in a journalistic style - essay, report, interview, feuilleton; in official business - application, order, certificate, letter of guarantee; in a scientific style - monograph, report, abstract, abstract, etc.

From the definition it is clear that each genre (speech work) requires its own linguistic means of expression and a special way of organizing them. At the same time, it is always necessary to remember that the choice of stylistically colored words is justified, so that the linguistic means used belong to the style to which this or that genre belongs. Otherwise, this will lead to misinterpretation, ambiguity and will indicate a low level of speech culture.

Therefore, we can talk about the existence of so-called style-forming factors, which are designed to set parameters for each functional style. In particular, this can be observed in the selection of linguistic means (orthoepic, grammatical, lexical) that form a certain system. This system is manifested in the interaction of neutral (commonly used) units and special (stylistically colored) units. Note that style-forming factors have a strict hierarchy. Among them we highlight three main ones: scope, purpose and method of communication. They determine the choice of the type of speech, its form, the method of presentation and the requirements of certain qualitative characteristics.

Thus, it is customary to distinguish between the following areas of communication: socio-political, scientific, legal, everyday, etc.

The purpose of communication There can be not only the transfer of information, but also persuasion, prescription, aesthetic impact, establishing contact, etc.

Concerning way of communication, then, on the one hand, there is a massive and personal ways, and on the other – contact, non-contact and indirectly contact.

If the speaker or writer has a good understanding of the characteristics of these factors, it will not be difficult for him to determine or choose a style.

Of course, in practice we often see a mixture of styles. In a live speech stream, styles can interact. This occurs especially often in conversational and everyday style of speech. But in order to understand the degree of permissibility of using different manifestations of language, you need to know the norms and quality characteristics inherent in a particular style. It is for this purpose that we will move on to their brief analysis.

2. Conversational style used for direct everyday communication in different areas activities: everyday, informal, professional and others. True, there is one peculiarity: in everyday life, the conversational style has oral and written forms, and in professional field- only oral. Compare: colloquial lexical units – reader, teacher, spur and neutral - reading room, teacher, cheat sheet. In professional writing colloquial vocabulary unacceptable.

Conversational speech is uncodified speech, it is characterized by unpreparedness, improvisation, specificity, and informality. Conversational style does not always require strict logic and consistency of presentation. But it is characterized by imagery, emotionality of expressions, a subjective-evaluative nature, arbitrariness, simplicity, and even a certain familiarity of tone.

The conversational style differs as follows: genres: friendly conversation, private conversation, note, private letter, personal diary.

Linguistically colloquial speech is characterized by an abundance of emotionally charged, expressive vocabulary, the so-called condensate words ( evening -“Evening Moscow”) and doublet words ( freezer- evaporator in the refrigerator). It is characterized by appeals, diminutive words, and free word order in sentences. At the same time, sentences that are simpler in construction are used more often than in other styles: incompleteness and incompleteness constitute their feature, which is possible due to the transparency of the speech situation (for example: Where are you going? - To the tenth.; Well? - Passed!). They often contain subtext, irony, and humor. Colloquial speech contains many phraseological units, comparisons, proverbs, and sayings. It gravitates towards constant updating and rethinking of linguistic means, the emergence of new forms and meanings.

Academician L.V. Shcherba called colloquial speech “the forge in which verbal innovations are forged.” Colloquial speech enriches book styles with lively, fresh words and phrases. In turn, book speech has a certain effect on spoken speech: it disciplines it, gives it a more standardized character.

One more feature of the conversational style should be noted: for it great importance has knowledge of speech etiquette both in written and oral form. In addition, for oral conversational speech it is very important to take into account the specifics of extra-linguistic factors: facial expressions, gestures, tone, environment. This is a general characteristic of the colloquial style.

3. Literary art style. The main distinctive feature of the language of fiction is its purpose: the entire organization of linguistic means here is subordinated not simply to the transmission of content, but to the influence on the feelings and thoughts of the reader or listener with the help of artistic images.

The main features of the artistic style are imagery, aesthetic significance, manifestation of the author's individuality. In this style with the aim of creating artistic image Metaphor, metonymy, personification and other specific expressive means are widely used. Note that a work of art may contain some non-literary elements of language (dialectisms, colloquialisms, jargon) or linguistic means of other styles.

As an example, we can cite an excerpt from V. Shukshin’s story “The Freak,” in which the features of the official business style are played out for artistic purposes:

“At the airport, Chudik wrote a telegram to his wife: “I’ve landed. A lilac branch fell on your chest, dear Pear, don’t forget me. Vasyatka." The telegraph operator, a stern, dry woman, having read the telegram, suggested:

- Make it up differently. You are an adult, not in kindergarten.

- Why? - asked the Weird. I always write to her like this in letters. This is my wife! ...You probably thought...

– You can write whatever you want in letters, but a telegram is a type of communication. This is clear text.

The weirdo rewrote: “We landed. Everything is fine. Vasyatka." The telegraph operator herself corrected two words: “We landed” and “Vasyatka.” It became: “We’ve arrived. Basil".

As we see, works of fiction use different possibilities of the national language, therefore the language of fiction is extremely rich and flexible.

The literary and artistic style is realized in the form of prose, drama and poetry, in which the corresponding genres: novel, story, short story, short story; drama, comedy, tragedy; poem, fable and others.

I would like to note one important circumstance: when analyzing the language of fiction, we usually talk not only about the manifestation of the culture of speech as such, but also about the talent and skill of the writer who managed to use in his work all the facets, all the riches of the national language.

4. Journalistic style performs 2 main functions– informational and influencing – and is addressed to the mass reader and listener. It is used in both written and oral forms, which within this style closely interact and come together. This style is quite complex and branched, characterized by numerous inter-style influences. It highlights the following substyles And genres:

1) newspaper and journalistic (article, information note, essay, interview);

2) propaganda (appeals, appeals, leaflets);

3) official political-ideological (party resolutions);

4) mass-political (speeches at meetings and rallies of a political nature), etc.

However, the journalistic style is presented most fully and widely, in all the variety of genres, in newspaper cover. Therefore, the concepts of “newspaper language” and “journalistic style” are often considered identical or close. Let us dwell in some detail on the features of this substyle, which has become the most widespread.

According to academician V.G. Kostomarov, the newspaper substyle is interesting because it combines two opposing trends: a tendency towards standardization, characteristic of strict styles (scientific and official business), and a tendency towards expressiveness, characteristic of colloquial speech and the language of fiction.

Therefore, in the newspaper there are often stable, standard expressions that have expressive coloring. Typical for the newspaper-journalistic substyle are, for example, the following phrases: good tradition, bloody coup, gain political capital, aggravation of the situation, convincing victory etc. In addition, the language of newspapers is replete with so-called “labels” (pseudo-democrat, fascist, retrograde).

The greatest significance in the social and journalistic style is genres used in the media, such as: reportage, interview, oratory speech, public speaking, discussion and some others.

In general, texts of a journalistic style are characterized by information richness, simplicity, accessibility of presentation, logic, appeal, emotionality, social evaluation, and the presence of elements of declarativeness. An important feature can be considered that the journalistic style always strives for imagery and at the same time brevity when expressing thoughts.

Now let’s move on to analyzing the features of the scientific and official business styles, which will be considered in more detail, since they are closely related to university educational activities.

5. Scientific style of speech intended for message scientific information, explanations of facts both orally and in writing and to a greater extent designed for a trained reader.

In the scientific style of speech, as in the journalistic style, depending on the nature of the addressee and goals, the following are distinguished: substyles and corresponding genres:

1) actually scientific or academic (monograph, article, report);

2) scientific and informative (abstract, annotation, patent description);

3) scientific reference (dictionary, reference book, catalogue, encyclopedia);

4) educational and scientific (textbook, Toolkit, lecture);

5) popular science (article, essay).

The first three substyles are designed to accurately convey scientific information with a description of scientific facts. Their distinctive feature is the academic presentation addressed to specialists. Main features: accuracy of transmitted information, persuasiveness of argumentation, logical sequence of presentation, conciseness.

Substyle 4) is addressed to future specialists, therefore it is distinguished by greater accessibility, the presence of rich illustrative material, numerous examples, explanations, and comments.

Substyle 5) has a different addressee. This is a wide readership, so scientific data can be presented not in an academic, but in a more accessible and entertaining form, and it does not strive for brevity.

All substyles of the scientific style are characterized by precise and unambiguous expression of thoughts, which is explained by the nature of scientific knowledge. Scientific style, like the official business style, does not tolerate ambiguity, which can lead to misinterpretation of facts or phenomena.

In addition, scientific thinking is designed to establish patterns. Therefore, the scientific style is characterized by analyticity, emphasized by the logic of presentation, clarity, and argumentation.

It is known that scientific speech is basically written speech. This means that it has all the features and all the norms of written speech.

In terms of language, neutral and special vocabulary and terminology are used in a scientific style. In general, the lexical composition of the scientific style is characterized by relative homogeneity and isolation. There is no vocabulary with a colloquial or vernacular flavor.

The scientific style is often called “dry”, devoid of elements of emotionality and imagery. However, it should be remembered that the beauty of a scientific text is not associated with expressiveness, but with logic and high persuasiveness. By the way, it should be noted that in some scientific works, in particular polemical ones, emotionally expressive and figurative means of language are allowed, which (being, however, an additional technique) give scientific prose additional persuasiveness.

Finally, I would like to note that, unfortunately, often the language scientific texts becomes unreasonably complicated; in them one can often observe examples of the so-called pseudo-academic style.

Let us cite at least one of them, in which the abuse of borrowings and complex syntactic structures is obvious.

“The category of time, due to its universality, has an integrating function and can be considered... on the basis of isomorphism of knowledge structures, especially in culture and language. …Universal, invariant, typological general content the category of time finds its national-cultural expression in a specific language and receives a subjective, axiologically marked interpretation.”

In our opinion, the main requirement for a culture of proficiency in a scientific style of speech can be formulated as follows: express yourself as complex as the object of research is complex, but no more.

6. Formal business style – This is a type of literary language that functions in the field of management, as well as legal, administrative, public and diplomatic spheres of activity.

The official business style, as well as the scientific style of speech, is divided into substyles: legislative, clerical, business correspondence, diplomatic.

Within each substyle there are the following genre varieties:

1) legislative genres: charter, constitution, resolution, law, decree;

2) stationery genres, which, in turn, are divided into:

a) personal documents: application, autobiography, resume;

b) administrative and organizational documents: contract, agreement;

c) administrative documents: order, order, instruction, resolution;

d) information and reference documents: certificate, act, report (official) note, explanatory note;

3) genres business correspondence: letter of request, letter of request, letter of response, letter of confirmation, letter of guarantee, commercial letter, complaint, invitation, message, cover letter;

4) genres of the diplomatic substyle: agreement, communiqué, note, statement, memorandum.

Character traits formal business style– standardization, conciseness, accuracy of presentation. The official business style is distinguished by clear, unambiguous wording.

In terms of use linguistic means This style is characterized by a combination of neutral vocabulary and bookish, special vocabulary.

So, we found out what distinguishes one speech style from another, and determined the qualitative indicators of all functional styles. We emphasize that knowledge of stylistic features and the ability to distinguish them is necessary in order to correctly express one’s thoughts in accordance with a specific communication situation.

Questions for self-control:

1. What is a functional style of speech?

2. What is the basis for dividing literary language into functional styles?

3. What functional styles do you know?

4. What do the terms “substyle” and “genre” mean?

5. What substyles and genres are distinguished in each functional style of speech?

6. What are characteristics:

a) colloquial and everyday style;

b) literary and artistic style;

c) social and journalistic style;

d) scientific style;

e) formal business style?

7. How are the functional styles of the Russian literary language related to each other?

Lecture 3 STANDARDS OF MODERN RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE (OPTIONS, TYPES OF STANDARDS)

Plan

1. The concept of language norms (literary norms).

2. Variants of norms.

3. Types of norms.

1. The most important quality of speech culture is its correctness, in other words, its compliance language standards.

What is included in this concept? Let's offer a definition.

The norm of a language (literary norm) is the rules for the use of linguistic means, the uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of elements of a literary language in a certain period of its development.

A linguistic norm is a complex and rather contradictory phenomenon: it dialectically combines a number of opposing features. Let us list the most important of them and give the necessary comment.

1. Relative sustainability And stability linguistic norms are necessary conditions for ensuring the balance of the language system over a long period of time. At the same time, the norm is a historical phenomenon, which is explained by the social nature of language, which is constantly developing together with the creator and speaker of the language - society itself.

The historical nature of the norm is due to its dynamism, variability. What was the norm in the last century and even 10-15 years ago may become a deviation from it today. If you turn to dictionaries and literary sources from 100 years ago, you can see how the norms of stress, pronunciation, grammatical forms of words, their (words) meaning and use have changed. For example, in the 19th century they said: cabinet(instead of closet), fat(instead of heat), strict(instead of strict), quiet(instead of quiet), Alexandrinsky theater (instead of Alexandrinsky), returned(instead of returning); at the ball, weather, trains, this beautiful paleto(t) (coat); certainly(instead of Necessarily), necessary(instead of necessary) and so on.

2. On the one hand, the norm is characterized by widespread And universality compliance with certain rules, without which it would be impossible to “control” the element of speech. On the other hand, we can talk about “linguistic pluralism” – the simultaneous existence of several options (doublets) that are recognized as normative. This is a consequence of the interaction of traditions and innovations, stability and variability, subjective (author of speech) and objective (language).

3. Basic sources of language norms- these are, first of all, works of classical literature, exemplary speech of highly educated native speakers, generally accepted, widespread modern usage, as well as Scientific research. However, recognizing the importance literary tradition And authority of sources, you should also remember author's individuality, capable of violating norms, which is certainly justified in certain communication situations.

In conclusion, we emphasize that the literary norm is objective: it is not invented by scientists, but reflects the natural processes and phenomena occurring in the language. Language standards are mandatory for both oral and written speech. It is necessary to understand that the norm does not divide linguistic means into “good” and “bad”. It indicates the appropriateness of their use in a specific communicative situation.

In general, the literary norm enshrines all the best that has been created in the speech behavior of representatives of a given society. It is necessary because it helps preserve the integrity and general intelligibility of the literary language, protects it from colloquialisms, dialectisms, and jargon.

2. Changes in language norms are preceded by their appearance options(doublets), which actually already exist in speech and are used by native speakers. Variants of norms are reflected in special dictionaries, such as the “Spelling Dictionary”, “Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language”, “Dictionary of Word Compatibility”, etc.

Exist 3 degrees of normativity:

– 1st degree norm– strict, tough, not allowing options (for example, put, but not lay down; t, call but not rings; socks, but not sock);

– norm 2nd degree– less strict, allowing equal options, united in a dictionary entry by the conjunction “and” (for example, right And , right blinds(Wed And pl.), immoral And immoral);

– norm 3rd degree– the most flexible, where one option is the main (preferred), and the second, although acceptable, is less desirable. In such cases, the second option is preceded by the mark "additional"(permissible), sometimes in combination with stylistic marks or just a stylistic mark: "colloquial"(colloquial), "poetic"(poetic), "prof."(professional), etc. For example: bank sprat(add. sprats),cup tea(additional colloquial tea), compass(prof. compass).

The 1st degree norm is called imperative norm, norms of the 2nd and 3rd degrees – dispositive norms.

Currently, the process of changing language norms has become especially active and noticeable against the backdrop of events of historical and political significance, economic reforms, changes in the social sphere, science, and technology. It should be remembered that language norm not a dogma: depending on the conditions, goals and objectives of communication, on the characteristics of a particular style, deviations from the norm are possible. However, these deviations should reflect the variants of norms that exist in the literary language.

3. In accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means, the following are distinguished: types of norms.

1. Orthoepic norms(Greek correct speech) – norms for stress and pronunciation. Spelling errors make it difficult to perceive the speaker’s speech. The social role of correct pronunciation is very great, since knowledge of orthoepic norms greatly facilitates the communication process.

In order not to make mistakes in speech, you need to use special dictionaries, such as “Dictionary of Stresses of the Russian Language”, “Spelling Dictionary”, “Dictionary of Difficulties in Oral Speech”, etc.

Options that are outside the literary norm are accompanied by prohibitive notes: “ not rec."(Not recommended), "not right."(wrong), "rude."(rough), "bran."(expletive language), etc.

2. Lexical norms or norms of word usage, are: a) the use of a word in the meanings that it has in modern language; b) knowledge of its lexical and grammatical compatibility; c) the correct choice of a word from a synonymous series; d) the appropriateness of its use in a particular speech situation.

3. Morphological norms regulate the formation and use of grammatical forms of words. Note that to morphological norms primarily include: norms for determining the grammatical gender of some nouns, norms of education plural nouns, norms of formation and use of case forms of nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns; norms for the formation of comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs; norms for the formation and use of verb forms, etc.

4. Syntactic norms are associated with the rules for the construction and use of phrases and various sentence models. When constructing a phrase, you must first of all remember about management; When constructing a sentence, you should take into account the role of word order and follow the rules of use participial phrases, laws of construction complex sentence etc.

Morphological and syntactic norms are often combined under the general name - grammatical norms.

5. Spelling norms (spelling norms) And punctuation norms do not allow distortion of the visual image of a word, sentence or text. To write correctly, you need to know the generally accepted rules of spelling (the spelling of a word or its grammatical form) and punctuation (the placement of punctuation marks).

Questions for self-control:

1. What is a language norm and what are its features?

2. How is the inconsistency of the norm manifested?

3. What differences exist in the degree of normativity?

4. What types of norms can be distinguished in accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means?

Let us move on to a detailed consideration of the types of norms indicated above.

B. SPELLING NORMS

Plan

1. Norms for setting stress (accentological norms).

2. Norms for pronunciation of vowel sounds.

3. Norms for pronunciation of consonant sounds.

4. Features of pronunciation of foreign words.

1. Orthoepic correctness of speech- this is compliance with the norms of literary pronunciation and stress. Correct placement of stress and correct, exemplary pronunciation are important indicators of a person’s general cultural level. For an oral presentation to be successful, it must be expressive, and expressiveness is achieved through competent, clear and precise pronunciation, correct intonation and stress. Let's analyze it sequentially main aspects of Russian orthoepy, namely: stress norms, rules for the pronunciation of stressed and unstressed vowels, hard and soft, voiced and voiceless consonants, rules for the pronunciation of individual grammatical forms and words of foreign language origin.

Due to the variety of places and mobility of stress in the Russian language, there are words with the so-called double stress, or accentological options. Some of them are equal. For example: rust And rust, meatballs And meatballs, sparkling And sparkling, loop And loop´, pale And , the waves are pale And waves. However, most often stress options are characterized as unequal, i.e. one of them is basic (preferred), and the other is acceptable (additional). For example: cottage cheese[add. cottage cheese],satiation[add. ta dosy], otherwise[add. otherwise], phenomenon[add. phenomenon],briefly[add. briefly].

If the dictionary contains two unequal accentological options without markings, then the main option is put in first place, followed by an acceptable, less desirable option.

There is also the problem of distinguishing between the so-called semantic options– pairs of words in which the different places of stress are intended to distinguish the meaning of the words: flour And flour, spiciness And sharpness, cowardice And shake, lock And castle, submerged And immersed and so on. Such pairs of words are called homographs.

Sometimes the different places of stress slightly modify the endings of words that are semantic variants. For example: big prizes(cry) – conscript(age), developed(about activities) – developed(child), linguistic(about sausage) – linguistic(about an error).

Among the unequal options, one should distinguish stylistic options. These are pairs of words that, depending on the place of stress, are used in different functional styles of literary language or narrow areas of communication, or relate to professionalism. In these cases, stylistic options are accompanied in dictionaries by the corresponding marks: "specialist."(special use), "poetic"(poetic speech) "tech."(technical term) "prof."(professionalism), etc., in contrast to "common use"(commonly used version). Compare: bite(common use) – bite(specialist.), silk(common use) – silk(poet.), nuclear(common use) – atomic(prof.), compass(common use) – compass(for sailors) stroke(common use) – consultation(honey.).

Unequal options include normative-chronological options. These are pairs of words in which the different places of stress are associated with the time period of use of this word in speech. An obsolete version that is going out of use is accompanied in dictionaries by the mark "outdated". For example: industry(modern) – industry(obsolete), Ukrainian(modern) – Ukrainian(obsolete), angle(modern) – angle(obsolete), waited(modern) - waited(obsolete), visible(modern) – vúdny(obsolete), needed(modern) - needed(obsolete), apartments(modern) – apartments(obsolete).

According to L.I. Skvortsov, in the Russian language researchers number more than 5 thousand common words, in which stress fluctuations are recorded.

FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY

SIBERIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY

POLYTECHNICAL INSTITUTE

Topic: functional styles of the Russian language.

Completed:

Khlynovskikh A.K.

Group PU 07-05

Checked:

Bogdanova I. V.

Krasnoyarsk 2007

Introduction.

1. What are the styles of the Russian language. Factors influencing its formation and functioning.

2. Features of the scientific style.

3. Features of official business style.

4. Journalistic style and its features.

5. Features of the style of fiction.

6. Features of conversational style.

Conclusion.

Glossary of terms.

Bibliography.

Introduction.

The purpose of this work is to study the functional styles of the Russian language.

The task that I have set for myself is to form a stable idea of ​​the functional styles of the Russian language in general and scientific and official business styles in particular, since they are the basis of communication in production, business, and entrepreneurship.

This work contains seven chapters. The first chapter examines the styles of the Russian language in general, chapters 2 to 6 examine these styles in particular.

An auxiliary function in this work is performed by a dictionary of terms.

What are Russian language styles?

Factors influencing its formation and functioning .

There are quite a few definitions of the concept of style. Styles- peculiar registers of the language that allow you to switch it from one tonality to another. Language style- a set of linguistic means and techniques used depending on the purpose and content of the utterance, taking into account the situation where the utterance occurs. If we compare these definitions, we can highlight the most general provisions: style(from the Greek Stylus - a rod for writing on wax tablets) is a type of literary language that functions (acts) in a certain sphere of social activity, for which it uses features of text construction specific to a given style and linguistic means of expressing its content. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties. Style is realized in texts. You can determine the style and its features by analyzing a certain number of texts and finding common features in them.

Functional styles- these are varieties of book language that are characteristic of various spheres of human activity and have a certain originality in the use of linguistic means, the selection of which occurs depending on the goals and objectives set and resolved in the process of communication.

The functions of language and the corresponding functional styles began to appear in response to the demands of society and social practice. As you know, at first the language existed only in oral form. This is the original and natural quality of language. At this stage, it was characterized by a single function - the function of communication.

But gradually, with the complication of social life, with the natural and logical appearance of writing, it develops business speech. After all, it was necessary to conclude agreements with warlike neighbors, regulate* life within the state, establishing legal acts. This is how the official business function of the language develops and business speech is formed. And again, in response to the demands of society, the language finds new resources, enriches itself, develops, forming a new variety, a new functional style.

The formation and functioning of styles is influenced by various factors. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by conditions associated with the life of society itself, and called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. The following factors are distinguished:

A) sphere of public activity: science (respectively scientific style), law (official business style), politics (journalistic style), art (fiction style), everyday life (colloquial style).

b ) form of speech: written or oral;

V) type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;

G) way of communication: public or personal (all functional styles, except colloquial, relate to public communication)

d ) genre of speech(each style is characterized by the use of certain genres: for scientific - abstract, textbook, report; for official business - certificate, agreement, decree; for journalistic - article, report, oral presentation; for fiction style - novel, story, sonnet) ;

e ) goals of communication, corresponding to the functions of the language. In each style, all functions of language are implemented (communication, message or influence), but one is leading. For example, for a scientific style this is a message, for a journalistic style it is an impact, etc.

Based on these factors, the following five styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, conversational, fiction style. However, such a classification is controversial; artistic style occupies a special place in the system of functional styles. Its main function is not just the transmission of information, but its transmission artistic means. For this purpose, it can use not only all functional styles of the literary language, but also non-literary forms of the national language*: dialects*, vernacular*, jargon*, etc. In addition, there is another form of the Russian language - this is a religious-preaching style. It is close to journalistic, but differs from it in expressiveness and phraseological means belonging to the high style, which are often archaic*.

Using these styles, the language is able to express a complex scientific thought, deep philosophical wisdom, outline laws in precise and strict words, sound with light, charming verses, or reflect the multifaceted life of the people in an epic. Functions and functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of language and diverse possibilities for expressing thoughts. So, a language is poly- or multifunctional - this is evidence of the richness of the language, this is the highest stage of its development.

Features of the scientific style.

Scientific style serves the scientific sphere of public activity. The purpose of science is to derive new laws, study and describe natural and social phenomena, teach the basics of knowledge, and develop interest in science. The scientific style uses the written form of speech to a greater extent, because science seeks to record its achievements and pass them on to other generations, and monologue as a type of speech, which corresponds to the linguistic function of communication.

The emergence and development of the scientific style is associated with the progress of scientific knowledge in various areas of life and activity of nature and man. In Russia, the scientific style of speech began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, which is associated with the vigorous scientific activity of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A significant role in its formation belonged to M.V. Lomonosov and his students. The scientific style finally emerged only end of the 19th century century.

As a rule, a scientific text is easy to select from a group of texts different styles. First of all, special words that name the basic concepts of this science attract attention - terms (airplane represents aircraft heavier air With motionless wing serving for education lift). But the features of constructing a scientific text are not limited to this. A scientific text requires accuracy and unambiguity, so words in such a text are used only in one meaning. Since science provides us with information about a number of objects and phenomena, the word in a scientific text is used in a generalized sense. When we read in a book birch grows in middle lane Russia, we understand the meaning of the word birch as birch in general, and not separately standing tree. Verbs in such texts play a much smaller role than in other styles; most often they are used as linking verbs. Also, the scientific text is emphasized and logical; this consistency is achieved by repeating words as a means of communication ( Jargon – the language of social and professional groups of people. In addition to professional jargons there is student, youth and other jargons . Thus, in the speech of students one can find such jargon , How…). According to O.D. Mitrofanova, in chemistry texts with a text volume of 150 thousand lexical units, the following words are used the following number of times: water - 1431, solution - 1355, acid - 1182, atom - 1011, ion - 947, etc.

There are three substyles in the scientific style: actually scientific, scientific-educational, popular science.

The formation of these substyles is influenced by who the text is created for (addressee factor), as well as goals and objectives. So the addressee actually scientific substyle is a specialist in this field, scientific and educational– future specialist or student, popular science– any person interested in one or another science. Target actually scientific substyle – description of new phenomena in science, putting forward hypotheses*, their proof; scientific and educational– presentation of the fundamentals of science, training; popular science– convey to a person who is not a specialist knowledge from various fields of science using accessible means, to interest him. Therefore, while remaining scientific, texts of different substyles differ (for example, in actually scientific the substyle practically does not use emotional words, whereas in popular science there are many more such words).

Features of formal business style.

Formal business style serves the legal sphere, i.e. used in the field of business and official relations between people and institutions, in the field of law, legislation. It is characterized by precision of formulation (which would eliminate ambiguity of understanding), some impersonality and dryness of presentation ( submitted for discussion, but not we bring it up for discussion ; there are cases of non-fulfillment of the contract etc.), a high degree of standardization, reflecting a certain order and regulation of business relations. The purpose of the official business style is to establish legal relations between the state and citizens, as well as within the state.

The ability to determine the style of a text is the first level of mastering stylistics, First stage mastering the concept of style.

Style is a speech concept, but it can be correctly defined only by going beyond the boundaries of the language system, taking into account such circumstances as the tasks of speech and the sphere of communication. Taking into account these factors, certain Russian languages ​​are formed.

Each of us uses various functional functions in our lives. As a result, principles for the selection of linguistic means are formed in people’s minds in accordance with the conditions and objectives of communication, leading trends in style and internal attitudes towards the use of certain

The stylistic stratification of speech begins with the differentiation of the most contrasting types. These, without a doubt, are the colloquial type of speech, the core of which is the colloquial style, and the opposing literary type of speech, which unites all other functional styles of the Russian language (artistic, scientific, journalistic, official business). This distinction is based on several factors, the main one being the spheres of communication. The sphere of individual consciousness forms, and the sphere of public consciousness - the functional styles of the Russian literary language.

The differences between colloquial and literary speech are largely determined by its form, oral or written. Although all functional ones can be realized in one form or another of speech, the probability of these realizations is in different types different. For all literary styles Written language is more often used, and spoken language is used for speaking. The habitual leaves its mark on the structure of the style. To better understand the specifics, a system of functional styles of the Russian language has been developed.

1. Conversational - used in an informal one-on-one setting for the purpose of communication (talk). Main features: vagueness, ease.

2. Scientific - used in an official setting, presupposes the presence of a large audience. The purpose of speech is to communicate (explain). Main features: logic, accuracy, abstraction.

3. Official business - used in an official setting, presupposes the presence of a large audience. The purpose of speech is to communicate (to instruct). Main features: dispassionateness, accuracy, formality.

4. Journalistic - used in an official setting, presupposes the presence of a large audience. The purpose of speech is to influence (to convince). Main features: emotionality, appeal.

5. Artistic - used in an official setting, presupposes the presence of a large audience. The purpose of speech is to influence (depict). Main features: emotionality, imagery, logic.

Some features of the communication situation are common to official business and artistic language; these functional styles of the Russian language are used when addressing many people at once, usually in an official setting and mainly in writing. Therefore, these four styles constitute the literary (book) type of speech. It is contrasted with the conversational type (conversational style), which is used in communication with one or more familiar persons, in a relaxed, informal atmosphere and mainly orally.

The system reveals the dependence of the type and the functional on the characteristics of the speech situation; it helps to understand why the functional styles of the literary Russian language have certain features. Based on it, it is easy to create a description of the functional style of speech (style model), including four main features: the scope of application of the utterance, the task of speech, linguistic means, and stylistic features.

The article analyzes the factors in the formation of functional styles and the classification of functional styles. Analysis of the material made it possible to create a classification of style-forming factors and a classification of functional styles. The classification of style-forming factors includes linguistic ones (language functions) and extralinguistic ones. The latter are divided into subjective and objective. TO objective factors three groups are classified: 1) related to the sphere of communication and activity; 2) associated with the attribute social (public); 3) related to the pragmatic situation. Subjective factors reflect the psychophysiological characteristics and states of the subjects of communication. The classification of functional styles is two-level, the first level consists of the styles themselves, the second - substyles, a more detailed division of styles. The presented classification summarizes the currently existing classifications of functional styles.

classification of functional styles.

extralinguistic style-forming factors

language style-forming factors

functional style

1. Arnold I.V. Stylistics. Modern English. – M.: Flinta, Nauka, 2002. – 384 p.

2. Bally S. Exercises in French stylistics. – M.: Librocom, 2009. – 275 p.

3. Budagov R.A. Literary languages ​​and language styles. – M.: Higher School, 1967 – 376 p.

4. Galperin I.R. Stylistics of the English language. – M.: Higher School, 1980. – Ed. 3rd. – 316 p.

5. Zherebilo T.V. Dictionary of linguistic terms / T.V. Foaling. – Ed. 5th, corrected and supplemented. – Nazran: Publishing House “Pilgrim”, 2010. – 386 p.

6. Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. – M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2008. – 464 p.

7. Laguta O.N. Educational dictionary of stylistic terms / O.N. Laguta. – Novosibirsk: Novosibirsk State. univ., 1999. – 332 p.

8. Moiseeva I.Yu. Intensifiers in the English language: functional-stylistic and grammatical aspects / I.Yu. Moiseeva, V.F. Remizova // Contemporary issues science and education. – 2015. – No. 1; URL: http://www..

9. Murot V.P. Functional style / V.P. Murot // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary / Ed. IN AND. Yartseva. M.: Scientific publishing house “Big Russian Encyclopedia”, 2002. – 507 p.

10. Nelyubin L.L. Explanatory translation dictionary / L.L. Nelyubin. – 3rd edition, revised. – M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2003. – 531 p.

11. Pedagogical speech science. Dictionary-reference book / ed. T.A. Ladyzhenskaya and A.K. Michalska. – M.: Flinta, Nauka, 1998. – 437 p.

12. Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms / resp. ed. V.Yu. Mikhalchenko. – M.: RAS. Institute of Linguistics. Russian Academy linguistic sciences, 2006. – 436 p.

13. Slyusareva N.E. Functions of language // Linguistics. Big encyclopedic dictionary / Ch. ed. V.N. Yartseva. 2nd ed. – M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1998. – P. 564-565.

The functional direction in stylistics, which arose at the beginning of the 20th century under the influence of the ideas of S. Bally, marked the beginning of a scientific understanding of the problems associated with functional styles. And, despite the fact that many problems have been posed and solved over the century, some questions regarding functional styles remain open. The development of new forms of communication actualizes interest in functional styles.

Purpose of this study: identify factors in the formation of functional styles and analyze the classifications of functional styles developed by linguistics.

Material and research methods

The research material was based on definitions of functional style extracted from dictionaries, textbooks and works on stylistics. The analysis of factors in the formation of functional styles and classifications of functional styles developed by linguistics was carried out using both general scientific methods (description, analysis, synthesis, hypothetico-deductive method), and general linguistic methods (method of analysis of lexicographic sources, passive linguistic observation).

Research results and discussion

Functional styles develop under the influence of certain factors. Many authors point to this. Basically, the nature of style-forming factors is extralinguistic in nature. However, V.P. Murot believes that linguistic functions have a direct influence on the formation of functional styles. On the other hand, notes N.A. Slyusarev, the study of functional styles makes it possible to identify with the help of which units and means of the language system certain functions of the language are realized. I.V. Arnold believes that the set characteristic features any style depends on the function or set of functions that dominate the act of communication. For example, in her opinion, the main function of the scientific style - intellectual and communicative - determines the choice of linguistic means for creating scientific texts. It is worth noting that in the “Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary“in the article “Functions of Language” this particular function is missing, which is quite consistent with the idea that the study of individual aspects of language enriches linguistics as a whole.

The formation of functional styles is mediated, in addition to the actual linguistic factors, by a combination of extralinguistic factors (I.V. Arnold, M.M. Bakhtin,.V. Vinogradov, I.R. Galperin, B.N. Golovin, M.N. Kozhina, V. P. Murot, A. K. Panfilov, J. Russell, etc.).

The spheres of communication, social practice, speech practice, human activity (in V.P. Murot - production activity) influence the choice and use of linguistic means to serve these same spheres of communication, social practice, speech practice, human activity.

Attribute public (social) is directly related to the formation of styles: functional styles are formed in public structures ah, not individually speaking. Hence, the types of social structures, types of social relations, forms and levels of social consciousness play the role of style-forming factors.

In general, the list of extralinguistic style-forming factors is very impressive, but clear classifications of factors this moment not available yet. In the interests of truth, we note that attempts have been made to divide factors into objective and subjective. Subjective factors included education, gender, and age of the communicating individual. As for the factors mentioned in the same source, such as the individual characteristics of the speaker, his belonging to a certain social group, social role, speech situation, they are classified as extralinguistic factors in general; there is no list of directly objective factors.

It is logical to assume that extralinguistic factors influencing the formation of functional styles are associated with pragmatic communication situations, because functional styles “serve” them and manifest themselves in certain communicative circumstances. The pragmatic situation of communication includes the subjects of communication, the subject, and the conditions of communication.

The style-forming factors associated with the subjects of communication are: communicating individuals (private person, official), group subjects, mass audience, social institutions, institutions, organizations.

An important role in the formation of functional styles is played by factors associated with the addresser: intension, i.e. the presence of a special goal, a special motive for the author.

Factors associated with the subject of communication include topics and subject positions of subjects.

Communication conditions influence the appearance of the following style-forming factors: formality/informality of communication, presence/absence of subjects of communication, simultaneous interaction/delayed interaction of subjects of communication.

In a generalized form, style-forming factors are presented in the table (Table 1).

Table 1

Classification of style-forming factors

The question of the number and classification of functional styles remains controversial. A simple count of functional styles named in dictionary entries, textbooks and works on stylistics leads to ambiguous results. Their number varies from three.

However, it is worth noting that not all proposed classifications are simple, single-level. Many linguists see within the same style the presence of substyles or varieties of the same style. Thus, functional styles are presented as both equal, located in the horizontal plane, and subordinate, aligned vertically.

Both the quantity and the one-dimensionality/multidimensionality of functional styles are explained by the absence of a unified principle for their identification. The areas of activity and communication are cited as the basis for distinguishing styles; goals, objectives of communication, communication; types of communication situations.

I.V. believes that the “reference point” for recognizing styles can serve. Arnold and V.P. Murot, the so-called neutral style, possible in any communicative situation. U I.V. Arnold's neutral style comes into opposition with the colloquial and bookish, and in V.P. Murot - with the sublime and the reduced. To the group of book styles by I.V. Arnold classified scientific, business, poetic, oratorical, journalistic; and to the colloquial group - literary-colloquial, familiar-colloquial, vernacular.

Observations show that the criteria for identifying styles do not always follow a clear logic. So, O.N. Laguta contrasts the styles of book speech (scientific, official business, journalistic) with the styles of influencing speech (radio, television, film speech, fiction and oral public speaking). In this case, it is not explained how book speech differs from influencing speech (journalistic style may well perform an influencing function, and fiction can be classified as book speech).

Classifications in which styles are divided into substyles and then into smaller systems seem more thorough. In frequency, L.L. Nelyubin in the style of official communication sees the presence of a substyle of diplomatic documents, the system of which includes: the sublanguage of credentials, the sublanguage of project documents, the sublanguage of protocols, etc. .

Proposal by T.A. Ladyzhenskaya and A.K. Michalskaya to distinguish in the scientific style, along with the actual scientific and scientific-technical sub-styles, a separate scientific-educational sub-style seems quite justified. However, the assertion that the scientific and scientific-technical substyles themselves can be presented in a popular science presentation raises the question: does this not result in a deformation of the scientific style itself, and does it not move into the category of other styles/substyles? The answer is most likely yes.

The presence of a scientific style is recognized by all the authors whose works we turned to in order to study the very concept of “functional style”. The only discrepancy was found in the Explanatory Dictionary of Translation Studies, where the style of science and technology is not designated, but rather the style of science and technology. It should be noted that the language of such a field as technology does not have a strict stylistic affiliation, so V.P. Murot believes that the technical substyle does not belong to the sphere of science, but to the sphere of production and distinguishes the production-technical style.

Official business style is present in most classifications. In general, this style in one form or another is recognized by all authors, despite some disagreements in its naming: some authors take into account only one of its components - either only the style of official communication, or only the business style. At I.R. Galperin in the style of official documents there is a substyle of business documents.

In quantitative terms, the scientific and official business styles are slightly inferior to the journalistic style - it is mentioned seven times (against eight mentions of the scientific and official business styles). Here, too, there are modifications of the name of the style: newspaper-journalistic and style of journalism and press.

The style of fiction is not recognized by all linguists. However, many scholars consider the language of fiction to be a separate functional style. I.R. Halperin distinguishes three substyles in the language of fiction: the language of poetry, the language of artistic prose, and the language of drama.

It is worth pointing out a striking fact: the language of everyday communication is not recognized as a separate functional style by all specialists in the field of functional stylistics, although there is no arguing that the stylistic characteristics of the language of everyday communication are not identical to the stylistic characteristics of, for example, the scientific style. The same linguists who do not deny its existence endow it different characteristics: everyday literary style, style of everyday communication, conversational style.

I.V. Arnold postulates that the presence of a conversational style is a consequence of the presence of an oral form of speech, but its presence is observed in writing in literary works, in correspondence, in advertising. Let us recall that the conversational style system of I.V. Arnold consists of three substyles - literary-colloquial, familiar-colloquial, and vernacular.

The presence of newspaper style in some classifications is controversial. I.V. Arnold, M.D. Kuznets, Yu.M. Skrebnev warns about the danger of substituting concepts: functional style should not be confused with genre. However, it is also wrong to completely ignore the language of newspapers, hence the emergence of such styles as newspaper-journalistic, newspaper-political, journalism and press style. I.R. Halperin insists on the need to recognize newspaper style and includes the language of news, announcements and advertising, headlines, and editorials in the style system.

It should be noted that the Czech linguistic school emphasizes a religious functional style, which is almost not covered in Russian studies.

Functional styles studied by linguistic stylistics show discrepancies with the functional styles identified in sociolinguistics. The subject of linguistic stylistics, the founder of which is S. Bally, is the study of language means associated with a particular style. The subject of sociolinguistics is the functioning of language in society. The range of problems studied by sociolinguistics includes the social functions of language, the social nature of language, the impact of social factors on language, i.e. The subject of sociolinguistics is the functioning of language in society, so sociolinguistics also considers functional styles. In the classification of functional styles adopted in sociolinguistics, the following styles are present: official, informal, professional, ritual or cult.

Generalization of existing classifications of functional styles allows you to create unified classification, taking into account different points of view (Table 2).

table 2

Classification of functional styles

Significant for this classification are such style-forming factors as spheres of communication and activity, as well as the functions of language. The classification includes the often ignored texts of radio and television programs, as well as the language of cinema. The boundaries between styles are fluid, inter-style mobility is high: the language of radio and television can show similarities both with the language of the press and shift towards not only literary-colloquial, but also familiar-colloquial substyles, and even vernacular. The production and technical style intersects with the scientific and technical substyle of the scientific style, but does not duplicate it. The language of feature films, like the language of fiction, has much in common with the conversational style, but also differs from it in the aesthetic function that is most inherent in the artistic style.

IN this work such a factor, often highlighted, as the type of speech (oral, written) was not considered. We believe that each functional style can be implemented in both written and oral form. This applies even to such, at first glance, purely oral styles as colloquial, the language of cinema, radio, and television. Being predominantly oral, they can also appear in written form. It is enough to point to the language of Internet chats, blogs, Internet forums, comments, and film scripts. However, it must be noted that the language of the press remains mainly written, while the language of radio and television remains oral.

conclusions

Thus, this article presents a classification of style-forming factors and a classification of functional styles. The classification of style-forming factors includes linguistic ones (language functions) and extralinguistic ones. The latter are divided into subjective and objective. Objective factors include three groups: 1) related to the sphere of communication and activity; 2) associated with the attribute social (public); 3) related to the pragmatic situation. Subjective factors reflect the psychophysiological characteristics and states of the subjects of communication. The classification of functional styles is two-level, the first level consists of the styles themselves, the second - substyles, a more detailed division of styles. The presented classification is a generalization of the classifications developed by science to date.

Bibliographic link

Functional style is a historically established and socially conscious variety of a literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain sphere of human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means in this sphere and their specific organization. However, what is common is the recognition of the functional nature of styles, their connection with a certain sphere of speech communication and types of human activity, the understanding of style as a historically established and socially conscious set of methods of use, selection and combination of language units.
The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of use of language, the subject matter determined by it and the goals of communication. The areas of application of language correlate with types of human activity corresponding to forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative and legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish the styles of official speech (book): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic). They are contrasted with the style of unofficial speech colloquial conversational, the extra-linguistic basis of which is the sphere of everyday relations and communication (everyday life as an area of ​​relations between people outside their direct production and socio-political activities).

The classification of functional styles is often associated with language functions, understood as specific goals of communication. Thus, there is a known classification of styles based on three language functions: communication, message and impact. The functions of communication are most consistent with conversational style, scientific and official business messages, journalistic and literary-artistic influences. However, with such a classification there is no differentiating basis that allows us to distinguish between scientific and official business, journalistic and literary and artistic styles. The functions of language characterize it as a whole and are inherent to one degree or another in any style. In speech reality, these functions intersect and interact with each other; a specific utterance usually performs not one, but several functions. Therefore, the functions of language in classifying styles can only be considered in combination with other factors.
Scope of use of language, subject matter and purpose of the statement determine the essential features of a style, its main style-forming features. For the scientific style, this is the generalized abstract nature of the presentation and emphasized logic; for the official and business style, the prescriptive and obligatory nature of speech and accuracy, which does not allow for discrepancies; for the colloquial style, ease, spontaneity and unpreparedness of communication, etc.
Style-forming factors determine the peculiarities of the functioning of linguistic means in a particular style and their specific organization.

There are 5 functional styles:

• scientific - the meaning is to give an accurate and clear idea of scientific concepts(For example, terminological vocabulary);
• official business - official correspondence, government acts, speeches; vocabulary is used that reflects official business relations (plenum, session, decision, decree, resolution);
• journalistic - characterized by abstract words with socio-political meaning (humanity, progress, nationality, openness, peace-loving);
• colloquial - characterized by great semantic capacity and colorfulness, gives liveliness and expressiveness to speech;
• fiction - used in fiction.