Electric cars. Katsman M. M. Electrical machines, instrumentation devices and automation equipment Section ii low power electric machines

Textbook for students. environmental institutions, prof. education. — 12th ed., erased. - M.: Academy, 2013. - 496 p. ISBN 978-5-7695-9705-3. The textbook discusses the theory, principle of operation, design and analysis of operating modes of electrical machines and transformers, both general and special purpose, which have become widespread in various branches of technology.
The textbook can be used when mastering professional module PM.01. "Organization Maintenance and repair of electrical and electromechanical equipment" (MDK.01.01) in specialty 140448 " Technical operation and maintenance of electrical and electromechanical equipment.”
For students of secondary institutions vocational education. Can be used by university students.Preface.
Introduction.
Purpose of electrical machines and transformers.
Electric cars electromechanical converters energy.
Classification of electrical machines.
Transformers.
Transformer working process.
Purpose and areas of application of transformers.
Operating principle of transformers.
Transformer design.
Transformer voltage equations.
Equations of magnetomotive forces and currents.
Coercion of parameters secondary winding and equivalent circuit of the reduced transformer.
Transformer vector diagram.
Transformation three-phase current and connection diagrams for windings of three-phase transformers.
Phenomena during magnetization of magnetic cores of transformers.
The influence of the winding connection diagram on the operation of three-phase transformers in no-load mode.
Experimental determination of the parameters of the equivalent circuit of transformers.
Simplified vector diagram transformer.
External characteristics of the transformer.
Transformer losses and efficiency.
Voltage regulation of transformers.
Winding connection groups and parallel operation of transformers.
Transformer winding connection groups.
Parallel operation of transformers.
Three-winding transformers and autotransformers.
Three-winding transformers.
Autotransformers.
Transients in transformers.
Transient processes when switching on and during a sudden short circuit of transformers.
Overvoltage in transformers.
Transformer devices special purpose.
Transformer with moving core.
Transformers for rectifier devices.
Peak transformers.
Frequency multipliers.
Transformers for electric arc welding.
General purpose power transformers.
Cooling of transformers.
General questions of the theory of brushless machines.
Operating principle of brushless machines alternating current.
Operating principle of a synchronous generator.
Operating principle of an asynchronous motor.
The principle of making stator windings of alternating current machines.
The design of the stator of a brushless machine and the basic concepts of stator windings.
Electromotive force of the coil.
Electromotive force of the coil group.
Electromotive force of the stator winding.
Cog harmonics EMF.
Main types of stator windings.
Three-phase two-layer windings with a whole number of slots per pole and phase.
Three-phase two-layer winding with a fractional number of slots per pole and phase.
Single-layer stator windings.
Stator winding insulation.
Magnetomotive force of stator windings.
Magnetomotive force of a concentrated winding.
Magnetomotive force of a distributed winding.
Magnetomotive force three-phase winding stator.
Circular, elliptical and pulsating magnetic fields.
Higher spatial harmonics of the magnetomotive force of a three-phase winding.
Asynchronous machines.
Operating modes and design of asynchronous machines.
Motor and generator modes of operation of an asynchronous machine.
Device asynchronous motors.
Magnetic circuit of an asynchronous machine.
Basic concepts.
Calculation of the magnetic circuit of an asynchronous motor.
Magnetic leakage fluxes of an asynchronous machine
The role of the core teeth in inducing EMF and creating electromagnetic torque.--------
Replacement diagram of an asynchronous motor.
Voltage equations for an asynchronous motor.
Equations of MMF and currents of an asynchronous motor.
Reduction of rotor winding parameters and vector diagram of an asynchronous motor.
Electromagnetic torque and performance characteristics of an asynchronous motor.
Losses and efficiency of an asynchronous motor.
Concepts about the characteristics of engines and working mechanisms.
Electromagnetic torque and mechanical characteristics of an asynchronous motor.
Mechanical characteristics asynchronous motor when the network voltage changes and active resistance rotor windings.
Performance characteristics of an asynchronous motor.
Electromagnetic moments from higher spatial harmonics magnetic field asynchronous motor.
Experimental determination of parameters and calculation of performance characteristics of asynchronous motors.
Basic concepts.
Idling experience.
Experience short circuit.
Circular diagram of an asynchronous motor.
Plotting the performance characteristics of an asynchronous motor using a pie chart.
Analytical method for calculating the performance characteristics of asynchronous motors.
Starting, speed control and braking of three-phase asynchronous motors.
Starting asynchronous motors with a wound rotor.
Starting asynchronous motors with squirrel-cage rotor.
Squirrel-cage asynchronous motors with improved starting characteristics.
Regulating the rotation speed of asynchronous motors.
Braking modes of asynchronous motors.
Single-phase and capacitor asynchronous motors.
Operating principle and starting of a single-phase asynchronous motor.
Asynchronous capacitor motors.
Operation of a three-phase asynchronous motor from a single-phase network.
Single-phase asynchronous motor with shaded poles.
Asynchronous machines for special purposes.
Induction voltage regulator and phase regulator.
Asynchronous frequency converter.
Electric synchronous communication machines.
Asynchronous actuator motors.
Linear asynchronous motors.
Structural forms of electrical machines.
Heating and cooling of electrical machines.
Methods for cooling electrical machines.
Structural forms of electrical machines. 2008
Series of three-phase asynchronous motors.
Synchronous machines.
Excitation methods and design of synchronous machines.
Excitation of synchronous machines.
Types of synchronous machines and their design.
Cooling of large synchronous machines.
Magnetic field and characteristics synchronous generators.
Magnetic circuit of a synchronous machine.
Magnetic field of a synchronous machine.
Armature reaction of a synchronous machine.
Voltage equations for a synchronous generator.
Vector diagrams of a synchronous generator.
Characteristics of a synchronous generator.
Practical EMF diagram of a synchronous generator.
Losses and efficiency of synchronous machines.
Parallel operation of synchronous generators.
Switching on synchronous generators for parallel operation.
Load of a synchronous generator switched on for parallel operation.
Angular characteristics of a synchronous generator.
Oscillations of synchronous generators.
Synchronizing ability of synchronous machines.
U-shaped characteristics of a synchronous generator.
Transient processes in synchronous generators.
Synchronous motor and synchronous compensator.
Operating principle of a synchronous motor.
Starting synchronous motors.
U-shape and performance characteristics of synchronous motor.
Synchronous compensator.
Synchronous machines for special purposes.
Synchronous machines with permanent magnets.
Synchronous reluctance engines.
Hysteresis motors.
Stepper motors.
Synchronous wave motor.
Synchronous generator with claw poles and electromagnetic excitation.
Inductor synchronous machines.
Collector machines.
Operating principle and design of collector machines direct current.
Operating principle of a generator and a DC motor.
Design of a DC collector machine.
Armature windings of commutator machines.
Armature loop windings.
Wave windings of the armature.
Equalizing connections and combined armature winding.
Electromotive force and electromagnetic torque of a DC machine.
Selecting the type of armature winding.
Magnetic field of a DC machine.
Magnetic circuit of a DC machine.
Armature reaction of a DC machine.
Taking into account the demagnetizing effect of the armature reaction.
Elimination harmful influence anchor reactions.
Methods of exciting DC machines.
Switching in DC collector machines.
Reasons that cause sparking on the commutator.
Straight-line commutation.
Curvilinear slow switching.
Ways to improve switching.
All-round fire across the collector.
Radio interference from collector machines.
Collector DC generators.
Basic concepts.
Independent excitation generator.
Parallel excitation generator.
Mixed excitation generator.
Commutator motors.
Basic concepts.
DC motors of independent and parallel excitation.
Starting a DC motor.
Regulating the rotation speed of independent (parallel) excitation motors.
Series motor.
Mixed excitation motor.
DC motors in braking modes.
Losses and coefficient useful action DC collector machine.
DC machines of the 4P and 2P series.
Universal commutator motors.
DC machines for special purposes.
Electric machine amplifier.
DC tachogenerator.
Contactless DC motors.
DC actuator motors.
Bibliography.
Subject index.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Katsman M. M.
Electric cars instrument devices and automation tools

Library
SEVMASHVTUZA

Approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation as a teaching aid for students of educational institutions of secondary vocational education

Moscow
2006

Reviewers: prof. S.N. Stomensky (Department of Computer Science of Chuvash state university); S. Ts. Malinovskaya (Moscow Radio Engineering College).

Katsman M. M. Electrical machines instrumentation devices and automation equipment: Textbook. aid for students institutions prof. education / Mark Mikhailovich Katsman. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2006. - 368 p.

The tutorial covers the principle of operation, design, basic theory, characteristics various types power electrical machines and low-power transformers (micromachines), executive motors, information electrical machines that have received greatest application in instrument devices and automation equipment in general industrial and special areas technology.

For students of educational institutions of secondary vocational education, studying in the specialties “Instrumentation” and “Automation and Control”.

Will be useful for higher education students educational institutions and specialists involved in instrument engineering and industrial process automation.

Editor T. F. Melnikova
Technical editor N. I. Gorbacheva
Computer layout: D. V. Fedotov
Proofreaders V. A. Zhilkina, G. N. Petrova

Preface
Introduction
B.I. Purpose of electrical machines and transformers
AT 2. Classification of electrical machines

PART ONE. TRANSFORMERS AND LOW POWER ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SECTION 1 TRANSFORMERS

Chapter 1. Power transformers
1.1. Purpose and principle of operation power transformer 9
1.2. Transformer design 12
1.3. Basic dependencies and relationships in transformers 14
1.4. Transformer losses and efficiency 16
1.5. Experiments on open-circuit and short-circuit transformers
1.6. Changing the secondary voltage of transformer 20
1.7. Three-phase and multi-winding transformers 21
1.8. Transformers for rectifiers 24
1.9. Autotransformers

Chapter 2. Transformer devices with special properties
2.1. Peak transformers 31
2.2. Pulse transformers 33
2.3. Frequency multipliers 35
2.4. Voltage stabilizers 39
2.5. Voltage and current instrument transformers

SECTION II LOW POWER ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Chapter 3. Three-phase asynchronous motors with squirrel-cage rotor
3.1. Operating principle of a three-phase asynchronous motor
3.2. Design of three-phase asynchronous motors
3.3. Basic theory of three-phase asynchronous motor
3.4. Losses and efficiency of an asynchronous motor
3.5. Electromagnetic torque of an asynchronous motor
3.6. The influence of mains voltage and active resistance of the rotor winding on the mechanical characteristics
3.7. Performance characteristics of three-phase asynchronous motors
3.8. Starting properties of three-phase asynchronous motors
3.9. Speed regulation of three-phase asynchronous motors
3.9.1. Regulating the rotation speed by changing the active resistance in the rotor circuit
3.9.2. Regulating the rotation speed by changing the frequency of the supply voltage
3.9.3. Regulating the rotation speed by changing the supplied voltage
3.9.4. Regulating the rotation speed by changing the number of poles of the stator winding
3.9.5. Pulse speed control
3.10. Linear asynchronous motors
3.11. Start control of a three-phase asynchronous motor with a squirrel-cage rotor using an irreversible contactor

Chapter 4. Single-phase and capacitor asynchronous motors
4.1. Operating principle of a single-phase asynchronous motor
4.2. Mechanical characteristics of single-phase asynchronous motor
4.3. Starting a single-phase asynchronous motor
4.4. Capacitor asynchronous motors
4.5. Connecting a three-phase asynchronous motor to a single-phase network
4.6. Single-phase asynchronous motors with shaded poles
4.7. Asynchronous machines with a locked phase rotor

Chapter 5. Synchronous machines
5.1. General information about synchronous machines
5.2. Synchronous generators
5.2.1. Operating principle of a synchronous generator
5.2.2. Armature reaction in a synchronous generator
5.2.3. Synchronous Generator Voltage Equations
5.2.4. Characteristics of a synchronous generator
5.2.5. Synchronous generators excited by permanent magnets
5.3. Synchronous motors with electromagnetic excitation
5.3.1. Operating principle and design of a synchronous single-pole motor with electromagnetic excitation
5.3.2. Starting a synchronous motor with electromagnetic excitation
5.3.3. Losses, efficiency and electromagnetic torque of a synchronous motor with electromagnetic excitation
5.4. Permanent magnet synchronous motors
5.5. Low speed multi-pole synchronous motors
5.5.1. Low-speed single-phase synchronous motors types DSO32 and DSOR32
5.5.2. Low-speed capacitor synchronous motors of the DSK and DSRK types
5.6. Synchronous reluctance motors
5.7. Synchronous hysteresis motors
5.8. Shaded pole hysteresis reluctance motors
5.9. Inductor synchronous machines
5.9.1. Inductor synchronous generators
5.9.2. Synchronous Induction Motors
5.10. Synchronous motors with electromechanical speed reduction
5.10.1. Synchronous rolling rotor motors (ROS)
5.10.2. Wave synchronous motors

Chapter 6. Collector machines
6.1. Operating principle of DC commutator machines
6.2. Design of a DC collector machine
6.3. Electromotive force and electromagnetic torque of a DC commutator machine
6.4. Magnetic field of a DC machine. Anchor reaction
6.5. Switching in DC commutator machines
6.6. Ways to improve switching and suppress radio interference
6.7. Losses and efficiency of DC commutator machines
6.8. Brushed DC Motors
6.8.1. Basic dependencies and relationships
6.8.2. Motors of independent and parallel excitation
6.8.3. Regulating the rotation speed of independent and parallel excitation motors
6.8.4. Series motors
6.9. Universal brushed motors
6.10. Stabilization of rotation speed of DC motors
6.11. DC Generators
6.11.1. Independent excitation generator
6.11.2. Parallel excitation generator

Chapter 7. Electrical machines of special designs and properties
7.1. Gyroscopic motors
7.1.1. Purpose and special properties of gyroscopic engines
7.1.2. Design of gyroscopic motors
7.2. Electric machine converters
7.2.1. Electric machine converters of motor-generator type
7.2.2. Single armature converters
7.3. Electric machine power amplifiers
7.3.1. Basic Concepts
7.3.2. Electric machine transverse field amplifiers

Chapter 8. DC valve motors
8.1. Basic Concepts
8.2. The process of operation of a valve motor
8.3. Low power DC valve motor

Chapter 9. DC actuator motors
9.1. Requirements for actuator motors and control circuits for DC actuator motors
9.2. Armature control of DC actuator motors
9.3. Pole control of DC actuator motors
9.4. Electromechanical time constant of DC actuator motors
9.5. Pulse control of DC actuator motor
9.6. DC actuator motor designs
9.6.1. DC actuator motor with hollow armature
9.6.2. DC motors with printed armature windings
9.6.3. DC motor with smooth (slotless) armature

Chapter 10. Asynchronous actuator motors
10.1. Methods for controlling asynchronous actuator motors
10.2. Self-propelled in executive asynchronous motors and ways to eliminate it
10.3. Design of an executive asynchronous motor with a hollow non-magnetic rotor
10.4. Characteristics of an executive asynchronous motor with a hollow non-magnetic rotor
10.5. Executive asynchronous motor with squirrel-cage rotor
10.6. Executive asynchronous motor with a hollow ferromagnetic rotor
10.7. Electromechanical time constant of executive asynchronous motors
10.8. Torque actuator motors

Chapter 11. Actuator Stepper Motors
11.1. Basic Concepts
11.2. Stepper motors with passive rotor
11.3. Active rotor stepper motors
11.4. Inductor Stepper Motors
11.5. Basic parameters and operating modes of stepper motors

Chapter 12. Application examples of actuator motors
12.1. Examples of application of executive asynchronous motors and DC motors
12.2. Application example of an actuator stepper motor
12.3. Electric motors for driving reading devices
12.3.1. Tape transport mechanisms
12.3.2. Electric drive of devices for reading information from optical disks

SECTION IV INFORMATION ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Chapter 13. Tachogenerators
13.1. Purpose of tachogenerators and requirements for them
13.2. AC tachogenerators
13.3. DC tachogenerators
13.4. Examples of the use of tachogenerators in industrial automation devices
13.4.1. Application of tachogenerators as rotation speed sensors
13.4.2. Using a tachogenerator as a flow meter
13.4.3. The use of a tachogenerator in an electric drive with negative feedback by speed

Chapter 14. Electric synchronous communication machines
14.1. Basic Concepts
14.2. Indicator system for remote angle transmission
14.3. Synchronizing moments of synchronizers in the indicator system
14.4. Transformer remote angle transmission system
14.5. Design of selsyns
14.6. Differential selsyn
14.7. Magnesins
14.8. Examples of using selsyns in industrial automation devices
14 8 1 Registration of tool feed rate in drilling rigs
14.8.2. Regulation of the fuel-air ratio in a metallurgical furnace

Chapter 15. Rotating transformers
15.1. Purpose and design of rotating transformers
15.2. Sine-cosine rotating transformer
15.2.1. Sine-cosine rotating transformer in sine mode
15.2.2. Sine-cosine rotating transformer in sine-cosine mode
15.2.3. Sine-cosine rotating transformer in scaling mode
15.2.4. Sine-cosine rotating transformer in phase shifter mode
15.3. Linear rotating transformer
15.4. Transformer system for remote angle transmission on rotating transformers

Bibliography
Subject index

Preface

In conditions of growth technical level production and implementation of complex automation technological processes questions become of particular relevance quality training specialists directly involved in the operation and design of automation systems. In the extensive complex of instrumentation and automation, the leading place is occupied by electric machines and low-power transformers (micromachines).

The book outlines the principle of operation, design, operating features and design of low-power electrical machines and transformers, which are widely used to drive mechanisms and devices used in instrumentation and automation equipment. Electrical machine elements that form the basis of modern automatic systems: DC and AC actuator motors, electric machine amplifiers, rotating converters, stepper motors, electrical information machines (tachogenerators, selsyns, magnesins, rotating transformers), electric motors of gyroscopic devices.

The purpose of this book is to teach a future specialist to reasonably and correctly use power electric motors and electrical machine automation elements in instrumentation devices and automation equipment.

Taking into account the specifics of teaching students in technical schools and colleges, the author, when presenting the material in the book, devoted Special attention consideration of the physical essence of phenomena and processes that explain the operation of the devices under consideration. The course presentation methodology adopted in the book is based on many years of teaching experience in educational institutions secondary vocational education.

INTRODUCTION

IN 1. Purpose of electrical machines and transformers

The technical level of any modern manufacturing enterprise is assessed primarily by the state of automation and comprehensive mechanization of basic technological processes. At the same time, everything higher value Automation of not only physical but also mental labor is gaining momentum.

Automated systems include a wide variety of elements that differ not only functional purpose, but the principle of action. Among the many elements that make up automated complexes, electric machine elements occupy a certain place. The operating principle and design of these elements either practically do not differ from electrical machines (they are electric motors or electric generators), or are very close to them in design and the electromagnetic processes occurring in them.

An electric machine is electrical device, which carries out the mutual transformation of electrical and mechanical energies.

If the conductor is moved in a magnetic field like this. so that it crosses the magnetic lines of force, then in this conductor it will be induced electromotive force(EMF). Any electrical machine consists of a stationary part and a moving (rotating) part. One of these parts (the inductor) creates a magnetic field, and the other has a working winding, which is a system of conductors. If you connect it to an electric machine mechanical energy, i.e. rotate its moving part, then, in accordance with the law of electromagnetic induction, an EMF will be induced in its working winding. If any consumer of electrical energy is connected to the terminals of this winding, then a electricity. Thus, as a result of the processes occurring in the machine, mechanical rotational energy will be converted into electrical energy. Electrical machines that carry out such a transformation are called electrical generators. Electric generators form the basis of the electric power industry - they are used in power plants, where they convert the mechanical energy of turbines into electrical energy.

If a conductor is placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force and an electric current is passed through it, then as a result of the interaction of this current with the magnetic roofing felt, a mechanical force will act on the conductor. Therefore, if the working winding of an electric machine is connected to the brush of electrical energy, then a current will appear in it, and since this winding is in the magnetic field of the inductor, then its conductors will be acted upon mechanical forces. Under the influence of these forces, the moving part of the electric machine will begin to rotate. [In this case, electrical energy will be converted into mechanical energy. Electrical machines that carry out such a transformation are called electric motors. Electric motors are widely used in electric drives of machine tools, cranes, Vehicle, household appliances etc.

Electric machines have the property of reversibility, i.e. This electric machine can operate both as a generator and as a motor. It all depends on the type of energy supplied to the machine. However, usually each electric machine has a specific purpose: either it is a generator or a motor.

The basis for the creation of electrical machines and transformers was the law of electromagnetic induction discovered by M. Faraday. Start practical application electric machines were [laid down by academician B.S. Jacobi, who in 1834 created the design of an electric machine, which was the prototype of a modern commutator electric motor.

The widespread use of electric machines in industrial electric drives was facilitated by the invention by the Russian engineer M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky (1889) of a three-phase asynchronous motor, which differed from the DC commutator motors used at that time in its simplicity of design and high reliability.

By the beginning of the 20th century. most types of electrical machines that are still used today were created.

Download textbook Electrical machines, instrumentation devices and automation equipment. Moscow, Publishing center "Academy", 2006

] Educational edition. Textbook for students of electrical engineering specialties at technical schools. Second edition, revised and expanded.
(Moscow: Higher School Publishing House, 1990)
Scan: AAW, processing, Djv format: DNS, 2012

BRIEF CONTENTS:
Preface (3).
Introduction (4).
Section 1. TRANSFORMERS (13).
Chapter 1. Transformer working process (15).
Chapter 2. Winding connection groups and parallel operation of transformers (61).
Chapter 3. Three-winding transformers and autotransformers (71).
Chapter 4. Transient processes in transformers (76).
Chapter 5. Transformer devices for special purposes (84).
Section 2. GENERAL ISSUES IN THE THEORY OF BRUSHERLESS MACHINES (95).
Chapter 6. Operating principle of brushless AC machines (97).
Chapter 7. The principle of stator windings (102).
Chapter 8. Basic types of stator windings (114).
Chapter 9. Magnetomotive force of stator windings (125).
Section 3. ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINES (135).
Chapter 10. Operating modes and structure of an asynchronous machine (137).
Chapter 11. Magnetic circuit of an asynchronous machine (146).
Chapter 12. Working process of three-phase asynchronous motor (154).
Chapter 13. Electromagnetic torque and performance characteristics of an asynchronous motor (162).
Chapter 14. Experimental determination of parameters and calculation of performance characteristics of asynchronous motors (179).
Chapter 15. Starting and speed control of three-phase asynchronous motors (193).
Chapter 16. Single-phase and capacitor asynchronous motors (208).
Chapter 17. Asynchronous machines for special purposes (218).
Chapter 18. Main types of commercially produced asynchronous motors (230).
Section 4. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES (237).
Chapter 19. Excitation methods and design of synchronous machines (239).
Chapter 20. Magnetic field and characteristics of synchronous generators (249).
Chapter 21. Parallel operation of synchronous generators (270).
Chapter 22. Synchronous motor and synchronous compensator (289).
Chapter 23. Synchronous machines for special purposes (302).
Section 5. COLLECTOR MACHINES (319).
Chapter 24. The principle of operation and design of DC commutator machines (321).
Chapter 25. Armature windings of DC machines (329).
Chapter 26. Magnetic field of a direct current machine (348).
Chapter 27. Switching in DC machines (361).
Chapter 28. Collector DC generators (337).
Chapter 29. Commutator motors (387).
Chapter 30. DC machines for special purposes (414).
Chapter 31. Cooling of electrical machines (427).
Tasks for independent decision (444).
References (453).
Subject index (451).

Publisher's abstract: The book discusses the theory, principle of operation, design and analysis of operating modes of electrical machines and transformers, both general and special purpose, which have become widespread in various branches of technology. 2nd edition (1st - 1983) supplemented with new material corresponding modern approaches to the theory and practice of electrical engineering.

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