A simple electrical circuit for an alarm lamp burnout. Electrical diagrams for free. Wiring diagram for a burnt out lamp. For the "Non-contact phase indicator" circuit

Dedicated to all owners of Chinese scooters...

To begin with, I would like to present a wiring diagram for a Chinese scooter.

Since all Chinese scooters are very similar, like Siamese twins, their electrical circuits are practically no different.

The diagram was found on the Internet and is, in my opinion, one of the most successful, since it shows the color of the connecting conductors. This greatly simplifies the diagram and makes it more comfortable to read.

(Click on the image to enlarge. The image will open in a new window).

It is worth noting that in the electrical circuit of a scooter, just like in any electronic circuit, There is common wire . For a scooter, the common wire is the minus ( - ). The diagram shows the common wire green color. If you look more closely, you will notice that it is connected to all the electrical equipment of the scooter: the headlight ( 16 ), turns relay ( 24 ), backlight dashboard (15 ), indicator lamps ( 20 , 36 , 22 , 17 ), tachometer ( 18 ), fuel level sensor ( 14 ), sound signal ( 31 ), tail light/brake light ( 13 ), start relay ( 10 ) and other devices.

First, let's go over the main elements of the Chinese scooter circuit.

Egnition lock.

Egnition lock ( 12 ) or "Main switch". The ignition switch is nothing more than a regular multi-position switch. Even though the ignition switch has 3 positions, the electrical circuit uses only 2.

When the key is in the first position it closes red And black the wire. In this case, the voltage from the battery enters the electric circuit of the scooter, the scooter is ready to start. Also ready for use is the fuel level indicator, tachometer, sound signal, turn relay, ignition circuit. They are supplied with power from the battery.

If the ignition switch malfunctions, it can be safely replaced with some kind of switch like a toggle switch. The toggle switch must be powerful enough, because the entire electrical circuit of the scooter is, in fact, switched through the ignition switch. Of course, you can do without a toggle switch if you limit yourself to a short circuit red And black wires, as the heroes of Hollywood action films once did.

In the other two positions, the black and white wire from the CDI ignition module is closed ( 1 ) to the body (common wire). In this case, engine operation is blocked. Some scooter models have an engine stop button ( 27 ), which, like the ignition switch, connects the white black And green(common, body) wire.

Generator.

Generator ( 4 ) produces a variable electricity to power all current consumers and charge the battery ( 6 ).

There are 5 wires coming from the generator. One of them is connected to a common wire (frame). The alternating voltage is removed from the white wire and supplied to the relay-regulator for subsequent straightening and stabilization. WITH yellow The wire removes the voltage, which is used to power the low/high beam lamp, which is installed in the front fairing of the scooter.

Also in the design of the generator there is a so-called Hall Sensor. It is not electrically connected to the generator and there are 2 wires coming from it: white- green And red -black. The hall sensor is connected to the CDI ignition module ( 1 ).

Relay regulator.

Regulator relay ( 5 ). People may call it a “stabilizer”, “transistor”, “regulator”, “voltage regulator” or simply “relay”. All these definitions refer to one piece of hardware. This is what the relay regulator looks like.

The relay regulator on Chinese scooters is installed in the front part under a plastic fairing. The relay-regulator itself is attached to the metal base of the scooter in order to reduce the heating of the relay radiator during operation. This is what the relay regulator looks like on a scooter.

In the operation of a scooter, the relay regulator plays a very important role. The task of the relay regulator is to convert the alternating voltage from the generator into direct voltage and limit it to 13.5 - 14.8 volts. This is the voltage required to charge the battery.

The diagram and photo show that there are 4 wires coming from the relay-regulator. Green- this is the common wire. We have already talked about it. Red- this is the output of a positive DC voltage of 13.5 -14.8 volts.

By white The wire to the regulator relay receives alternating voltage from the generator. Also connected to the regulator yellow wire coming from the generator. It supplies the regulator with alternating voltage from the generator. Due to the electronic circuit of the regulator, the voltage on this wire is converted into a pulsating one, and is supplied to powerful current consumers - the low and high beam lamps, as well as the dashboard backlight lamps (there may be several of them).

The supply voltage of the lamps is not stabilized, but is limited by the relay regulator at a certain level (about 12V), since at high speeds the alternating voltage supplied from the generator exceeds the permissible limit. I think those who have had their dimensions burned out due to malfunctions of the relay-regulator know about this.

Despite all its importance, the device of the relay regulator is quite primitive. If you pick apart the compound with which the printed circuit board is filled, you will find that the main relay is an electronic circuit made from a thyristor BT151-650R, diode bridge on diodes 1N4007, powerful diode 1N5408, as well as several strapping elements: electrolytic capacitors, low-power SMD transistors, resistors and a zener diode.

Due to its primitive circuitry, the relay-regulator often fails. Read about how to check the voltage regulator.

Ignition circuit elements.

One of the most important electrical circuits in a scooter is the ignition circuit. It includes a CDI ignition module ( 1 ), ignition coil ( 2 ), spark plug ( 3 ).

There are 5 wires connected to the CDI module. The CDI module itself is located in the bottom of the scooter body near the battery compartment and is secured to the frame with a rubber clamp. Access to the CDI block is made difficult by the fact that it is located in the bottom part and is covered with decorative plastic, which has to be completely removed.

Structurally, the ignition coil is located next to the start relay. To protect against dust, dirt and accidental short circuits, the coil is covered with a rubber cover.

The ignition coil is connected to the spark plug using a high-voltage wire A7TC (3 ).

The spark plug turned out to be cleverly hidden on the scooter, and it can take quite a long time to find it the first time. But if we “walk” along the high-voltage wire from the ignition coil, the wire will lead us straight to the spark plug cap.

The cap is removed from the candle with a little effort. It is fixed to the spark plug contact with an elastic metal latch.

It is worth noting that the high-voltage wire is connected to the cap without soldering. Stranded wire in isolation it is simply screwed onto the contact screw built into the cap. Therefore, you should not pull the wire too hard, otherwise you can pull the wire out of the cap. This can be easily fixed, but the wire will have to be shortened by 0.5 - 1 cm.

It's not so easy to get to the spark plug itself. To dismantle it, a socket wrench is required. With its help, the candle is simply unscrewed from its seat.

Starter.

Starter ( 8 ). The starter is used to start the engine. It is located in the middle part of the scooter next to the engine. It's not easy to get to.

The starting of the starter is controlled by the starting relay ( 10 ).

The start relay is located on the right side of the scooter frame. The starting relay receives a thick red wire from the positive terminal of the battery. This is how the start relay is energized.

Fuel gauge and indicator.

There are three wires coming from the sensor. Green is common (minus power), and the other two sensors are connected to the fuel level indicator ( 11 ), which is installed on the dashboard of the scooter.

Fuel sensor ( 14 ) and indicator ( 11 ) are one device and are powered by a constant stabilized voltage. Since these two devices are spaced apart, they are connected by a three-pin connector. The positive supply voltage is supplied to the fuel indicator and sensor via the black wire from the ignition switch.

If you open the three-pin connector coming from the fuel sensor, the fuel indicator will no longer show the fuel level in the tank. Therefore, if your fuel indicator does not work, then check the connecting connector between the sensor and the fuel indicator, and also make sure that they are receiving power.

It is also worth remembering that the supply voltage to the sensor and indicator is supplied when the ignition switch is closed ( 12 ). According to the diagram, this is the right position.

Turns relay.

Turn relay or breaker relay ( 24 ). Serves to control the front and rear turn signal lamps.

As a rule, the turn relay is installed next to the instruments (speedometer, tachometer, fuel level indicator) on the dashboard. To see it you have to remove it decorative plastic. It looks like a small plastic barrel with three terminals. When the turn signals are on, it makes characteristic clicks with a frequency of about 1 Hz.

After the turn relay, a turn signal switch is installed ( 23 ). This is an ordinary key switch that switches the positive voltage from the turn relays (gray wire) to the lamps. If you look at the diagram, then with the switch in the right position ( 23 ) we apply voltage through the blue wire to the right front ( 21 ) and right rear ( 32 ) indicator lamp. If the switch is in the left position, then the gray wire is shorted to the orange one, and we supply power to the left front ( 19 ) and left rear ( 33 ) indicator lamp. In addition, parallel to the corresponding indicator lamps ( 19 , 20 , 32 , 33 ) signal lamps are connected ( 20 And 22 ), which are located on the dashboard of the scooter and serve as a purely informational signal for the scooter driver.

Sound signal.

Sound signal ( 31 ) of the scooter is located under the plastic fairing of the scooter next to the relay regulator.

The audio signal supply voltage is constant. It comes from a relay regulator or battery (if the engine is turned off) through the ignition switch and the horn button ( 25 ).

Low/high beam lamp ( 16 ). Yes, the same one that lights our way in the dark.

The lamp itself is double with two filaments and three contacts for connection to an electrical circuit. One of the contacts, of course, is common. Lamp power 25W, supply voltage 12V. It burns shamelessly when the relay-regulator is faulty due to the fact that it does not limit the voltage amplitude at 12 volts, which leads to the fact that a voltage of 16 - 27 volts, or even more, is supplied to the lamp. It all depends on the speed.

Therefore, if at idle the lamp shines very brightly, and not at full intensity, then it is better to turn it off and check the relay regulator. If you leave everything as is, the low/high beam lamp will burn out, which is sad. Its cost is decent.

In the photo next to it is the turn signal lamp (red). Lamp power 5W for supply voltage 12V.

Process control circuits consist of open channels through which information about the progress of the technological process enters the facility control point.

Process control systems have a large number of parameters (or states) production mechanisms), about which only two-position information is sufficient for the operator to carry out the technological process normally (the parameter is normal - the parameter is out of norm, the mechanism on - the mechanism is off, etc.).

These parameters are monitored using alarm circuits. Most often, in these circuits, electrical relay contact elements with light and sound signaling of parameter deviations are most widely used.

Light signaling is carried out using various signal fittings. In this case, the light signal can be reproduced with a steady or flashing light, or by illuminating lamps in an incomplete channel. Sound signaling is usually carried out using bells, beeps and sirens. In some cases, signaling the activation of protection or automation can be done using special signaling indicator relays-blinkers.

Alarm systems are developed specifically for of this object, so their schematic diagrams are always available.

Signaling circuit diagrams according to their intended purpose can be divided into the following groups:

1) position (status) signaling circuits - for status information technological equipment(“Open” - “Closed”, “Enabled” - “Disabled”, etc.),

2) schemes process alarm, providing information about the status of such process parameters as temperature, pressure, flow, level, concentration, etc.,

3) command signaling schemes that allow the transmission of various instructions (orders) from one control point to another using light or sound signals.

According to the principle of action, they are distinguished:

1) alarm schemes with individual sound signal removal, characterized by sufficient simplicity and the presence of an individual key, button or other for each signal switching device, which allows you to turn off the sound signal.

Such schemes are used for signaling the position or condition of individual units and are of little use for mass process signaling, since in them, simultaneously with the sound signal, the light signal is usually turned off,

2) circuits with a central (general) sound signal pickup without repeating the action, equipped with a single device with which you can turn off the sound signal while maintaining the individual light signal. The disadvantage of schemes without a repeated sound signal is the impossibility of receiving a new sound signal before the contacts open electrical devices, which caused the appearance of the first signal,

3) circuits with central pickup of an audio signal with repeated action, which compare favorably with previous schemes by the ability to repeatedly sound a signal when any alarm sensor is triggered, regardless of the state of all other sensors.

Based on the type of current, a distinction is made between direct and alternating current circuits.

In practice, the development of technological process automation systems is used various schemes alarms that differ both in structure and in the methods of constructing their individual nodes. The choice of the most rational principle for constructing a signaling circuit is determined by the specific conditions of its operation, as well as technical requirements requirements for lighting equipment and alarm sensors.

Position signaling circuits

These schemes are performed for mechanisms that have two or more operating positions. It is not possible to show and analyze all the signaling schemes encountered in practice, as well as give an analysis of the reliability and effectiveness of each because of their diversity. Therefore, below we will consider the most typical and frequently repeated scheme options in practice.

The most widespread are two options for constructing circuits for signaling the position (state) of technological mechanisms:

1) signaling circuits combined with control circuits,

2) signaling circuits with power supply independent of control circuits for a group of technological mechanisms for the same or different purposes.

Alarm circuits combined with control circuits are, as a rule, carried out in the case when switchboards and control panels do not have mnemonic diagrams, but effective area switchboards and consoles allows the use of signal equipment without limiting its size, allowing direct power from control circuits. Signaling the position (state) of technological mechanisms in such circuits can be carried out by one or two light signals with the lamps burning evenly.

Circuits built with one lamp signal, as a rule, the on state of the mechanism and are used in conditions where the progress of the technological process and reliability allow such signaling.

It should be noted that such schemes do not provide equipment that allows periodic checking of the serviceability of the lamps during operation. The absence of such control in the event of a lamp burnout can lead to false information about the state of the mechanism and disruption of the normal flow of the technological process. Therefore, if the appearance of false information about the state of the technological process is not allowed, circuits with two-lamp alarms are used.

Position signaling circuits using two lamps are also used for mechanisms such as shut-off devices (latches, flaps, flaps, vanes, etc.), since it is possible to ensure reliable signaling of two operating positions (“Open” - “Closed”) of such devices with one lamp it is almost difficult.

Rice. 1 . Examples of constructing the simplest signaling circuits combined with control circuits

Rice. 2. Examples of alarm circuits with independent power supply: a - turning on lamps through the block contacts of magnetic starters, b - bringing the diagram to a form convenient for reading, c - if the position of the control key does not correspond to the position of the controlled mechanism, the lamp flashes, d - if the control key does not correspond to the position of the controlled one mechanism, the lamp is not fully illuminated, LO - signal lamp “Mechanism is turned off”, LV, L1 - L4 - signal lamps “Mechanism is on”, V, OV, OO, O - positions of the control key of the CU (respectively “On”, “Operation on” , “Operation disable”, “Disabled”), ShMS - flashing light bus, ShRS - steady light bus, DS1, DS2 - additional resistors, PM - block contacts magnetic starter, KPL - button for checking lamps, D1-D4 - separating diodes

Let's summarize some results. Circuits with power control independent of circuits (see Fig. 2) are used mainly for signaling the position of various technological mechanisms on mnemonic circuits. In such circuits, small-sized signal equipment, designed for AC or AC power, is predominantly used. DC voltage not exceeding 60 V.

The signal can be reproduced using one or two lamps that burn steadily or flashingly (see Fig. 2, c) or incompletely glowing (see Fig. 2, d). Such light signals are usually used in circuits that signal inconsistency in the position of an organ remote control mechanism, in this case the CU control key, the actual position of the mechanism.

In position signaling circuits with power supply independent of control circuits, performed using a single lamp, as a rule, equipment is provided for monitoring the serviceability of signal lamps (see Fig. 2a).

Process signaling diagrams

Process alarm circuits are designed to alert service personnel about disruption of the normal course of the technological process. The process alarm is displayed with a steady and flashing light and is usually accompanied by a sound signal.

The intended purpose of the alarm can be warning or emergency. This division ensures different reactions service personnel on the nature of the signal that determines one or another degree of disruption of the technological process.

The most widely used are process alarm circuits with central audio signal pickup. They make it possible to receive a new sound signal before the contacts that caused the previous signal to appear are opened. The use of various relay and signaling equipment, different voltages and types of current practically does not change the principle of operation of the circuits.

Technological processes require positional control large number parameters, and characteristic feature technological signaling circuits is the presence of common circuit units in which information coming from many two-position process sensors is processed.

Information from these nodes is issued in the form of sound and light signals only about those parameters whose values ​​are out of the norm or necessary for control technological process. Thanks to common components, the need for equipment and the costs of production automation are reduced.

Depending on the number of signaled parameters light alarm can be performed with steady or flashing light. When signaling many parameters (more than 30), schemes with blinking of the received signal are used. If the number of parameters is less than 30, schemes with even light are used.

The operating algorithm of process alarm circuits is the same in most cases: when a parameter deviates from a specified value or exceeds the permissible value, sound and light signals are given, the sound signal is removed with the sound signal release button, the light signal disappears when the deviation of the parameter from the permissible value decreases.

Rice. 3. Process alarm circuit with isolating diodes and flashing light: LKN - voltage control lamp, Zv - bell, RPS - warning relay, RP1-RPn - intermediate relays of individual signals, switched on by contacts of sensors D1 - Dn of process control, LS1 - LSn - individual lamps , 1D1-1Dn, 2D1-2Dn - decoupling diodes, KOS - signal testing button, KSS - signal pickup button, ShRS - steady light bus, ShMS - flashing light bus

Rice. 4. Alarm circuit using a pulse pair instead of a flashing light source

Process alarm circuits with a sound signal dependent on a light signal are used only for warning signaling of the state of non-essential process parameters, since in these circuits a loss of signal is possible if the signal lamp is faulty.

There may be process alarm circuits with individual sound signal pickup. The circuits are constructed using for each signal an independent key, button or other switching device that turns off the sound signal, and is used to signal the state of individual units. Simultaneously with the sound signal, the light signal also turns off.

Command signaling circuits

Command signaling provides one-way or two-way transmission of various command signals in conditions where the use of other types of communication is technically impractical, and in some cases difficult or impossible. Command signaling diagrams are simple and, as a rule, do not cause difficulties when reading them.

Rice. 5. An example of a circuit diagram of a command signaling (a) and an interaction diagram (b and c).

In Fig. 5, and the diagram of one-sided light is shown sound alarm to call commissioning personnel to workplaces. The call is made from the workplace by pressing the call buttons (KV1-KVZ), which on the dispatcher's panel turn on light (L1-LZ) and sound (Sv) signals. Dispatcher, setting by light signal the number of the workplace from which the signal came, by pressing the KSS signal release button, the circuit returns to its original state. Relays RP1-RPZ and RS1-RSZ are intermediate.

Signal lamps serve for light signaling of the state of the controlled circuit. Using them, you can quickly determine the presence of voltage at the input to the panel, whether any circuit is turned on or not, etc. They are very easy to operate and understand for an untrained person. If the lamp lights up, then there is voltage in the network, and if not, then there is no voltage. If the distribution panel has a transparent cover, then the LS-47 signal lamps create a very beautiful illumination there. It's like an added bonus.

Signal lamps LS-47 are produced different manufacturers. These are IEK, EKF, TDM and others. They are modular and very similar to circuit breakers. Only instead of a switch, they have the lamp itself. They are mounted on a DIN rail. This design allows them to be installed in any distribution panel next to other modular devices. LS-47 is a neon lamp with a current limiting resistor connected in series.

Very simple. It has two outputs (contacts) to which “phase” and “zero” are connected.

Here is the diagram from the device passport...

Also, the connection diagram is often shown on the signal lamp body itself...

Here are a couple of diagrams of a single-phase distribution board, where a signal lamp is connected to the input. It can be used to monitor the presence of input voltage.

You can also visually check the presence of voltage in three-phase network. Sometimes there are emergency situations, when one of the phases breaks, somewhere on the contact network. If your house has a 3-phase input, and the load is single-phase and distributed into three groups, then if one phase fails, only some of the electrical appliances will not work. This is often misleading. For example, sockets and lights may work in some rooms, but not in others. In such a situation, a search begins for the place in a given line where a phase or zero has disappeared (broken). In such a situation, if there is an LS-47 signal lamp at the input, you can immediately visually determine that the voltage has simply disappeared in one of the phases. This means the problem is not in your home, but somewhere in the contact network.

Here is a diagram of a three-phase distribution board, where LS-47 signal lamps are connected to the input on each phase.

So we figured out the connection diagram for the LS-47 signal lamp.

Do you use such lamps anywhere in your home?

Let's smile:

Two dogs are talking in Pavlov's clinic. One says:
- Look, there are men coming who react to the light of a light bulb. As soon as a light comes on, they serve food.

General diagram of the electrical equipment of the car

Control devices, sound signals, electric motors, radio receivers and other devices that do not have individual (built-in) protection are protected by fuses.

Rice. 1. Schematic diagram electrical equipment of the ZIL -130 car: 1 - relay regulator, 2 - generator, 3 - ammeter, 4 - battery, 5 - starter relay, 6 - ST130-A1 starter, 7 - ignition switch, 8 - additional resistance, 9 - coil ignition switch, 10 - transistor switch, 11 - distributor, 12 - spark plug, 13 - bimetallic fuse block, 14 - heater motor switch, 15 - heater motor resistance, 16 - heater motor, 17 - turn signal breaker relay, 18 - flashlight warning lamp, 19 - indicator lamp for emergency water overheating, 20 - temperature sensor, 21 - fuel level indicator, 22 - fuel level indicator sensor, 23 - water temperature indicator, 24 - water temperature indicator sensor, 25 - indicator lamp for emergency drop oil pressure, 26 - pressure gauge contact, 27 - turn signal switch, 28 - brake light switch, 29, 30 - rear lights, 31 - sidelight, 32 - headlight, 33 - light switch, 34 - engine compartment light, 35 - courtesy light switch , 36 - lamp holder, 37 - foot light switch, 38 - socket for high beam headlight warning lamp, 39 - socket for instrument lighting lamps, 40 - bimetallic fuse, 41 - plug socket, 42 - sound signal, 43 - horn button (included in steering column kit), 44 - plug socket, 45 - turn signal repeater lamp

The ignition and starting circuits are not protected from short circuits so as not to reduce their operational reliability.

Thermal fuses are divided into multiple and single action fuses. When there is an overload or short circuit in the circuit, the relay fuse contact pulsates, turning the circuit on and off. The single-action fuse contacts open in these cases. Turn on the fuse (close the contacts) by pressing the button.

Fuse links are replaced after eliminating the causes that caused them. short circuit. When replacing a fuse-link, use only wire of the appropriate cross-section. For example, with a maximum fuse current of 10 A, the tinned copper wire of the fuse link must have a diameter of 0.26 mm (for 15 A, respectively, 0.37 mm). It is strictly forbidden to use thicker wire (“bugs”) or factory fuses designed for a higher rated current.

To prevent electrical wiring faults, it is recommended:
— periodically clean wires, screw and plug terminals from dirt and moisture;
— pay special attention to the condition of screw and plug connections, avoiding corrosion, oxidation and weakening of connections. To prevent oxidation of the contact surfaces of the joints, litol lubricant, etc. is used;
— regularly check the voltage drop in sections of circuits and contact connections of the main consumers of electricity.

Most of the faults in electrical equipment of automobiles occur due to untimely and poor-quality maintenance.

The main malfunctions in the on-board network are:
— break in the chain of sources and consumers electrical energy;
— excessive reduction in voltage in the circuit of sources and consumers of electrical energy;
- short circuit of wires and insulated parts and components of devices to the body (ground) of the car.

It is advisable to start searching for the cause of the malfunction by checking by hand the secure fastening of the wire lugs on the terminals of electrical devices, since a significant part of the malfunctions in the electrical equipment system occurs when the fastening of these lugs is loosened. At the same time, the resistance in the circuit increases, the temperature of the terminals increases, and when the car moves due to vibration, the contact in the circuit is even broken.

A break in the circuit of sources and consumers of electrical energy occurs due to melting of a fuse, opening of contacts in a thermobimetallic fuse, rupture of wires, loose fastening of wire tips on the terminals, broken contact in the plug connection of wires, broken contact in switches and switches, broken circuit in consumers (burnout filament in a lamp, burnout of an additional resistor or electric motor winding, etc.).

Due to the widespread use of electronics in cars, fuses, which are installed in separate blocks or blocks, have become widespread. When troubleshooting a circuit, it is convenient to use diagrams and tables with a list of consumers protected by numbered fuses (the tables are given in the vehicle’s factory operating instructions). In order to ensure that the fuse is working properly, it is necessary to turn on the consumers protected by this fuse one by one. If at least one consumer is working, the fuse is good.

If a fuse insert has melted, then before replacing it with a new one, it is necessary to eliminate the malfunction that caused the melting of the insert. If there is no spare insert, you can solder a copper wire with a diameter of 0.18 mm to the contacts of the insert for a current of 6 A, 0.23 mm for a current of 8 A; 0.26 mm - for 10 A, 0.34 mm - for 16 A, 0.36 mm - for 20 A.

Before installing a new insert, it is necessary to bend the terminals of the holder, which will ensure reliable contact between the insert and the holder. Using the example of a simple electrical circuit of a GAZ-bZA car, we will consider searching for broken wires and other faults in the on-board network (Fig. 2). For example, the headlights do not light up.

Rice. 2. Electrical diagram of the GAZ -63A car: 1 - emergency oil pressure warning lamp sensor; 2- oil pressure gauge indicator sensor in the lubrication system; 3- breaker-distributor; 4 - transistor switch; 5 - engine overheat indicator sensor; 6 - engine coolant temperature indicator sensor; 7 - additional resistors; 8- starter activation relay; 9- turn signal switch; 10 - control lamp for turning on the high beam headlights; 11 - engine compartment lamp; 12 - wiper motor switch; 13-turn indicator switch; 14 - brake light switch; 15 - foot light switch; 16 - central light switch; 17- plug socket for a portable lamp; 18, 19 - thermobimetallic fuses; 20-ignition switch; 21 - heater electric motor; 22 - dome lamp switch; 23 - fuel level sensor; 24 - lamps for lighting control and measuring instruments; 25 - trailer socket

Consider the current path in the headlight circuit. Positive terminal of the battery - terminal of the starter traction relay - ammeter - terminal "AM" of the ignition switch 20 - fuse 18 terminal "1" of the main light switch 16 - terminal "4" of the switch 16 - terminal of the foot light switch 15 - output terminal of the foot switch ( one of two depending on the position of the switch) - terminal of the connecting panel (block) - filament of the headlight lamps - car body - negative terminal of the battery.

To determine an open circuit in this circuit, connect one wire from a test lamp * or a voltmeter to the car body, and with the end of the other wire touch the terminals of consumers, devices, switches and connecting panels included in this circuit, starting from the positive terminal of the battery, in the sequence considered current paths. Before connecting the control lamp to terminal “4” of the main light switch, you must set the switch handle to position II. When connecting a test lamp to the output of the foot switch, you must press its rod 2-3 times.

When the test lamp goes out (or the voltmeter needle deviates to zero), this will indicate that the circuit has an open circuit in the area from the previous point where the test lamp (voltmeter) wire touched to this point in the circuit being tested.

A broken wire can be determined in another way. To do this, you need to disconnect the ends of the wire being tested and connect it in series with a lamp (or voltmeter) to the battery. If there is a break, the indicator lamp will not light up.

If necessary, check the serviceability of the lamps without removing them from the headlights. To do this, a conductor is used to connect the positive terminal of the battery to the corresponding terminal of the connecting panel, to which the conductors from the lamps being tested are connected. A working lamp will light up.

If the lamp in the headlight is working properly, it, like the control lamp, will burn with incomplete intensity. The control lamp lights up at full intensity in the event of a short circuit to the housing electrical circuit in the headlight.

Attention!

It is strictly prohibited to check the serviceability of the electrical energy consumer circuits of the vehicle “by spark,” i.e., by shorting the wire to the housing, since even a short-term short circuit can cause damage to semiconductor devices of electrical equipment, printed circuit boards of mounting blocks, etc.

An unacceptable voltage drop in consumer circuits is created due to an increase in resistance at the points where wire lugs are attached to the terminals of electrical energy sources and consumers, devices, connecting panels, as well as in the plug connections of conductors. Resistance increases due to oxidation of the contacting surfaces of parts, as well as a violation of the strength of fastening of wire tips.

For example, when the terminals of the battery and the tips of the starter wires are oxidized, at the battery terminals due to a sharp increase in resistance in the circuit, even when the starter and battery are in good condition, the current in the circuit is significantly reduced, and therefore the torque on the starter drive gear and the armature rotation speed are reduced. . As a result, the starting speed of the engine crankshaft is not ensured and it does not start.

Another example. In case of contact failure in the connection of wires at the terminals, oxidation or loose contacts in the light switches, the lamps do not light up or significantly reduce the light intensity. Similar phenomena are created in other circuits of the vehicle’s on-board network. As a rule, heating increases in places where the wires are loosened, which is a sign of this malfunction. Increasing the temperature of parts accelerates their oxidation. The voltage drop in volts in various circuits of electrical energy consumers is determined as follows. First, the voltage is measured at the terminals of the battery, then, for example, at the terminals of the connecting panels in the lighting and light signaling circuit. The voltage difference between the source and the terminals of the connecting panels will be the magnitude of the voltage drop in the circuit under study.

The permissible voltage drop in the electrical circuit of headlights, sidelights, direction indicators, and light signaling lamps should not be more than 0.9 V for a 12-volt system and 0.6 V for a 24-volt system. At each wire lug riveting, the voltage drop should not exceed 0.1 V.

The short circuit of conductors and parts of apparatus and electrical equipment to the car body occurs due to the destruction of insulation due to mechanical or thermal damage. Since the conductors connecting sources and consumers of electrical energy have very low resistance, when they are shorted to the car body, current will flow through them great strength, causing the fuse to open the circuit. If it is not protected by a fuse, then the insulation is destroyed and the conductors melt and thermal damage to the ammeter occurs. This may cause a fire.

To determine whether a wire is shorted to the car body, it is necessary to disconnect the ends of the wire being tested from the terminals and connect one end in series with a lamp or voltmeter to the positive terminal of the battery. If there is a short to the housing, the lamp will glow (dimly or brightly depending on the degree of the short circuit), and the voltmeter needle will show the voltage at the battery terminals.

Failure of electrical energy consumers connected to a group thermobimetallic fuse most often occurs due to the opening of its contacts when this circuit is closed to the car body. To check, you should press the button of this fuse, and if its contacts open again, then there is a short circuit to the car body in the circuit of connected consumers. In this case, you need to turn off the consumers, press the fuse button, and then turn on the consumers one by one. Correct consumers will work. If, when turning on any consumer, the fuse contacts open, then there is a short circuit to the housing in the circuit of this consumer.

On many modern cars a mounting block is installed in the on-board network, in which all fuses and most of various relays. In Fig. Figure 3 shows the mounting block 17.3722 of the VAZ-2108 car, in which fuses (Pr1 - Pr16) and relays (K1 - KN) are installed. There are also resistors R1 and R2, diodes D1 and D2 of type KD215A, diodes DZ, D4 and D5 of type KD105B. The block has 11 plug blocks (Ш1-Ш11) for connecting bundles of wires.

Rice. 3. Mounting block of fuses and relays 17.3722 for VAZ -2108:

Rice. 4. Internal connection diagram

If, in the event of a malfunction, there is a need to check the corresponding circuit in the mounting block, it is necessary to general scheme electrical equipment of the car or the power supply circuit of a faulty consumer, find the numbers of inputs and outputs of this circuit in the mounting block. Using the circuit diagram of the mounting block (Fig. 4), you can trace the switching of this circuit inside the block. Then, using Fig. 3, b, find these pads and plugs on the block and use a test lamp or ohmmeter to check the circuit. Since some circuits include diodes, the “+” of the current source, test lamp or ohmmeter is connected to the input, and the “-” to the output of the circuit. If the circuit being tested includes a fuse or a relay, then to test the circuit you must first check the fuse and install jumpers instead of the relay: one instead of contacts and the other instead of a coil.

The entry, for example, Ш1-2 means: plug block No. 1, pin No. 2. The entry K1.15-K11 in the “Contacts...” column means that you need to connect plugs “15” and “1” of relay socket K1 with a jumper. Jumpers can also be installed instead of a faulty relay.

For example, you need to check the brake light circuit on a VAZ -2108. Having found the brake light switch on the general electrical diagram, we see that two wires go to it: white and red (purple). The first of them goes into block Ш4, the second - into block Ш2.

Rice. 5. Checking the control lamp mounting block with an ohmmeter

There or according to separate wiring diagrams, usually given in repair manuals, we see that the white wire is connected to terminal No. 10, and the red wire to No. 3. According to the switching diagram of the mounting block, also available in the repair manuals, we find that power is supplied from pin Sh4-10 and it, in turn, is connected through the fuse Prb to the closed pins Sh8-5, Sh8-6 and Sh8-7, two of which are used to supply power from the generator (battery). There we also find that through pin Ш2-3 and then Ш9-14, current is supplied to the lamps in the rear lights.

If the fuse is working (usually you need to verify this immediately, using the fuse table, located, for example, in the “Car Operation Manual”), connect a test lamp (Fig. 5) to terminals Ш4-10 and Ш8-7 (Ш8-5, Ш8-6). Similarly, we check the circuit of the mounting block between terminals 1JJ2-3 and Ш9-14. If there is a break in the circuit, you need to disassemble the block and solder the broken section of the board (you can solder a conductor parallel to it) or replace the printed circuit boards.

Another example: you need to check the low beam circuit of the right VAZ -2108 headlight in the mounting block. According to the fuse table, we find that the low beam filament of this headlight is protected by fuse Pr 16. In Fig. 4 it can be seen that this fuse, on the one hand, has an output to Shch5-6 and Sh7-4 (empty), and on the other hand, it is connected through the contacts of the KN relay with power (pins Sh8-7, Sh8--5, Shch8-6, as and in the previous example). In turn, the gearbox relay coil is connected to terminal Ш4-12 (on the left-hand light switch) and the ground of the block - terminals ШЗ-5 and Ш10-5.

To check these circuits, instead of the relay, we install two jumpers: 30-87; 85-86. Then we connect the ohmmeter to terminals Ш8-7 (Ш8-5, Ш8-6) and Ш5-6. The resistance should be close to zero. Similarly, we connect the ohmmeter to terminals Ш4-12 and ШЗ-5 (Ш10-5).

It is obvious that using a test lamp in the first example and an ohmmeter in the second is equivalent.

On a car, to check the serviceability of the relay, for example, K11, it can be replaced with a similar one, for example, K5. If after replacing the relay the headlights turn on, then the unit is working, and the replaced relay is faulty. Instead of a faulty relay, you can leave a jumper, but keep in mind that in this case the contacts of the headlight switch will be overloaded, which will cause them to oxidize. Detailed testing of various relays is described in the relevant sections of the book.

Sources and consumers of electrical energy, together with wires and switching elements (switches and switches), make up the electrical circuit of a car. To transmit electrical energy from a source to consumers, wires are used, which are divided into low and high voltage wires based on insulation. For low voltage, wires of the PGVA brand (flexible vinyl automotive wire) or PGVAE (shielded) are used.

In the secondary circuit of the ignition system, special high-voltage wires of the PVV (GAZ-66) or PVS-7 (ZIL-131, Ural-375D) brand are used.

On cars, a single-wire electrical system is used, in which the second wire is replaced by metal parts of the car itself (the mass of the car).

A single-wire system halves the number of wires, greatly simplifying the circuit and reducing cost. At the same time, a single-wire system requires better insulation of wires and their fastening. If the insulation is broken, the wires may directly touch the vehicle ground, causing short circuits.

Upon examination and maintenance car, it is necessary to carefully check the condition of the wire insulation and eliminate the causes of damage to the wires (rubbing on sharp edges, excessive sagging, contact with flammable and lubricants). Special attention When installing electrical equipment, it is necessary to pay attention to the reliability of the connection of their housings with the mass of the vehicle. This is achieved by cleaning the seats from dirt, corrosion and paint, as well as by securely fastening the wires connecting the instrument housings to each other and to the vehicle ground.

For ease of installation and protection of wires from mechanical damage they are connected into bundles with cotton braiding. Wires (bundles) are fastened using staples, the distance between which should be 30-40 cm.

To ensure good electrical contact and simplify the installation of circuits, plug-in connections of wires to device terminals are now widely used. To quickly find the desired wire in a common bundle of wires, external insulation made in color. This makes it easier to install wires, as well as find and eliminate faults in electrical circuits -

In Fig. 1 shows a complete diagram of the electrical equipment of the GAZ -66 car. Knowledge of the circuit and current paths is necessary for quickly detecting and eliminating faults in electrical equipment that arise during vehicle operation.

Studying the circuit is easier if you keep in mind some general provisions, the main ones being the following:
1. First of all, it is necessary to identify the circuits connecting the battery, generator, relay regulator, ignition switch, ammeter and central light switch. All current consumers are connected to one of the listed devices.
2. Determine the composition of each circuit of electrical equipment.
3. Find the system devices on the diagram and on the car and study the order in which the devices are connected to each other.
4. Trace the path of the current in the circuit and understand the physical meaning of its effect on a particular consumer. It must be borne in mind that each consumer (with the exception of electric starting system devices) can be powered by current from both the battery and the generator. When the engine is idle and operating at low crankshaft speed, when the generator voltage is less than the battery voltage, all consumers are powered by the battery. When the engine operates at medium and high crankshaft speeds, all consumers, including the battery, receive energy from the generator.
5. Only the discharge and charging current of the battery passes through the ammeter. The generator current that goes to power consumers does not pass through the ammeter.
6. The circuit of each consumer starts from the “+” terminal of the current source and ends with the “-” terminal of the same source.
7. The current path to all consumers, except the charging circuit, ignition system and electric starting system, passes through fuses.

Consider, for example, the current path in the primary circuit of the ignition system of a GAZ -66 car from the battery and from the generator. To turn on this circuit, you must use the ignition key to close terminals AM and short circuit of the ignition switch. In this case, the current flows like this: terminal “+” of the battery - starter clamp - ammeter - ignition switch - additional resistor - terminal K of the transistor switch - primary winding ignition coils - unnamed terminal of the transistor switch - transistor switch - ground - battery switch - terminal “-” of the battery.

The current path of the primary circuit of the ignition system from the generator: terminal “+” of the generator 12 - terminal “+” of the ammeter 45 - terminal AM of the ignition switch 46, and then the same path remains as when powered by a battery, only the current flows from ground to terminal "-" of the generator.

Rice. 1. Electrical diagram of the GAZ-66 car:
1 - sidelight; 2 - headlight; 3 - connecting panel; 4 – sound signal button; 5 - sound signal; 6 - engine compartment lamp; 7—special flashlight; 8 - fuel level indicator; 9 - voltage regulator; 10 - coolant temperature indicator; 11 - control lamp for coolant temperature; 12 - generator; 13 - heater motor switch; 14 - heater electric motor; 15 - radiator coolant temperature warning lamp sensor: 16 - engine coolant temperature sensor; 17 - transistor switch; 18 - damping resistance; 19 - spark plug; 20 - ignition coil; 21 - distributor; 22 - right fuel level sensor fuel tank; 23 - sound signal switch; 24 - body lamp switch; 25 - body lamp; 26 - push-button heater fuse; 27 - control spiral; 28 - spark plug switch; 29 - electric heater fan; 30 - glow plugs; 31 - additional resistor; 32 - fuel tank sensor switch; 33 - additional starter relay; 34 - cabin ceiling; 35 - lamp switch; 36 - turning headlight switch; 37 - instrument panel lighting lamp; 38 - oil pressure indicator; 39 warning lamp for emergency oil pressure; 40-turn signal indicator lamp; 41, 44 - oil pressure sensors; 42 - wiper motor switch; 43 - turning headlight; 45 - ammeter; 46 - ignition switch; 47 - push-button fuse; 48 - electric windshield wiper motor: 49 - plug socket; 50 - breaker, 51 - direction indicator switch; 52 - brake light switch; 53 - control lamp for high beam headlights; 54 - central light switch; 55 - starter; 56 - solenoid valve switch; 57 - solenoid valve; 58 - battery switch; 59 - battery; 60 - wire connector; 61 - trailer socket; 62 - back light; 63 - fuel level sensor of the left fuel tank; 64 - detachable connections; 6!5 - sound alarm relay; 66 - foot light switch, symbol colors: B - white; K - red; F - yellow; 3 - green; KOR - brown; A - black; G - blue; O - orange; P - pink; F - purple; C - gray

Typical reasons causing interruptions and failures in the operation of electrical equipment systems and circuits include:
— weakening of contact in circuit connections;
— oxidation of contacts and contact connections;
— damage to insulation and short circuit to ground of wires and current-carrying elements of electrical equipment;
— lack of reliable connection of instrument housings with the vehicle’s mass; circuit breaks.

It is convenient to detect the location of a break or short to ground using a test lamp (A12-1 or A12-3) by sequentially checking all sections of the circuit. The nature of the fault in the circuit (open or short circuit) is indicated by the ammeter arrow when connecting this circuit to the battery.

A complete diagram of the vehicle's electrical equipment is given in each instruction manual (manual) for operating this vehicle. This makes it easier to find a fault if it occurs.

TO category: - 1Domestic cars

A burnt-out side light may not be noticed immediately. In one case, it will only cost us to replace the lamp, and in another, if the guard noticed it first, it will cost us much more.
A simple diagram that allows you to identify a burnt out lamp is shown in the figure below. The cadmium sulfide photocell is located near
controlled lamp. When the lamp is on, internal resistance There is very little photocell. The base of transistor Q1 is connected to the common bus of the circuit through a low resistance. The transistor is closed and no current flows through the sound alarm. If the lamp burns out or does not light for some reason, the resistance of the photocell increases, and thereby creates a bias at the base of the transistor. It opens, the photodiode lights up, and a warning signal sounds. The circuit is included in the same circuit from which the lamp receives power. This connection avoids triggering the signal circuit when the lamp is simply turned off.
Assembly and use. You can mount one or more single-channel alarms on a sheet insulating material and then place it in a plastic case. Place LEDs and buzzer in comfortable spot so that you can monitor them without compromising safe driving. Wiring diagram could be anyone. The photocell should be placed as close to the lamp as possible; it must be directed towards her.

The figure shows a circuit with which six individual lamps can be controlled simultaneously. If any of these lamps burns out, the corresponding diode will light up and an audible signal will sound.
In most cases, the number of lamps on a car at the same time does not exceed six. The number of sensors used can be reduced either by removing the input and output circuits connected to the unused inverter, or, if this may be necessary in the future, by shorting the connection points of the photocells to the circuit with a jumper. The latter can be left in place. If any stage of the device will never be used, remove the photocell and resistor diodes connected to the output. You should leave a 27 kOhm resistor in the circuit, which connects the inverter input to the common bus, which will protect it from damage.
Before you do additional changes, let's look at how the circuit works. Like two peas in a pod, all six sensors are similar to each other and have separate inputs and output M. The outputs of all six sensors are connected via diodes to one electronic key, which turns on an audible alarm. Due to the similarity of the circuit configuration, the description of sensor L applies to all six. A photocell illuminated by light creates a high voltage at the inverter input. The inverter output signal is always opposite in sign to the input signal, and therefore the output voltage is low or close to zero. While the voltage at the inverter output is low, the LED does not light up and no forward bias is applied to the base of transistor Q1. The buzzer is silent. As soon as the lamp illuminating the photocell stops burning, the voltage at the inverter input will drop, causing high voltage at the output, LED D1 will light up, and the bias that appears at the base of transistor Q1 will turn on the warning signal. The circuit will signal a problem as long as the output of one or more inverters is high.
This scheme is also not critical to the arrangement of parts, so any design will do. You can mount circuit components on pins plugged into the board or on printed circuit board- choose any method that is convenient for you. Particular care should be taken when installing photocells near lamps. For this, it is good to use silicone resin. After applying a small dab, attach the photocell in place, being careful not to damage it or the surrounding parts. It is a good idea to add a switch in series with the buzzer in the collector circuit of transistor Q1. This will allow you to turn off the sound signal in the event that a burnt-out lamp cannot be immediately replaced.
A similar circuit is suitable for monitoring almost all lamps, except headlights. The fact is that there is no way to mount photocells close to their incandescent lamps. And this problem is more likely to be mechanical than electronic. The solution lies in another electronic circuit. The diagram in the figure will allow you to control several incandescent lamps without the use of photocells.
The operation of this circuit, used in conjunction with high-power lamps, is based on recording a large current. Transistor Q1, inductor

Power lamp control device (a) and generator inductor (b)

L1A and L1B together with the surrounding parts form a high frequency generator. The oscillation frequency is determined by the capacitances of capacitors C1 and C2 and the inductance of the coils. When no current flows through coil L1B, the generator is not overloaded and gives a signal with a swing of 5 V on resistor R2. The alternating voltage is supplied to the rectifier with doubling the voltage on diodes D, D2 and capacitors C4, C5. The DC voltage at its output creates a bias at the base of transistor Q2. Resistor R8 sets the response threshold from a current of 2 A and below through coil L1B. The current through this coil degrades the quality factor of the generator's resonant circuit, causing its output signal to decrease. When the signal is below the threshold level, the LED and buzzer do not work. But as soon as the lamp burns out, the current in coil L1B drops, the bias on transistor Q2 increases, and the LED and sound signal turn on. If desired, you can configure the device so that it reacts to the burnout of one lamp out of several connected in parallel.
Tips for assembling the circuit. Most circuit components can be mounted using one of the methods described above. Any arrangement can be used, since the operation of the device is insensitive to the location of parts.
Coil L1B, which serves as a current sensor, is wound on a ferrite rod measuring 10 x 0.6 cm. At one end of the rod, 75 turns of enamel are wound between rubber rings spaced 3.2 cm apart. copper wire cross section 0.13 mm 2. The coil is wound turn to turn. Having secured it at the ends, leave 7.5 cm leads for connection to the circuit.
Once you have found the power wire that goes to the lamp or lamps you want to control, see if it can be directly wound 4-8 turns on the other end of the ferrite rod. If you cannot wind the L1B coil in this way, then do it with an enameled wire with a cross-section of 3-5 mm2, then connect the winding in series to the supply wire.
Place the circuit as close as possible to the current-carrying conductor. If you need to place it in a different location, make sure that the connecting wires can withstand the current consumed by the lamp. The specific number of turns on the L1B coil is determined based on the current value in the lamp circuit. As the number of coil turns increases, the circuit's sensitivity to lower currents increases. If the wire powering the lamp allows, wind the L1B coil with 8 turns. The scheme will then become universal. Resistor R8 gives a wide adjustment range, and the number of turns in L1B can vary.
Setting up the scheme. Having made and connected the circuit, supply power to the controlled circuit, and use resistor R8 to make sure that the LED goes out and the sound alarm goes off. To check the operation of the circuit, unscrew any of the lamps. If there is only one lamp in the controlled circuit, the setting of resistor R8 can vary by within wide limits, which does not particularly affect the operation of the circuit, but when more lamps, the required tuning accuracy increases.
Thus, this circuit can be used in cases where it is not possible to install a photocell close to the lamp.