Production of solar panels in Russia: technology, equipment, start-up capital. Solar cell production technology Silicon is used to make solar cells

Solar panels are a source of energy that can be used to generate electricity or heat for a low-rise building. But solar panels are expensive and are inaccessible to most residents of our country. Do you agree?

It’s another matter when you make a solar battery yourself - costs are significantly reduced, and this design works no worse than an industrially produced panel. Therefore, if you are seriously thinking about purchasing an alternative source of electricity, try to make it yourself - it is not very difficult.

This article will discuss the production solar panels. We will tell you what materials and tools you will need for this. And a little lower you will find step-by-step instructions with illustrations that clearly demonstrate the progress of the work.

Solar energy can be converted into heat, when the energy carrier is a coolant fluid, or into electricity, collected in batteries. The battery is a generator operating on the principle of the photoelectric effect.

The conversion of solar energy into electricity occurs after the sun's rays hit the photocell plates, which are the main part of the battery.

In this case, light quanta “release” their electrons from the outer orbits. These free electrons produce an electric current that passes through the controller and accumulates in the battery, and from there it goes to energy consumers.

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Silicon elements act as photocell plates. The silicon wafer is coated on one side the thinnest layer phosphorus or boron - a passive chemical element.

In this place, under the influence of sunlight, a large number of electrons are released, which are retained by the phosphorus film and do not fly apart.

On the surface of the plate there are metal “tracks” on which free electrons line up, forming an ordered movement, i.e. electricity.

The more such silicon wafers-photocells, the more electric current available. Read more about the principle of operation of a solar battery.

Materials for creating a solar plate

When starting to build a solar battery, you need to stock up on the following materials:

• silicate plates-photocells;
• chipboard sheets, aluminum corners and slats;
• hard foam rubber 1.5-2.5 cm thick;
• a transparent element that acts as a base for silicon wafers;
• screws, self-tapping screws;
• silicone sealant for outdoor work;
• electrical wires, diodes, terminals.

The amount of materials required depends on the size of your battery, which is most often limited by the number of solar cells available. The tools you will need are: a screwdriver or a set of screwdrivers, a hacksaw for metal and wood, a soldering iron. To test the finished battery, you will need an ammeter tester.

Now let's look at the most important materials in details.

Silicon wafers or solar cells

Photocells for batteries come in three types:

• polycrystalline;
• monocrystalline;
• amorphous.

Polycrystalline wafers are characterized by low efficiency. Size useful action is about 10 - 12%, but this figure does not decrease over time. The operating life of polycrystals is 10 years.

Frame and transparent element

The frame for the future panel can be made from wooden slats or aluminum corners.

The second option is more preferable for a number of reasons:

• Aluminum – light metal, which does not put a serious load on supporting structure, on which the battery is planned to be installed.
• When anti-corrosion treatment is carried out, aluminum is not susceptible to rust.
• Does not absorb moisture from the environment and does not rot.

When choosing a transparent element, you need to pay attention to parameters such as refractive index sunlight and the ability to absorb infrared radiation.

The efficiency of photocells will directly depend on the first indicator: the lower the refractive index, the higher the efficiency of silicon wafers.

The minimum reflectance coefficient is for plexiglass or its cheaper version - plexiglass. The refractive index of polycarbonate is slightly lower.

The value of the second indicator determines whether the silicon solar cells themselves will heat up or not. The less the plates are exposed to heat, the longer they will last. IR radiation is best absorbed by special heat-absorbing plexiglass and glass with IR absorption. A little worse is ordinary glass.

If possible, the best option would be to use anti-reflective transparent glass as a transparent element.

In terms of the ratio of cost to indicators of light refraction and absorption of infrared radiation, plexiglass is the most best option for the manufacture of solar panels

System design and site selection

The solar system project includes calculations required size solar plate. As mentioned above, battery size is usually limited by expensive solar cells.

The solar battery must be installed at a certain angle, which would ensure maximum exposure of the silicon wafers to sunlight. Best option– batteries that can change the angle of inclination.

The installation location of solar plates can be very diverse: on the ground, on a slope or flat roof at home, on the roofs of utility rooms.

The only condition is that the battery must be placed on the sunny side of the site or house, not shaded by the high crown of trees. In this case, the optimal angle of inclination must be calculated using a formula or using a specialized calculator.

The angle of inclination will depend on the location of the house, time of year and climate. It is desirable that the battery has the ability to change the angle of inclination following seasonal changes in the height of the sun, because They work most effectively when the sun's rays fall strictly perpendicular to the surface.

A solar battery can be used as a backup energy source during frequent outages of the centralized power supply. For automatic switching it is necessary to provide an uninterruptible power supply system.

Such a system is convenient in that when using a traditional source of electricity, charging is carried out at the same time. The equipment servicing the solar battery is located inside the house, so it is necessary to provide a special room for it.

Ventilation holes are made from chipboard at the bottom of the box-casing. The distance between the holes is approximately 10 cm. A transparent element (plexiglass, anti-reflective glass, plexiglass) is installed in the aluminum frame.

The transparent element is pressed and fixed, its fastening is carried out using hardware: 4 in the corners, as well as 2 on the long and 1 on the short side of the frame. Hardware is attached with screws.

The frame for the solar battery is ready and you can proceed to the most important part - the installation of photocells. Before installation, it is necessary to clean the plexiglass from dust and degrease it with an alcohol-containing liquid.

Step #3 - installation of silicon wafers-photocells

Mounting and soldering silicon wafers is the most time-consuming part of creating a solar panel with your own hands. First, we place the photocells on the plexiglass with the blue plates facing down.

If this is your first time assembling a battery, you can use a marking pad to position the plates exactly at a small (3-5 mm) distance from each other.

1. We solder the photocells according to the following electrical diagram: “+” tracks are located on front side plates, “-” – on the reverse. Before soldering, carefully apply flux and solder to connect the contacts.
2. We solder all photocells sequentially in rows from top to bottom. The rows must then also be connected to each other.
3. Let's start gluing the photocells. To do this, apply a small amount of sealant to the center of each silicon wafer.
4. We turn over the resulting chains with photocells front side(where the blue plates are) up and place the plates according to the markings that were applied earlier. Gently press each plate to secure it in place.
5. The contacts of the outermost photocells are connected to the bus, respectively “+” and “-“. It is recommended to use a wider silver conductor for the bus.
6. The solar battery must be equipped with a blocking diode, which is connected to the contacts and prevents the batteries from discharging through the structure at night.
7. We drill holes in the bottom of the frame to bring the wires out.

The wires must be attached to the frame so that they do not dangle; this can be done using silicone sealant.

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Step #4 – Battery Testing Before Sealing

Testing of the solar panel must be carried out before sealing it, in order to be able to eliminate faults that often arise during soldering. It is best to test after soldering each row of elements - this makes it much easier to detect where the contacts are poorly connected.

For testing you will need a regular household ammeter. Measurements must be taken on a sunny day at 13-14 hours, the sun should not be hidden by clouds.

We take the battery outside and install it in accordance with the previously calculated angle of inclination. We connect the ammeter to the battery contacts and measure the current short circuit.

The point of testing is that the operating power of the electric current should be 0.5-1.0 A lower than the short circuit current. The device readings should be above 4.5 A, which indicates the functionality of the solar battery.

If the tester gives lower readings, then somewhere the sequence of connecting the photocells is probably broken.

Step #5 – sealing the photocells placed in the housing

Sealing can only be done after making sure that the battery is working. For sealing, it is best to use an epoxy compound, but given that the material consumption will be large, and its cost is approximately 40-45 dollars. If it’s a little expensive, then you can use the same silicone sealant instead.

When using silicone sealant, give preference to the one whose packaging indicates that it is suitable for use at sub-zero temperatures

There are two sealing methods:

• full filling, when the panels are filled with sealant;
• applying sealant to the space between the photocells and to the outer elements.

In the first case, sealing will be more reliable. After pouring, the sealant should set. Then plexiglass is installed on top and pressed tightly against the silicone-coated plates.

To provide cushioning and additional protection Between the back surface of the photocells and the chipboard frame, many craftsmen advise installing a hard foam pad 1.5-2.5 cm wide.

This is not necessary, but it is advisable, given that silicon wafers are quite fragile and easily damaged.

After installing the plexiglass, a weight is placed on the structure, under the influence of which air bubbles are squeezed out. The solar battery is ready and after repeated testing it can be installed in a pre-selected location and connected to the solar system of your home.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

Review of photocells ordered from a Chinese online store:

Video instructions for making a solar battery:

Making a solar battery with your own hands is not an easy task. The efficiency of most of these batteries is 10-20% lower than that of industrially produced panels. The most important thing when designing a solar battery is to choose and install the photocells correctly.

Don’t try to create a huge panel right away. Try building a small device first to understand all the nuances of this process.

Do you have practical skills in creating solar panels? Please share your experience with visitors to our site - write comments in the block below. There you can ask questions about the topic of the article.

The raw material used is quartz sand with a high mass content of silicon dioxide (SiO 2). It goes through multi-stage purification to get rid of oxygen. Occurs by high-temperature melting and synthesis with the addition of chemicals.

Production of solar panels: relevance of business + what are solar panels + advantages of installing solar panels + production technology + necessary raw materials and equipment + organizational issues starting a business + start-up capital and business profitability + overview of creating a mini-production for the production of solar panels.

Production of solar panels- this is undoubtedly innovative look business, especially in Russia. Although in other countries, for example, Turkey, Spain and Germany alternative methods generating electricity is in demand, and therefore the production of such panels is no longer a novelty for them.

Of course, opening such a business in Russia is somewhat risky, since people are still wary of such innovations. But, given the fact that this business niche is still free from competitors, and solar panels are indeed a very promising way to generate electricity, the launch of such an enterprise can be called a profitable investment.

In this review, we will tell you how to organize the production of such batteries, where it is best to do this, and how much you will need to invest in order to succeed in this area of ​​business.

Is it rational to establish the production of solar panels in Russia?

Whether such production will become in demand in the country can be debated for a long time. After all, on the one hand, this is really very promising direction, which may eventually completely replace the way we are used to receiving electricity.

But, on the other hand, solar panels will be more in demand in sunny regions, since the Sun is the main component of this alternative method of generating electricity.

If we consider the production of solar panels purely as a type of business, then, of course, this area of ​​business activity is very, very profitable.

Several factors contribute to this:

• The market for the production of solar panels in Russia remains one of the most “empty”, which indicates the absence of competitors on the way to building a business.
• Oil and gas reserves are not endless in any case, and it is high time for people to think about alternative ways receiving electricity.
• It's not just the decline in natural resources that's fueling the strong demand for solar panels. People are also stimulated high prices for utilities, the costs of which can be significantly reduced by resorting to the use of solar energy.

In addition to the above factors, solar panels also have a wide range of applications, making them suitable for use in a variety of areas.

The most popular directions in this regard are the following:

• Battery charge various equipment– portable electronics.
• Production of electric vehicles.
• Providing residential buildings with electricity, which can be used for heating and lighting.

Of course, batteries are in greatest demand for powering homes, so in this article we will look at organizing the production of batteries for these purposes.

In any case, the production of solar panels is a very popular niche, which in Russia will become much more popular in a few years. And trying your hand at this business now is the most suitable time due to the fact that you will not meet too many competitors on your way.

What are solar panels and how are they produced?

To general outline To understand what a solar battery looks like and how its mechanism works, just look at the picture:

Solar panels are alternative sources of electricity, like water and wind power plants, which were used by our ancestors to generate electricity.

Today, these batteries are considered the most economical way to provide electricity to residential buildings, since their installation and installation are not as expensive as other devices, and moreover, the resulting electricity cannot be used immediately.

Since the battery transforms the sun's energy "in excess", modern technologies allow you to store it in special batteries and use it at a time when solar activity is minimal, that is, in the evening or at night.

In order to install a solar battery and receive energy, you don’t even have to live in the sunniest place in the country. New developments make it possible to use installations even in those climatic zones, where there is much less Sun.

And solar panels themselves, as a source of electricity, have many advantages, the main of which are the following:

1. Solar energy is the safest and cleanest energy.
2. You can also install a solar battery. On average, battery installation will cost up to 50 thousand rubles. Moreover, this includes not only the initial set itself, but also the installation of the battery.
3. In order to install the device, you do not need to change anything in the existing engineering networks, because such installations can be easily installed into existing networks.
4. Solar panels have a very long service life and do not require constant quality control or repairs.
5. Batteries can be mounted on almost any building, which means that this method of generating energy is suitable for both large cities and small towns.

In short, solar panels are a really workable option that will not only help you obtain clean energy, but will also significantly reduce your utility bills.

The only thing worth paying attention to is the actual scope of application of solar panels.

The fact is that many people confuse the concept of solar panels and collectors, the purpose of which is completely different. If solar panels are a device for generating electricity, then a collector is a device for receiving thermal energy from the Sun, which is directed to other needs, such as, say, heating and water heating.

Collectors have a slightly different appearance and principle of operation, so these two terms cannot be confused.

Since we have understood the very concept of solar panels, we can move directly to the process of their production.

And here it is important to immediately note that for a future businessman there are two main ways along which he can develop this business:

• The first method consists of a full production cycle, that is, “from A to Z” - from the manufacture of components to their assembly into full-fledged batteries.
• The second method involves purchasing finished materials and assembling batteries from them.

Each method has the right to exist, as well as its pros and cons.

For example, by producing all the batteries yourself, including their components, you can be confident in the quality of the final product. Also, due to this, you can significantly reduce the cost of each battery. But organizing such production will require significant investments, which is the main disadvantage of this method.

As for the second option, it will cost you less, but the cost of production due to purchased materials will be much higher.

To analyze both options in detail, we will first consider the entire production cycle, as well as the way it is organized to start a business.

At the end, we will also give an example of organizing a mini-production, when all the spare parts have already been purchased, and all you need to do is learn how to assemble, install and sell them.

Solar Cell Manufacturing Technology: A Step-by-Step Guide

So, in order to produce a finished solar battery from purchased raw materials, you will need to carry out the following actions:

1. Cut the silicon wafers and clean them for further processing.
2. Etch the surface of silicon wafers and structure it.
3. Apply phosphorus to the plate and then burn it.
4. Metallize the surface.
5. Dry the silicon wafers.
6. Connect the electrical contacts on the front side of the plate.
7. Align the plates.
8. Frame the plates with aluminum frames.
9. Test the finished installation.

As a result, we get a solar battery that looks like this:

What is needed to organize production: what raw materials and equipment should I buy?

In addition, it is important to take into account that the production of such batteries is a very knowledge-intensive process, so it is better to search for and purchase the necessary components by first consulting with an experienced physicist or electromechanic, who will ultimately help set up the production process.

By the way, finding a suitable specialist, just like everyone else necessary materials, will not be so easy, since such production has not yet been established in Russia. It is better to look for all the necessary elements and even specialists abroad.

On average, purchasing only raw materials will cost you about 100 thousand rubles, but purchasing it only, of course, is not enough. We also need equipment that will make it possible to produce batteries.

Since we are talking about a large-scale enterprise with a full production cycle, this means purchasing an automated line for creating batteries, which will ensure the production of the highest quality products.

The entire production line will consist of enough large quantity machines that are much more rational to buy from one supplier.

And there are a number of reasons for this:

• Firstly, when purchasing a whole range of components, you can get a certain percentage of the discount.
• Secondly, often such equipment suppliers will not only sell it to you, but will also help with installation and further operation.

And remember that the production of solar panels in Russia has not yet been established, so you will most likely have to buy equipment abroad.

Price production line will differ depending on the country of origin, and can range from 500 thousand rubles. up to 10 million rubles

Equipment	Purpose	Cost, rub.)	Sample
Total:			1,348,000 rubles
Laser cutting machine	For cutting cells of different sizes using a fiber laser	From 190 thousand
Laminator	For laminating solar modules with an organic substance to protect them from environmental influences	From 650 thousand
Framing machine	For gluing tape edges and framing solar modules	From 315 thousand
Glass cleaning machine	For cleaning and drying glass	From 126 thousand
Table for moving elements	For moving batteries using aluminum guides	From 12 thousand
High voltage testing machine	To test the module for suitability	From 55 thousand

Ultimately, if we take average prices for equipment as an example, the minimum set will cost you 1.3 million rubles.

But, in addition to the production line, you will also need to purchase hand tool and equipment (batteries, inverters) for battery installation. As a result, the total cost of the equipment will be about 1.5 million rubles.

In addition to the costs of equipment and the purchase of raw materials, you will also have other expenses for various organizational issues, which we will discuss in more detail later.

Finding premises, recruiting personnel and other subtleties of organizing a business for the production of solar panels

You also need to find a suitable premises and hire staff, which is also important, so we will consider each of the aspects of the organization in as much detail as possible.

1. Registration of an enterprise.

If you are planning to start a business in the field of production, and at the same time, you plan to produce solar panels “from scratch,” then an LLC will be more suitable for registering you as an entrepreneur.

To begin the registration procedure, you will need to collect a certain list of documents and submit it to the Federal Tax Service at the place of registration of the business.

This list will include:

• Application on form P11001.
• The founder’s decision to create an enterprise (if there is one founder) or the minutes of the meeting of participants (if there are several founders).
• LLC Charter.

Before you submit your documents, you will be required to pay the state fee, which today is 4 thousand rubles. The receipt for payment is included in the list of mandatory documents.

But you’ll have to spend more than just paying the receipt when registering a business.

You will also have other expenses:

• Opening a bank account – 2 thousand rubles.
• Production of a seal – 1 thousand rubles.
• Payment authorized capital– 10 thousand rubles.
• Payment for notary services – 1 thousand rubles.

In total, for the legal registration of business activities you will need to spend about 15-18 thousand rubles.

Also, do not forget about the mandatory receipt of permits from the fire and sanitary-epidemiological services after completing the registration procedure.

And another one important detail– when filling out the application, you will need to indicate your activity code according to OKVED. In this case it is numbered 27.20.3.

2. Finding and equipping premises for production.

Since a full cycle of battery production is planned, the selected premises must be sufficient to accommodate all necessary equipment, and also allocate two small warehouses: for storing components and for preparing finished batteries for installation.

On average, the area of ​​the room must be at least 300 sq.m., otherwise it will be impossible to manufacture solar panels due to lack of space.

Having chosen a suitable room, you need to take care of its repair, which is very important in such a production situation, because we are talking about creating very precise and fragile parts.

The room must have:

• Ventilation system.
• Water supply.
• Heating.
• Power supply.
• Installed disinfection units.

Nothing without this Fire Department, nor the sanitary and epidemiological service will give you the necessary permits to start production.

3. Selection of employees and organization of delivery and installation.

In total, the number of employees will be about 6-8 people, of whom you will need to hire:

• 1 specialist physicist-electromechanics.
• 2 workshop workers.
• 2 workers for installation.
• 1 driver.
• 1 sales manager.
• 1 marketer.

At first, you can perform the duties of a director and accountant yourself, this will allow you to have more control over production and understand the essence of your own business.

The most difficult thing in this situation will be to find good specialist and workshop workers, because due to the fact that the production of solar panels in Russia is not yet very developed, there are few such specialists in the country.

As for the transportation and installation of batteries, it is best to hire a driver for this work with your own car or purchase at least one truck.

4. Marketing and search for sales channels for finished products.

Since solar panels are a necessary product, but not yet very familiar to people, you need to constantly tell and show that having solar panels on your roof is much more profitable than paying a lot of money for utilities.

• print leaflets,
• let's make announcements
• create a website that will be filled useful information, and which will demonstrate examples of already completed solar panels with their subsequent installation.

You can cooperate with both large enterprises and individuals. It all depends on how in demand your products are in the region.

How much start-up capital will be required to start producing solar panels, and when will the business start making a profit?

It turns out that to launch an enterprise for the production of solar panels in Russia, you will need an impressive amount that exceeds 2 million rubles.

But don’t think that such investments will take too long to pay off. On average, such production can begin to make a profit after 1.5 - 2 years.

It turns out that for each installed battery you will receive a net profit about 10-15 thousand rubles. And taking into account the fact that you will produce and install from 5 to 10 such batteries per month, your net monthly profit will be from 75 thousand rubles.

Business profitability at proper organization will be at least 100%.

But, in any case, 2 million rubles. – this is a lot of money, which not everyone can invest. Is it possible to open a similar production, but with lower costs?

Production of solar panels. How it works?

Installation diagram. Advantages and disadvantages.

Mini-production of solar panels: advantages, disadvantages and method of organization

This method is much more economical option production from scratch, since in this case you will not have to spend money on raw materials, equipment, large staff and registration of a legal entity.

But the cost of panels with this method will increase significantly, since buying ready-made components is more expensive than producing them yourself.

As a result, we can say that this method will be most appropriate in two cases:

1. When you do not have enough start-up capital to start a large-scale production.
2. When there are absolutely no competitors in your region who are ready to offer batteries at a price much lower than yours.

Having decided on the advantages and disadvantages, we move on to the main question - how to organize a mini-production?

So, to start such a small business, you do not need to register an LLC first. In this case, registering an individual entrepreneur will be sufficient.

Registering an individual entrepreneur is much simpler and costs much less, which will also allow you to save a lot.

To apply for registration with the Federal Tax Service, you will only need basic documents:

• Application for registration of individual entrepreneurs.
• Russian citizen passport.
• TIN code.
• Receipt for payment of state duty.
• Application for transition to a simplified taxation system.

The cost of state duty for such an operation is 800 rubles. But in addition to this amount, you will also have to pay for opening a bank account (2 thousand rubles) and making a seal (up to 1 thousand rubles)

In total, state registration will cost you only 3-4 thousand rubles.

Now let's talk about the premises, the purchase of components and equipment for mini-production.

You don’t need a large premises to start an enterprise - it’s enough to rent an area of ​​100 square meters. m., where you will allocate a room for battery assembly, a warehouse for components, and also organize a small exhibition hall for visitors.

In principle, with a small volume of orders, even your own spacious garage may be suitable for you. But do not forget that the requirements for the premises will also be high, because you still have to do high-precision work.

It is better to order components for battery production abroad from direct suppliers. Although you can search in Russia. The main thing is that the quality of the materials is at a high level, and at the same time they do not cost exorbitant money.

As for equipment, automated lines will not be needed with this method of organizing production. Actually, because of this, large areas will not be needed.

The basic equipment you will need is only simple tools:

Equipment	Quantity	Cost, rub.)	Sample
Total:			52,000 rubles
Drill	2	10 thousand
Screwdriver	2	6 thousand
Set of tools	2	10 thousand

Since there is less work to be done than with a full production cycle, and it is easier to manage such a mini-enterprise, you can hire only 3-5 people as a permanent staff.

Namely, we are talking about the following personnel:

• 2 people will assemble the goods.
• 2 people will install the batteries.
• 1 person will be a driver (preferably with his own car).

At first, you can hire only three workers, and then hire a couple more people.

In a small production, you can perform the functions of a manager, accountant and marketer yourself.

However, the marketing plan will remain the same. Your main consumer is a private individual, so you need to constantly inform him about your product by creating a website and advertising in newspapers, TV and radio.

Now let’s calculate how much cheaper this method of mini-production will cost:

• Registration of individual entrepreneur – 3 thousand rubles.
• Rent of premises – 100 thousand rubles.
• Purchase of components – 50 thousand rubles.
• Purchase of equipment – ​​52 thousand rubles.
• Salary to employees – 75 thousand rubles.
• Website development and other marketing services – 55 thousand rubles.
• In-line costs – 25 thousand rubles.

In total, the starting investment for launching a small enterprise will be 360 ​​thousand rubles. , which represents a much smaller amount compared to organizing production facilities from scratch.

Considering that the selling price and cost of batteries with this method will increase slightly, the net profit may be slightly lower. But due to much smaller investments and with a constant flow of clients (at least 5 people per month), you will be able to recoup your enterprise after just a year of work on the market.

So, we have analyzed two main ways of organizing a business in the manufacture of installations for generating electricity from solar energy.

In conclusion, let us remind you that the production of solar panels in Russia is still a completely free niche, and by occupying it now, you will be able to get good returns in the future, as the demand for alternative methods of generating energy will increase every year.

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Currently, alternative energy sources are very fashionable and popular, especially among owners country cottages or private houses. But often such a device costs a lot of money and not everyone can afford to purchase solar panels for their home. Therefore, making solar panels with your own hands has become very relevant. So how can you make solar panels yourself?

Characteristics of solar panel

A solar cell is a semiconductor structure that is capable of converting solar radiation into electricity. This allows you to provide your home with economical, reliable and, most importantly, uninterrupted power supply. Especially this is relevant for hard-to-reach areas, as well as where there are frequent power outages from the main source.

This alternative energy source is quite practical because, unlike a traditional source of energy supply, it costs much less. Making solar panels with your own hands allows you not only to optimize energy consumption, but also saves money.

Advantages

Solar batteries have the following advantages:

• simple installation due to the fact that there is no need to lay a cable to the supports;
• generating electricity is absolutely harmless environment;
• there are no moving parts;
• electricity is supplied independently of the distribution network;
• minimal time spent on system maintenance;
• light weight of batteries;
• silent operation;
• long service life at minimal costs.

Flaws

Despite quite significant advantages, solar panels also have their disadvantages, such as:

• the complexity of the manufacturing process;
• sensitivity to pollution;
• the effective operation of solar panels is influenced by weather conditions (sunny or cloudy days);
• such a design requires a lot of space;
• The batteries don't work at night.

Requirements for a solar battery

Install solar panels Anyone can do it in a private home. But in order for such a DIY design to bring maximum benefits, its features should be taken into account. The following requirements apply to the solar battery:

Materials needed to make a solar battery with your own hands

If it is not possible to purchase solar panels, you can make them yourself. At the beginning need to decide on the material, from which they will be made.

To create panels, high-quality photocells will be needed. Manufacturers today offer the following types devices:

• elements made of monocrystalline silicon have an efficiency of up to 13%, but in cloudy weather not effective enough;
• Photocells made of polycrystalline silicon have an efficiency of up to 9% and can work on both sunny and cloudy days.

To power your home, it is best to use polycrystals, which are available in kits.

It is important to know that everything needed for assembly Cells are best purchased from one manufacturer, since products of different brands have significant differences in the effectiveness of the products. This may create additional difficulties during assembly, entail costs as a result of operation, and the solar battery will have low power.

To make a solar panel from improvised materials, you will need special conductors designed to connect photocells.

The body of the future design is best made from aluminum corners that are light in weight. You can also use a material such as wood. But due to the fact that the structure will always be exposed to atmospheric influences, its service life will decrease.

The dimensions of the panel body depend on the number of photocells.

The outer covering of photocells can be made of plexiglass or transparent polycarbonate. Also used strained glass, does not transmit infrared rays.

Thus, to make a solar battery with your own hands, you will need the following materials:

• photocells in the set;
• fastening hardware;
• high power copper electrical wires;
• silicone vacuum stands;
• soldering equipment;
• aluminum corners;
• Schottke diodes;
• transparent sheet of polycarbonate or plexiglass;
• set of screws for fastening.

Such materials can be purchased at a building materials store or online store.

How to make solar panels with your own hands?

In order to make panels with your own hands, you need to collect the required materials. A solar battery for a home is assembled in the following sequence.

To properly make solar panels with your own hands, you need to adhere to the following recommendations:

Get free electricity Every person dreams of having their own home and this dream can be realized. By making solar panels with your own hands, you can enjoy an additional source of electricity. Wherein This design does not cause any harm to the environment Moreover, it is very reliable and inexpensive.

To date, of all known to mankind sources alternative energy the most popular are solar panels, batteries and other generators based on solar energy. Considering the current cost of energy costs, many are interested in where to buy solar panels for their home, what are the prices for them and whether ready-made solutions. And since the rise in the exchange rate directly affects the paying ability of the population, more and more citizens are trying to learn more about Russian-made panels.

What are solar panels and how are they used for the home?

Although this species energy supply to homes for more than 30 years, there are not many specialists in this field. Why is using solar panels for a private home so beneficial? The answer is simple: you only need to pay for the equipment and installation, after which the energy is free! In countries such as China, the United States, France, Italy and Germany, up to 30% of the population is installing rooftop batteries to tap into billions of endless kilowatts of solar energy. If it's free, what's the secret?

The principle of battery operation is as follows: imagine semiconductors made of crystals (for example, silicon), which convert light quanta into components of electric current. The panel contains hundreds of thousands of such crystals. Depending on the required power, the area of ​​such coverage ranges from a couple of square centimeters (remember the calculator) to hundreds square meters– for example, for orbital stations.

Despite the apparent simplicity of the devices, their use in Russia is very limited - by climate, weather, time of year and day. Plus, in order for the system to supply current to the network, you need to purchase:

• a battery that will store energy in case of voltage surges;
• an inverter that will convert direct current into alternating current;
• system that monitors battery charge.

Briefly about consumption

The average family of 4 consumes 250–300 kW per month. Solar modules for household use produce an average of 100 W per 1 sq. m per day (in clear weather). In order to power the entire house, you need to install at least 30, ideally 40 sections, which will cost at least 10,000 USD. e. In this case, the roof should be oriented to the south, and the number of sunny days per month on average should not be less than 18–20. Below is a map of sunny days.

Conclusion: solar panels are good quality backup source electrical energy. In addition, you need to know how to select them so that the power is enough to meet household needs. But, regardless of accidents, your home will always be supplied with electricity.

1. Panels from CJSC Telecom-STV

The Russian company Telecom-STV (Zelenograd) produces products on average 30% cheaper than their German counterparts: prices start from 5,600 rubles. for 100 W panels. Panels from this manufacturer have an efficiency of up to 20–21%. The main "trick" of this enterprise became a patented technology for manufacturing silicon wafers with a diameter of up to 15 mm and solar modules based on them.

Which battery from Telecom-STV CJSC can I look at? The most popular model is called TSM, then it is marked depending on the power: from 15 to 230 W (the price is approximate).

The main type of panels produced is monocrystalline, although each model can also be presented as multi (poly-) crystalline. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages (see table).

The choice, of course, is limited by budget capabilities, so we will continue our review of other inexpensive and reliable devices from Russian manufacturers.

2. Hevel – plant in Chuvashia

One of largest producers solar panels in Russia is the company Hevel. In 2017, the company modernized its production and switched from thin-film to new heterostructure technology for the manufacture of solar modules. New generation modules combine the advantages of thin-film and crystalline technologies, ensuring efficient operation of the module at high and low temperatures (from -50 ° C to + 85 ° C), as well as in diffuse light conditions. The average efficiency of a solar module is 20%. According to this indicator, Hevel Group modules are among the world's top three. The module service life is at least 25 years.

Which battery from Hevel can you look at as an example? Here is a table with the parameters of the most popular heterostructural module:

3. Ryazan ZMKP

The Ryazan plant of metal-ceramic devices has been operating since 1963, but since 2002 it has switched to the ISO 9001 international quality control system and produces panels strictly in accordance with its requirements, as well as with GOST 12.2.007-75 standards.

In the company's price list you can find two current models RZMP with a power of 130 and 220 W. Their efficiency varies from 12 to 17.1%. Are applied Solar cells onto a painted aluminum base using the serial connection. Here are their comparative characteristics:

RZMP 130-T is suitable for autonomous supply separate rooms, household appliances(for example, heating boiler). A more powerful model, from 220 to 240 W, is purchased more often for backup power supply to the whole house. Its cost varies from 13,200 to 14,400 rubles. per module.

4. Krasnodar "Saturn"

Kuban-made panels have been produced since 1971; during this period the company has produced more than 20,000 square meters of products. Saturn uses two proprietary production technologies - based on monocrystalline grown silicon or gallium arsenide with a germanium substrate. The latter show the maximum high performance and are used to supply critical facilities (gas stations, continuous cycle enterprises, etc.)

Both types of modules can be made on any frame, from mesh and film to metal (anodized aluminum) and string types. Photoelectric converters can be:

• with polished surface;
• with built-in diodes;
• with aluminum mirror.

Here are the main energy characteristics of the Saturn solar cell, depending on the type:

These characteristics are relevant for carriers of any size: at the Saturn enterprise you can order both prefabricated modules for the roof of a cottage and miniature solar panels for sensors, converters, electrical products, as well as batteries. Price lists will only be provided to you in the sales department.

5. Solar Wind

This enterprise is located in Ukraine. There is a similar enterprise in Russia, which acts rather as an investor and implementer. Solar Wind produces solar modules with capacities from 1 to 15 kW/h. Depending on the purpose and power, the module can contain from a couple to several dozen batteries. Thus, a 1,000 W battery includes 5 modules, one 30 A charge controller, a 150 A/h battery (2 pieces in a set) and a 1,200 V inverter. The battery life is up to 18 years.

Advice: if you buy Solar Wind equipment to provide year-round energy to a residential building, you should take at least 10 kW/h.

To get an idea of ​​the capabilities of solar wind photovoltaic systems (Ukraine) with a power from 1,000 to 15,000 W, we offer a comparative table based on 1 day of consumption.

6. Solar batteries “Kvant”

NPP "Kvant" was the first to offer the production of silicon solar cells with 2-sided sensitivity, as well as single crystals of gallium arsenide. The most popular model today is the Kvant KSM and its modification KSM-180P. The cost of such a battery does not exceed 18,000 rubles, the service life reaches 40 years.

However, we present the characteristics of all modules. They can be ordered in both mono- and polycrystalline variations. The specific energy characteristics are higher for monocrystalline panels and reach 200 W/sq.m. Compared to foreign analogues, Kvant is optimal due to its low price and relatively small decrease in efficiency throughout its entire service life.

7. Sun Power - portable solar panels

Sun Power is located in Ukraine and for the most part became famous for producing transportable solar complexes. With their help you can get electricity even in hiking conditions. These complexes are distinguished by their mobility, small in size and portability. They have a USB output and have a power of up to 500 W.

Other features of Sun Power portable panels:

• service life – up to 30 years;
• has international CE RoHC certification;
• the new generation of panels can also be integrated into the facade or roof without losing aesthetics.

It is convenient to use such solutions in autonomous lighting of billboards, roads and areas, power supply for campsites and trailers, yachts and boats.

8. “Kvazar” – another Ukrainian manufacturer

The Kvazar company produces a wide range of photovoltaic equipment, including solar panels and charging device. Kvazar solar panels are made from in-house grown silicon crystals and have a reinforced aluminum base. The quality guarantee issued by the manufacturer is a little alarming - only 10 years. However, electroluminescent and other laboratory testing confirm a longer service life - up to 25 years.

Our choice: panels - KV175-200/24 ​​M (monocrystalline), KV220-255M (also mono), KV210-240P (poly version), the numbers in the marking indicate the power of the device.

The price of batteries is from 13,000 rubles. (approximately) for 150 W. In addition to solar panels, Kvazar produces photoelectric converters with cells from 4 × 4 to 6 × 6 inches with an efficiency of up to 18.7%.

9. Vitasvet LLC

The Moscow enterprise Vitasvet LLC produces one basic model SSI-LS200 P3 in four power variations: from 225 to 240 W. Each module consists of 60 multicrystal silicon wafers and is mounted on an aluminum profile.

Here are their main parameters obtained during testing in normal conditions 800 W/sq.m:

Cost – 12,800 rubles. per panel with a power of 240 W.

10. Thermotron plant (Bryansk)

The Termotron enterprise produces autonomous systems street lighting solar-powered and mini-autonomous solar stations. The former are supplied on the basis of serial modules with a high pillar support.

Peculiarities autonomous systems street lighting from Termotron:

• operating temperature range – -40…+50 °C;
• beam opening angle – 135 by 90 degrees;
• guaranteed service life - 12 years in urban conditions;
• support height – from 6 to 11 m;
• power – from 30 to 160 W.

The autonomous station "Ecoterm", produced by the plant, will be of interest to owners country houses and plots. It is also used on farms, telephone exchanges, to equip rural schools, hospitals, and shops. The station operates from a 14.5 kW diesel generator. The price of generated energy with a quantity of 18 photoprocessing elements is 5.12 rubles/kW, the payback period is up to 5 years (check the price of the station with the manufacturer).

Conclusion

We conducted a review of several leading enterprises of the so-called photoenergy industry in Russia and Ukraine, which, we hope, will give an initial idea of ​​the feasibility of using solar panels and will allow you to make the right decision. These are not all brands, but these are the most popular and available for sale.

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