Katsman M. M.
Electric cars instrumentation devices and automation tools

Library
SEVMASHVTUZA

Approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation as a teaching aid for students of educational institutions of secondary vocational education

Moscow
2006

Reviewers: prof. S.N. Stomensky (Department of Computer Engineering of the Chuvash state university); S. Ts. Malinovskaya (Moscow Radio Engineering College).

Katsman M. M. Electrical machinery instrumentation and automation equipment: Proc. allowance for students. medium institutions. prof. education / Mark Mikhailovich Katsman. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2006. - 368 p.

The tutorial discusses the principle of operation, device, basic theory, characteristics various kinds power electrical machines and transformers low power(micromachines), executive engines, information electric machines that received greatest application in instrumentation and automation equipment in general industrial and special areas of technology.

For students of educational institutions of secondary vocational education, studying in the specialties "Instrument Engineering" and "Automation and Control".

It will be useful for university students educational institutions and specialists dealing with issues of instrumentation and automation of production processes.

Editor T. F. Melnikova
Technical editor N. I. Gorbacheva
Computer layout: D. V. Fedotov
Proofreaders V. A. Zhilkina, G. N. Petrova

© Katsman M.M., 2006
© Educational and publishing center "Academy", 2006
© Design. Publishing Center "Academy", 2006

Foreword
Introduction
B.I. Purpose of electrical machines and transformers
AT 2. Classification of electrical machines

PART ONE. TRANSFORMERS AND POWER ELECTRIC MACHINES OF LOW POWER

SECTION 1 TRANSFORMERS

Chapter 1. Power transformers
1.1. Purpose and principle of operation power transformer 9
1.2. Device of transformers 12
1.3. Basic dependencies and ratios in transformers 14
1.4. Losses and efficiency of the transformer 16
1.5. Experiments of idling and short circuit of transformers
1.6. Changing the secondary voltage of the transformer 20
1.7. Three-phase and multi-winding transformers 21
1.8. Transformers for rectifiers 24
1.9. Autotransformers

Chapter 2 Transformer devices with special properties
2.1. Peak transformers 31
2.2. Pulse transformers 33
2.3. Frequency multipliers 35
2.4. Voltage stabilizers 39
2.5. Measuring voltage and current transformers

SECTION II POWER ELECTRIC MACHINES OF LOW POWER

Chapter 3. Three-phase asynchronous motors with a squirrel-cage rotor
3.1. The principle of operation of a three-phase asynchronous motor
3.2. The device of three-phase asynchronous motors
3.3. Fundamentals of the theory of a three-phase asynchronous motor
3.4. Loss and ratio useful action induction motor
3.5. Electromagnetic torque of an induction motor
3.6. Influence of mains voltage and active resistance rotor winding on the mechanical characteristic
3.7. Performance characteristics of three-phase asynchronous motors
3.8. Starting properties of three-phase asynchronous motors
3.9. Speed ​​control of three-phase asynchronous motors
3.9.1. Speed ​​control by changing the active resistance in the rotor circuit
3.9.2. Speed ​​control by changing the frequency of the supply voltage
3.9.3. Speed ​​control by changing the input voltage
3.9.4. Speed ​​control by changing the number of poles of the stator winding
3.9.5. Pulse speed control
3.10. Linear induction motors
3.11. Start control of a three-phase asynchronous motor with a squirrel-cage rotor by means of a non-reversing contactor

Chapter 4. Single-phase and capacitor induction motors
4.1. The principle of operation of a single-phase asynchronous motor
4.2. Mechanical characteristics of single-phase asynchronous motor
4.3. Starting a single-phase asynchronous motor
4.4. Capacitor induction motors
4.5. Turning on a three-phase asynchronous motor in a single-phase network
4.6. Single-phase asynchronous motors with shaded poles
4.7. Asynchronous machines with retarded phase rotor

Chapter 5 Synchronous Machines
5.1. General information about synchronous machines
5.2. Synchronous generators
5.2.1. Operating principle synchronous generator
5.2.2. Armature reaction in a synchronous generator
5.2.3. Synchronous generator voltage equations
5.2.4. Characteristics of the synchronous generator
5.2.5. Synchronous generators excited permanent magnets
5.3. Synchronous motors with electromagnetic excitation
5.3.1. Principle of operation and device of a synchronous single-pole motor with electromagnetic excitation
5.3.2. Starting a synchronous motor with electromagnetic excitation
5.3.3. Losses, efficiency and electromagnetic torque of a synchronous motor with electromagnetic excitation
5.4. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
5.5. Low-speed multi-pole synchronous motors
5.5.1. Low-speed single-phase synchronous motors of types DSO32 and DSOR32
5.5.2. Low-speed capacitor synchronous motors of types DSK and DSRK
5.6. Synchronous jet engines
5.7. Synchronous hysteresis motors
5.8. Hysteresis reluctance motors with shielded poles
5.9. Inductor synchronous machines
5.9.1. Inductor synchronous generators
5.9.2. Inductor synchronous motors
5.10. Synchronous motors with electromechanical speed reduction
5.10.1. Rolling rotor synchronous motors (DKR)
5.10.2. Wave synchronous motors

Chapter 6
6.1. The principle of operation of collector machines direct current
6.2. The device of the DC collector machine
6.3. Electromotive Force and Electromagnetic Moment of a DC Collector Machine
6.4. The magnetic field of a DC machine. Anchor reaction
6.5. Switching in DC collector machines
6.6. Methods for improving switching and suppressing radio interference
6.7. Losses and efficiency of DC collector machines
6.8. DC brushed motors
6.8.1. Basic dependencies and ratios
6.8.2. Motors of independent and parallel excitation
6.8.3. Regulation of the frequency of rotation of motors of independent and parallel excitation
6.8.4. Sequential excitation motors
6.9. Universal commutator motors
6.10. Speed ​​stabilization of DC motors
6.11. DC generators
6.11.1. Independent excitation generator
6.11.2. Parallel excitation generator

Chapter 7. Electric machines of special designs and properties
7.1. Gyroscopic motors
7.1.1. Purpose and special properties of gyroscopic engines
7.1.2. The design of gyroscopic engines
7.2. Electrical machine converters
7.2.1. Electric machine converters of motor-generator type
7.2.2. Single arm converters
7.3. Electric machine power amplifiers
7.3.1. Basic concepts
7.3.2. Electromachine transverse field amplifiers

Chapter 8 BLDC Motors
8.1. Basic concepts
8.2. The process of the brushless motor
8.3. Low Power DC BLDC Motor

Chapter 9
9.1. Requirements for executive motors and control schemes for direct current executive motors
9.2. Armature control of direct current actuators
9.3. Pole control of DC actuators
9.4. Electromechanical time constant of DC actuators
9.5. Pulse control of DC actuator
9.6. DC actuator designs
9.6.1. Hollow armature DC servomotor
9.6.2. DC motors with printed armature windings
9.6.3. Smooth (slotless) armature DC motor

Chapter 10
10.1. Ways to control asynchronous executive motors
10.2. Self-propelled in executive asynchronous motors and ways to eliminate it
10.3. The device of the executive asynchronous motor with a hollow non-magnetic rotor
10.4. Characteristics of an executive asynchronous motor with a hollow non-magnetic rotor
10.5. Executive asynchronous motor with squirrel-cage rotor
10.6. Executive asynchronous motor with a hollow ferromagnetic rotor
10.7. Electromechanical time constant of executive asynchronous motors
10.8. Torque actuators

Chapter 11
11.1. Basic concepts
11.2. Stepper motors with passive rotor
11.3. Stepper motors with active rotor
11.4. Inductor stepper motors
11.5. Basic parameters and operating modes of stepper motors

Chapter 12
12.1. Examples of application of executive asynchronous motors and DC motors
12.2. Application example of an executive stepper motor
12.3. Electric motors for driving readers
12.3.1. Tape drives
12.3.2. Electric drive of devices for reading information from optical discs

SECTION IV INFORMATION ELECTRIC MACHINES

Chapter 13
13.1. Appointment of tachogenerators and requirements for them
13.2. Tachogenerators alternating current
13.3. DC tachogenerators
13.4. Examples of the use of tachogenerators in industrial automation devices
13.4.1. The use of tachogenerators as speed sensors
13.4.2. The use of a tachogenerator as a flow meter
13.4.3. The use of a tachogenerator in an electric drive with a negative feedback by speed

Chapter 14
14.1. Basic concepts
14.2. Angle remote transmission indicator system
14.3. Synchronizing moments of selsyns in the indicator system
14.4. Transformer Angle Remote Transmission System
14.5. Synchro design
14.6. Differential selsyn
14.7. magnesins
14.8. Examples of the use of selsyns in industrial automation devices
14 8 1 Recording the feed rate of the tool in drilling rigs
14.8.2. Regulation of the "fuel - air" ratio in a metallurgical furnace

Chapter 15 Rotary Transformers
15.1. Purpose and device of rotating transformers
15.2. Sine Cosine Rotary Transformer
15.2.1. Sine-cosine rotary transformer in sine mode
15.2.2. Sine-cosine rotating transformer in sine-cosine mode
15.2.3. Sine-cosine rotary transformer in scaling mode
15.2.4. Sine-cosine rotating transformer in phase shifter mode
15.3. Linear rotating transformer
15.4. Transformer system for remote transmission of angle on rotating transformers

Bibliography
Subject index

Foreword

Growth technical level production and implementation of integrated automation technological processes questions are of particular relevance quality training specialists directly involved in the operation and design of automation systems. In a vast complex of instrumentation and automation, the leading place is occupied by electric machines and low-power transformers (micromachines).

The book describes the principle of operation, device, features of operation and design of low-power electrical machines and transformers, which are widely used to drive mechanisms and devices used in instrumentation and automation equipment. The electrical machine elements that form the basis of modern automatic systems are considered: direct and alternating current actuators, electric machine amplifiers, rotary converters, stepper motors, information electrical machines (tachogenerators, selsyns, magnesins, rotating transformers), electric motors of gyroscopic devices.

The purpose of this book is to teach the future specialist to reasonably and correctly apply power electric motors and electric machine elements of automation in instrumentation and automation equipment.

Taking into account the specifics of teaching students in technical schools and colleges, the author, in presenting the material of the book, paid Special attention consideration of the physical essence of phenomena and processes that explain the operation of the considered devices. The method of presenting the course adopted in the book is based on many years of teaching experience in educational institutions secondary vocational education.

INTRODUCTION

IN 1. Purpose of electrical machines and transformers

The technical level of any modern manufacturing enterprise is evaluated primarily by the state of automation and complex mechanization of the main technological processes. At the same time, everything greater value acquires automation of not only physical, but also mental labor.

Automated systems include a wide variety of elements that differ not only functional purpose, but the principle of action. Among the many elements that make up automated complexes, a certain place is occupied by electrical machine elements. The principle of operation and design of these elements either practically do not differ from electric machines (they are electric motors or electric generators), or are very close to them in design and the electromagnetic processes occurring in them.

An electrical machine is an electrical device that performs the mutual conversion of electrical and mechanical energies.

If the conductor is moved in a magnetic field so. so that it crosses the magnetic lines of force, then in this conductor will be induced electromotive force(EMF). Any electrical machine consists of a fixed part and a movable (rotating) part. One of these parts (inductor) creates a magnetic field, and the other has a working winding, which is a system of conductors. If mechanical energy is supplied to an electric machine, i.e. rotate its moving part, then, in accordance with the law of electromagnetic induction, an EMF will be induced in its working winding. If, however, any consumer of electrical energy is connected to the terminals of this winding, then a electricity. Thus, as a result of the processes occurring in the machine, the mechanical energy of rotation will be converted into electrical energy. Electric machines that carry out such a transformation are called electric generators. Electric generators form the basis of the electric power industry - they are used in power plants, where they convert the mechanical energy of turbines into electrical energy.

If a conductor is placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to the magnetic field lines and an electric current is passed through it, then as a result of the interaction of this current with the magnetic roofing, a mechanical force will act on the conductor. Therefore, if the working winding of an electric machine is connected to an electric energy brush, then a current will appear in it, and since this winding is in the magnetic field of the inductor, then mechanical forces will act on its conductors. Under the influence of these forces, the moving part of the electric machine will begin to rotate. [In this case, electrical energy will be converted into mechanical energy. Electrical machines that carry out such a transformation are called electric motors. Electric motors are widely used in the electric drive of machine tools, cranes, Vehicle, household appliances, etc.

Electrical machines have the property of reversibility, i.e. This electric machine can operate both as a generator and as a motor. It all depends on the type of energy supplied to the machine. However, usually each electric machine has a specific purpose: either it is a generator or a motor.

The basis for the creation of electrical machines and transformers was the law of electromagnetic induction discovered by M. Faraday. The beginning of the practical application of electrical machines was laid by Academician B.S. Jacobi, who in 1834 created the design of an electrical machine, which was the prototype of a modern collector electric motor.

The invention of a three-phase asynchronous motor by the Russian engineer M.O.

By the beginning of the XX century. most of the types of electrical machines used today were created.

Download the textbook Electrical machines instrumentation and automation. Moscow, Publishing Center "Academy", 2006

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] Educational edition. Textbook for students of electrical specialties of technical schools. Second edition, revised and enlarged.
(Moscow: Higher School Publishing House, 1990)
Scan: AAW, processing, Djv format: DNS, 2012

• SUMMARY:
  Preface (3).
  Introduction (4).
  Section 1. TRANSFORMERS (13).
  Chapter 1 Transformer Workflow (15).
  Chapter 2. Winding connection groups and parallel operation of transformers (61).
  Chapter 3. Three-winding transformers and autotransformers (71).
  Chapter 4 Transients in transformers (76).
  Chapter 5. Transformer devices for special purposes (84).
  Section 2. GENERAL QUESTIONS OF THE THEORY OF BELESS MACHINES (95).
  Chapter 6. The principle of operation of brushless AC machines (97).
  Chapter 7. The principle of making stator windings (102).
  Chapter 8. Main types of stator windings (114).
  Chapter 9
  Section 3. ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINES (135).
  Chapter 10. Operating modes and device of an asynchronous machine (137).
  Chapter 11. Magnetic circuit of an asynchronous machine (146).
  Chapter 12. Working process of a three-phase asynchronous motor (154).
  Chapter 13. Electromagnetic torque and performance characteristics of an induction motor (162).
  Chapter 14
  Chapter 15. Starting and speed control of three-phase asynchronous motors (193).
  Chapter 16. Single-phase and capacitor induction motors (208).
  Chapter 17. Asynchronous machines for special purposes (218).
  Chapter 18
  Section 4. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES (237).
  Chapter 19
  Chapter 20. Magnetic field and characteristics of synchronous generators (249).
  Chapter 21. Parallel operation of synchronous generators (270).
  Chapter 22. Synchronous motor and synchronous compensator (289).
  Chapter 23
  Section 5. COLLECTOR MACHINES (319).
  Chapter 24
  Chapter 25
  Chapter 26
  Chapter 27. Commutation in DC machines (361).
  Chapter 28
  Chapter 29
  Chapter 30
  Chapter 31. Cooling of electrical machines (427).
  Tasks for independent decision (444).
  References (453).
  Subject index (451).

Publisher's note: The book discusses the theory, principle of operation, design and analysis of the operating modes of electrical machines and transformers, both general and special, which have become widespread in various branches of technology. 2nd edition (1st - 1983) supplemented with new material corresponding to modern approaches to the theory and practice of electrical engineering.

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n1.doc

Introduction

§ IN 1. Purpose of electrical machines and transformers

Electrification is carried out by means of electrical products, the production of which is engaged in the electrical industry. The main branch of this industry is electrical engineering, engaged in the development and production of electrical machines and transformers.

electrical machine is an electromechanical device that performs the mutual conversion of mechanical and electrical energy. Electrical energy is generated at power plants by electrical machines - generators that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The bulk of electricity (up to 80%) is generated at thermal power plants, where, when chemical fuels (coal, peat, gas) are burned, water is heated and converted into steam. high pressure. The latter is fed into the turbine, where, expanding, it causes the turbine rotor to rotate ( thermal energy in the turbine is converted into mechanical). The rotation of the turbine rotor is transmitted to the shaft of the generator (turbine generator). As a result of electromagnetic processes occurring in the generator, mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.

The process of generating electricity at nuclear power plants is similar to thermal, with the only difference being that nuclear fuel is used instead of chemical fuel.

The process of generating electricity at hydraulic power plants is as follows: the water raised by the dam to a certain level is discharged onto the impeller of the hydraulic turbine; The resulting mechanical energy is transferred by rotating the turbine wheel to the shaft of an electric generator, in which the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.

In the process of consumption of electrical energy, it is converted into other types of energy (thermal, mechanical, chemical). About 70% of electricity is used to set in motion machine tools, mechanisms, vehicles, i.e. to convert it into mechanical energy. This transformation is carried out by electrical machines - electric motors.

The electric motor is the main element of the electric drive of working machines. Good controllability of electrical energy, the simplicity of its distribution made it possible to widely use the multi-motor electric drive of working machines in industry, when individual links working machine driven by independent motors. The multi-motor drive greatly simplifies the mechanism of the working machine (the number of mechanical gears connecting the individual parts of the machine is reduced) and creates great opportunities in automating various technological processes. Electric motors are widely used in transport as traction motors that drive wheel sets of electric locomotives, electric trains, trolleybuses, etc.

Behind Lately the use of low-power electric machines - micromachines with power from fractions to several hundred watts - has increased significantly. Such electrical machines are used in automation and computer technology devices.

A special class of electrical machines are motors for household electrical devices- vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, fans, etc. The power of these motors is small (from a few to hundreds of watts), the design is simple and reliable, and they are produced in large quantities.

Electrical energy generated at power plants must be transferred to the places of its consumption, primarily to large industrial centers of the country, which are remote from powerful power plants for many hundreds, and sometimes thousands of kilometers. But it is not enough to transfer electricity. It must be distributed among a wide variety of consumers - industrial enterprises, transport, residential buildings, etc. Electricity is transmitted over long distances at high voltage (up to 500 kV or more), which ensures minimal electrical losses in power lines. Therefore, in the process of transmission and distribution of electrical energy, it is necessary to repeatedly increase and decrease the voltage. This process is carried out by means of electromagnetic devices called transformers. The transformer is not an electrical machine, since its work is not related to the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa; it converts only the voltage of electrical energy. In addition, the transformer is a static device and does not have any moving parts. However, the electromagnetic processes occurring in transformers are similar to those occurring during the operation of electrical machines. Moreover, electrical machines and transformers are characterized by a single nature of electromagnetic and energy processes that occur during the interaction magnetic field and current carrying conductor. For these reasons, transformers form an integral part of the course of electrical machines.

The branch of science and technology involved in the development and production of electrical machines and transformers is called electrical engineering. The theoretical foundations of electrical engineering were laid in 1821 by M. Faraday, who established the possibility of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy and created the first model of an electric motor. An important role in the development of electrical engineering was played by the work of scientists D. Maxwell and E. X. Lenz. The idea of ​​mutual conversion of electrical and mechanical energies was further developed in the works of prominent Russian scientists B. S. Yakobi and M. O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, who developed and created designs of electric motors suitable for practical use. Great merits in the creation of transformers and their practical application belong to the remarkable Russian inventor P.N. Yablochkov. At the beginning of the 20th century, all the main types of electrical machines and transformers were created and the foundations of their theory were developed.

Currently, domestic electrical engineering has achieved significant success. If at the beginning of the current century in Russia there was actually no electrical engineering as an independent industry, then over the past 50-70 years, a branch of the electrical industry has been created - electrical engineering, capable of meeting the needs of our developing National economy V electrical machines and transformers. A cadre of qualified electrical machine builders - scientists, engineers, technicians - was trained.

Further technical progress defines as the main task the consolidation of the successes of electrical engineering through the practical implementation of the latest achievements in electrical engineering in the real development of electric drive devices for industrial devices and products. household appliances. The implementation of this requires the transfer of production to predominantly intensive way development. The main task is to increase the pace and efficiency of economic development on the basis of accelerating scientific and technological progress, technical re-equipment and reconstruction of production, and intensive use of the created production potential. A significant role in solving this problem is assigned to the electrification of the national economy.

At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the increasing environmental requirements for electricity sources and, along with traditional ways develop environmentally friendly (alternative) methods of generating electricity using solar, wind energy, sea ​​tides, thermal springs. Widely implemented automated systems in various sectors of the national economy. The main element of these systems is an automated electric drive, so it is necessary to increase the production of automated electric drives at a faster pace.

In the context of scientific and technological development great importance acquire work related to improving the quality of manufactured electrical machines and transformers. The solution of this problem is an important means of developing international economic cooperation. Relevant scientific institutions And industrial enterprises Russia is working on the creation of new types of electrical machines and transformers that meet modern requirements to the quality and technical and economic indicators of products.

§ AT 2. Electrical machines - electromechanical energy converters

Rice. IN 1. To the concepts of "elementary generator" (A) and "elementary engine" (b)

In the process of operation of an electric machine in the generator mode, a transformation takes place mechanical energy into electrical. The nature of this process is explained elek lawtromagnetic induction: if the external force F act on a conductor placed in a magnetic field and move it (Fig. B.1, a), for example, from left to right perpendicular to the induction vector IN magnetic field with a speed , then an electromotive force (EMF) will be induced in the conductor

E=blv,(B.1)

where in - magnetic induction, T; l is the active length of the conductor, i.e. the length of its part located in the magnetic field, m;  - conductor speed, m/s.

Rice. AT 2. Rules " right hand"and" left hand "

To determine the direction of the EMF, you should use the "right hand" rule (Fig. B.2, A). Applying this rule, we determine the direction of the EMF in the conductor (from us). If the ends of the conductor are shorted to external resistance R (consumer), then under the action of the EMF, a current of the same direction will appear in the conductor. Thus, a conductor in a magnetic field can be considered in this case as elementarygenerator.

As a result of the interaction of the current I with a magnetic field, an electromagnetic force acting on the conductor arises

F EM = BlI. (AT 2)

Force direction F EM can be determined by the “left hand” rule (Fig. B.2, b ). In the case under consideration, this force is directed from right to left, i.e. opposite to the direction of the conductor. Thus, in the elementary generator under consideration, the force F EM is inhibitory to driving force F .

At uniform motion conductor F = F EM . Multiplying both parts of the equation by the speed of the conductor, we get

F = F EM 

Substitute in this expression the value of F EM from (C.2):

F = BlI = EI (B.3)

The left side of the equality determines the value of the mechanical power expended on moving the conductor in a magnetic field; right part- the value of the electric power developed in a closed circuit by electric current I. The equal sign between these parts shows that in the generator mechanical power, expended by an external force, is converted into electrical energy.

If the external force F do not apply to the conductor, but from the source of electricity, apply voltage U to it so that the current I in the conductor has the direction indicated in Fig. B.1, b , then only the electromagnetic force F EM will act on the conductor . Under the influence of this force, the conductor will begin to move in a magnetic field. In this case, an EMF is induced in the conductor with a direction opposite to the voltage U. Thus, part of the voltage U, applied to the conductor, the EMF is balanced E, induced in this conductor, and the other part is the voltage drop in the conductor:

U = E + Ir, (C.4)

where r - electrical resistance of the conductor.

Multiply both sides of the equation by the current I:

UI \u003d EI + I 2 r.

Substituting instead of E EMF value from (B.1), we get

UI \u003d BlI + I 2 r,

or, according to (B.2),

Ui=F EM  + I 2 r. (AT 5)

From this equality it follows that electric power (UI), entering the conductor is partially converted into mechanical (F EM  ), and partly spent to cover the electrical losses in the conductor ( I 2 r). Therefore, a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field can be considered as elementcontainer electric motor.

The considered phenomena allow us to conclude: a) for any electrical machine, the presence of an electrically conductive medium (conductors) and a magnetic field that have the possibility of mutual movement is mandatory; b) during the operation of an electric machine, both in the generator mode and in the engine mode, an EMF induction is simultaneously observed in a conductor crossing a magnetic field, and the appearance of a force acting on a conductor located in a magnetic field when an electric current flows through it; c) the mutual transformation of mechanical and electrical energies in an electric machine can occur in any direction, i.e. the same electric machine can operate both in engine mode and in generator mode; This property of electrical machines is called reversibility. The principle of reversibility of electrical machines was first established by the Russian scientist E. X. Lenz.

Considered "elementary" electrical generator and the engine reflect only the principle of using in them the basic laws and phenomena of electric current. As for the design, most electrical machines are built on the principle of rotational movement of their moving part. Despite the wide variety of designs of electrical machines, it is possible to imagine some generalized design of an electrical machine. Such a design (Fig. B.3) consists of a fixed part 1, called stator and rotating part 2, called rotorus. The rotor is located in the stator bore and is separated from it by an air gap. One of these parts of the machine is equipped with elements that excite a magnetic field in the machine (for example, an electromagnet or a permanent magnet), and the other has a winding, which we will conventionally call workingskein machine. Both the fixed part of the machine (stator) and the movable part (rotor) have cores made of soft magnetic material and have low magnetic resistance.

Rice. V.Z. Generalized structural diagram electrical machine

If the electric machine operates in the generator mode, then when the rotor rotates (under the action of the drive motor), an EMF is induced in the conductors of the working winding and when the consumer is connected, an electric current appears. In this case, the mechanical energy of the drive motor is converted into electrical energy. If the machine is designed to work as an electric motor, then the working winding of the machine is connected to the network. In this case, the current that has arisen in the conductors of the winding interacts with the magnetic field and electromagnetic forces arise on the rotor, causing the rotor to rotate. In this case, the electrical energy consumed by the motor from the network is converted into mechanical energy spent on the rotation of any mechanism, machine tool, etc.

It is also possible to design electrical machines, in which the working winding is located on the stator, and the elements that excite the magnetic field are on the rotor. The principle of operation of the machine remains the same.

The power range of electrical machines is very wide - from fractions of watts to hundreds of thousands of kilowatts.

§ V.Z. Classification of electrical machines

Electric machines are also used to amplify power electrical signals. These electrical machines are called electrical amplifiers. Electrical machines used to improve the power factor of electricity consumers are called synchronous compensationtori. Electrical machines used to regulate alternating current voltage are called induction regulatorstori

Very varied application micromachines in automation and computer technology devices. Here, electric machines are used not only as engines, but also as tachogenerators(for converting the rotational speed into an electrical signal), synchros, rotating transformers(to obtain electrical signals proportional to the angle of rotation of the shaft), etc.

From the above examples it can be seen how diverse the division of electrical machines according to their purpose.

Consider the classification of electrical machines according to the principle of operation, according to which all electrical machines are divided into brushless and collector, differing both in the principle of operation and in design. Brushless machines are AC machines. They are divided into asynchronous and synchronous. Asynchronous machines are mainly used as motors, and synchronous machines are used both as motors and as generators. Collector machines are mainly used for DC operation as generators or motors. Only collector machines of small power are made universal motors that can operate both from a DC network and from an AC network.

Electric machines of the same principle of operation may differ in switching schemes or other features that affect the operational properties of these machines. For example, asynchronous and synchronous machines can be three-phase (included in three-phase network), capacitor or single-phase. Asynchronous machines, depending on the design of the rotor winding, are divided into machines with a squirrel-cage rotor and machines with a phase rotor. Synchronous machines and DC collector machines, depending on the method of creating a magnetic field in them, are divided into machines with an excitation winding and machines with permanent magnets. On fig. B.4 is a diagram of the classification of electrical machines, containing the main types of electrical machines that have received the greatest use in a modern electric drive. The same classification of electrical machines is the basis for studying the course "Electrical Machines".

TO
course "Electrical machines" in addition to the actual electrical machines provides for the study of transformers. Transformers are static AC power converters. The absence of any rotating parts gives the transformers a design that fundamentally distinguishes them from electrical machines. However, the principle of operation of transformers, as well as the principle of operation of electrical machines, is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, and therefore many provisions of the theory of transformers form the basis of the theory of AC electrical machines.

Electrical machines and transformers are the main elements of any power system or installation, therefore, for specialists working in the field of production or operation of electrical machines, knowledge of the theory and understanding of the physical essence of electromagnetic, mechanical and thermal processes occurring in electrical machines and transformers during their operation are necessary.

Textbook for students. environmental institutions, prof. education. - 12th ed., erased. — M.: Academy, 2013. — 496 p. ISBN 978-5-7695-9705-3. The textbook discusses the theory, principle of operation, design and analysis of the operating modes of electrical machines and transformers, both general and special, which have become widespread in various branches of technology.
The textbook can be used when mastering the professional module PM.01. "Organization Maintenance and repair of electrical and electromechanical equipment "(MDK.01.01) in the specialty 140448" Technical operation and maintenance of electrical and electromechanical equipment.
For students of institutions of secondary vocational education. Can be used by university students. Foreword.
Introduction.
Appointment of electrical machines and transformers.
Electric cars electromechanical converters energy.
Classification of electrical machines.
Transformers.
The working process of the transformer.
Purpose and scope of transformers.
The principle of operation of transformers.
The device of transformers.
Transformer voltage equations.
Equations of magnetomotive forces and currents.
Casting parameters secondary winding and the equivalent circuit of the reduced transformer.
Vector diagram of a transformer.
Three-phase current transformation and three-phase transformer winding connection schemes.
Phenomena during magnetization of magnetic circuits of transformers.
Influence of the winding connection scheme on the operation of three-phase transformers in idle mode.
Experimental determination of the parameters of the equivalent circuit of transformers.
Simplified vector diagram transformer.
External characteristic of the transformer.
Losses and efficiency of the transformer.
Voltage regulation of transformers.
Winding connection groups and parallel operation of transformers.
Groups of connection of windings of transformers.
Parallel operation of transformers.
Three winding transformers and autotransformers.
Three winding transformers.
Autotransformers.
Transient processes in transformers.
Transients at turn-on and at sudden short circuit transformers.
Overvoltages in transformers.
Transformer devices for special purposes.
Moving core transformer.
Transformers for rectifying devices.
Peak transformers.
frequency multipliers.
Transformers for electric arc welding.
Power transformers for general purposes.
Cooling of transformers.
General questions of the theory of brushless machines.
The principle of operation of brushless AC machines.
The principle of operation of a synchronous generator.
The principle of operation of an asynchronous motor.
The principle of the stator windings of AC machines.
The device of the stator of a brushless machine and the basic concepts of stator windings.
electromotive force of the coil.
Electromotive force of the coil group.
The electromotive force of the stator winding.
Tooth harmonics of EMF.
The main types of stator windings.
Three-phase two-layer windings with an integer number of slots per pole and phase.
Three-phase two-layer winding with a fractional number of slots per pole and phase.
Single layer stator windings.
Stator winding insulation.
Magnetomotive force of the stator windings.
Magnetomotive force of a concentrated winding.
Magnetomotive force of a distributed winding.
Magnetomotive force three-phase winding stator.
Circular, elliptical and pulsating magnetic fields.
Higher spatial harmonics of the magnetomotive force of a three-phase winding.
asynchronous machines.
Operating modes and arrangement of asynchronous machines.
Motor and generator modes of operation of an asynchronous machine.
The device of asynchronous motors.
Magnetic circuit of an asynchronous machine.
Basic concepts.
Calculation of the magnetic circuit of an asynchronous motor.
Magnetic leakage fluxes of an asynchronous machine
The role of the teeth of the core in inducing EMF and creating an electromagnetic moment.--------
The equivalent circuit of an asynchronous motor.
Voltage equations for an induction motor.
Equations of MDS and currents of an asynchronous motor.
Bringing the parameters of the rotor winding and the vector diagram of an induction motor.
Electromagnetic torque and performance characteristics of an induction motor.
Losses and efficiency of an asynchronous motor.
Concepts about the characteristics of engines and working mechanisms.
Electromagnetic torque and mechanical characteristics of an asynchronous motor.
Mechanical characteristics of an asynchronous motor with changes in mains voltage and active resistance of the rotor winding.
Performance characteristics of an asynchronous motor.
Electromagnetic moments from higher spatial harmonics of the magnetic field of an induction motor.
Experimental determination of parameters and calculation of performance characteristics of asynchronous motors.
Basic concepts.
Idle experience.
short circuit experience.
Pie diagram of an induction motor.
Construction of the performance characteristics of an asynchronous motor according to a pie chart.
Analytical method for calculating the performance characteristics of induction motors.
Starting, speed control and braking of three-phase asynchronous motors.
Starting asynchronous motors with a phase rotor.
Starting of asynchronous motors with squirrel-cage rotor.
Short-circuited asynchronous motors with improved starting characteristics.
Regulation of the frequency of rotation of asynchronous motors.
Braking modes of asynchronous motors.
Single-phase and capacitor asynchronous motors.
The principle of operation and start-up of a single-phase asynchronous motor.
Asynchronous capacitor motors.
Operation of a three-phase asynchronous motor from a single-phase network.
Single-phase asynchronous motor with shielded poles.
Asynchronous machines for special purposes.
Induction voltage regulator and phase regulator.
Asynchronous frequency converter.
Electrical machines of synchronous communication.
Asynchronous actuators.
Linear asynchronous motors.
Structural forms of execution of electrical machines.
Heating and cooling of electrical machines.
Methods for cooling electrical machines.
Structural forms of execution of electrical machines. 2008
Series of three-phase asynchronous motors.
synchronous machines.
Methods of excitation and device of synchronous machines.
Excitation of synchronous machines.
Types of synchronous machines and their device.
Cooling of large synchronous machines.
Magnetic field and characteristics of synchronous generators.
Magnetic circuit of a synchronous machine.
Magnetic field of a synchronous machine.
Armature reaction of a synchronous machine.
Voltage equations of a synchronous generator.
Vector diagrams of a synchronous generator.
Characteristics of a synchronous generator.
Practical EMF diagram of a synchronous generator.
Losses and efficiency of synchronous machines.
Parallel operation of synchronous generators.
Inclusion of synchronous generators for parallel operation.
The load of a synchronous generator connected to parallel operation.
Angular characteristics of a synchronous generator.
Oscillations of synchronous generators.
Synchronizing ability of synchronous machines.
U-shaped characteristics of a synchronous generator.
Transient processes in synchronous generators.
Synchronous motor and synchronous compensator.
The principle of operation of a synchronous motor.
Starting synchronous motors.
U-shape and performance characteristics of a synchronous motor.
synchronous compensator.
Synchronous machines for special purposes.
Synchronous machines with permanent magnets.
Synchronous jet engines.
Hysteresis motors.
Stepper motors.
Synchronous wave engine.
Synchronous generator with claw-shaped poles and electromagnetic excitation.
Inductor synchronous machines.
collector machines.
The principle of operation and the device of DC collector machines.
The principle of operation of the generator and DC motor.
The device of the DC collector machine.
Armature windings of collector machines.
Looped armature windings.
Wave windings of the armature.
Balancing connections and combined armature winding.
Electromotive force and electromagnetic moment of a DC machine.
Choice of armature winding type.
The magnetic field of a DC machine.
The magnetic circuit of a DC machine.
The armature reaction of a DC machine.
Accounting for the demagnetizing effect of the armature reaction.
elimination harmful influence anchor reactions.
Ways to excite DC machines.
Switching in DC collector machines.
Causes of sparking on the collector.
Direct switching.
Curvilinear delayed switching.
Ways to improve switching.
All-round fire on the collector.
Radio interference of collector machines.
Collector DC generators.
Basic concepts.
Independent excitation generator.
Parallel excitation generator.
Mixed excitation generator.
collector motors.
Basic concepts.
DC motors of independent and parallel excitation.
Starting a DC motor.
Regulation of the frequency of rotation of engines of independent (parallel) excitation.
Series excitation motor.
Mixed excitation engine.
DC motors in braking modes.
Losses and efficiency of a DC collector machine.
DC machines of the 4P and 2P series.
Universal collector motors.
DC machines for special purposes.
Electrical amplifier.
DC tachogenerator.
Non-contact DC motors.
DC actuators.
Bibliography.
Subject index.