Chemical element for the destruction of rodents. Modern means and methods of rodent control. Physical and chemical properties

Rats are considered the most numerous species of rodents that live next to humans. According to the latest study, there are two rats per person living on our planet. These small animals are dangerous because of the possible transfer of pathogens of the most severe infections for humans. In addition, even a few adults can cause significant damage to property - rodents spoil furniture, walls, gnaw through wires from household appliances. To completely get rid of these unwanted guests, you need to choose an effective means or method for their destruction.

What are the ways to kill rats?

The resettlement of black, as well as gray rats, is observed everywhere. These representatives of the animal world settle where food can always be obtained and there are suitable conditions for the withdrawal of their numerous offspring. There is a trend towards an increase in the number of mice and rats within the city. Rodents feel great in basements, at landfills, next to garbage chutes and garbage cans. No need to think that the inhabitants of the upper floors are protected from these unpleasant animals - black rats can climb up to the fifth floor, and sometimes even higher.

Each of these methods of dealing with rats has its own main advantages and disadvantages. Physical Methods help only if only a few individuals are found in an apartment or house. It is impossible to use traps against tens and hundreds of rats, in which case a positive result may not be expected.

Folk methods are based on many years of experience and ingenuity. Most often, such methods and means of safe rodent control are used in their own homes, where there are numerous outbuildings. It is not always possible to destroy mice and rats moving around city apartments and basements with such methods.

Modern chemical production produces rodenticides of two groups - poisons of synthetic and natural origin. Synthetic poison is quite cheap and therefore it is not difficult to buy it. Forms of release of chemical poisons are various. These can be powders with one active ingredient or with additional components in the form of talc, starch. Rodenticides are often produced in the form of aerosols, suspensions, pastes, briquettes, sugar-flour dry mixes.

Chemicals used to control rats

For a quick fight against rats, you can buy a lot of funds. Experts advise choosing them based on where the poison will be decomposed. Many chemicals can affect a person even if they are inhaled, so they are used to fight rats only in non-residential premises - basements, garages, warehouses. The purpose of the space must also be taken into account. If food products are stored in it, then it is necessary to make sure that the poisons will not come into contact with the rodenticide.

“Rats appeared at our dacha last summer. At first it was one small rat and it did not bother us at all, but by the end of the summer more and more of these unpleasant rodents began to appear. They decided to poison themselves, for which they purchased Rat poison. The poison was deranged at home and in the cellar, I saw the corpses of rats about a week later. Our neighbors also poisoned these creatures. At present, everything is quiet, I hope that they will not appear again, and in the spring I will spread the poison in the basement again ”- Marina, 39 years old.

When purchasing any remedy for domestic rodents, you must always pay attention to its expiration date and the tightness of the package. In order not to harm yourself and your pets, you must also follow safety measures.

Rules for the use of poison from rats

The effectiveness of the destruction of rodents settled in the house is achieved not only through the choice of the best means, but also through its correct application. Experts advise adhering to the following recommendations for self-destruction of rodents:

1. Ready baits must be laid out with gloves or tweezers. Rats can be repelled by the smell of a person from the poison, and then the acquisition will not have the desired effect.
2. To avoid poisoning pets, it is necessary to purchase only recommended products and lay them out in inaccessible places.
3. If the rat population is large enough, then it is necessary to increase the decomposition points of the bait.
4. The remaining poison and the corpses of rodents are disposed of by burning or burying in the ground, the depth should be at least 50 cm.
5. In case of accidental ingestion of poison into the human body, you must immediately call an ambulance.
6. In apartments and houses, it is safer to use products that cause animal mummification. If the rodent, after using such a bait, dies in the house itself, then there will be no unpleasant smell from its corpse.

If you are not sure that you can carry out deratization in accordance with all the rules, then it is best to call specialists. Professional rodent extermination companies use the safest and most effective means and guarantee their effectiveness.
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Chemical Deratization Method- The essence of the chemical method is the poisoning of rodents with toxic substances - rodenticides (from Latin rodentis - gnawing and caedo - I kill). These substances act by entering the intestines or by asphyxiation (fumigants).

There are basically three ways to kill rodents with rodenticides:

1. the use of poisoned baits, which are used as food and water;
2. pollination with poisons of holes, passages, paths and other places visited by rodents. Rodents, passing through pollinated places, come into contact with poison that sticks to their fur. Cleansing themselves of adhering particles, the animals swallow the poison.

   With these two methods, the poison enters the intestinal tract of rodents, then, being absorbed, has toxic effect. Poisons used in poison baits and for pollination should evaporate slowly;

3. gassing - a method in which gaseous chemicals entering the lungs of rodents cause their death.

Of the poisons that act when introduced into the digestive tract, zinc phosphide, zoocoumarin, ratindan are most often used, less often - monofluorin, glyfluoro, fluoroacetamide, a herbal preparation - red sea onion. Previously, phosphorus and arsenic, strychnine, fluoride and sodium fluorosilicate were widely used.

Below is a description of the most important distinguishing properties of modern rodenticides.

Zinc Phosphide. It is a dark gray powder, tasteless, with a slight smell of garlic. It is insoluble in water and alcohol. Melting point 420°C. It is used as a technical product containing 14-18% phosphorus, 70-80% zinc and up to 6% other compounds. The active principle of zinc phosphide is phosphine (hydrogen phosphite), which is released from the poisoned bait under the influence of hydrochloric acid, which is part of the gastric juice. Phosphine has a toxic effect on the nervous system, blood and internal secretion.

Zinc phosphide is highly toxic not only for rodents, but also for other animals, as well as for humans (lethal dose for rats 15–30 mg, for mice 3–5 mg), therefore, special care is required when using it.

Zinc phosphide is well eaten by rodents. In baits for the destruction of rats and mice, it is used in an amount of 3%. Due to the decomposition of zinc phosphide into acidic environment do not use it with rye bread, sour dough and other quickly sour products. Due to the decomposition of zinc phosphide, baits with it last 2 to 3 days, and therefore they must be used immediately after production. To increase the effectiveness of zinc phosphide in the manufacture of baits, you need to use products that increase the acidity of the contents of the stomach of rodents (cereals, white or gray bread).

Store zinc phosphide in a dry, well-ventilated area. For baits, only a dry preparation should be taken.

zoocoumarin (warfarin). Represents white crystal powder without taste with a slight specific smell. Almost insoluble in water, very soluble in acetone, worse in alcohol, poorly in ether. Melting point 162°C.

Zoocoumarin is a slow-acting poison and, with a single injection to rodents, is relatively low-toxic, but it has a pronounced cumulative property (accumulates in the body), so small doses taken several times over a number of days ensure the death of rodents. So, for the death of a gray rat, a four-time dose of 0.25 g of the drug or a five-time dose of 0.2 mg is sufficient. This drug is dangerous for pets and humans, but in much larger dosages. For humans, the lethal dose is 400 - 1000 mg with a body weight of 60 kg.

The death of rodents after taking zoocoumarin occurs after 7-10 days. The drug causes delayed blood clotting, and also increases the permeability of the walls blood vessels which causes hemorrhage. Animals die from a decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood, which leads to oxygen starvation of tissues.

For the preparation of poisoned baits and pollination, 0.5% dust is used, in which one weight part of zoocoumarin is mixed with 200 parts of starch (1:200). The drug is added to the food base in the amount of 5%. Dust zoocoumarin withstands long-term storage and, when kept in a dry room, does not lose its toxic properties for several years. Zoocoumarin can be used in food, water baits and for dusting surfaces, burrows; rodent trails.

In recent years, there have been reports that individual populations of gray rats and house mice have been identified that are resistant to anticoagulants, and in particular to zoocoumarin.

Difenacin (ratindan). Light yellow crystalline powder, tasteless and odorless, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents, acetic acid. Melting point 146 - 147°C. Refers to anticoagulants.

Ratindan is a mixture of difenacin mixed in a ratio of 1:200 (0.5%) with starch. For the death of a gray rat, a four-time intake of ratindan 2 mg or 0.01 mg difenacin is sufficient. According to its raticidal properties, ratindan is about 25 times more toxic than zoocoumarin.

Use ratindan for the preparation of poisoned food baits, as well as for pollination of holes, exits from them and ways of movement of rodents. After eating baits with ratindan, rats die in 5-8 days. To prevent accidental poisoning, ratindan is available as a blue-tinted powder. When stored in a dry place for 2 years, ratindan does not lose its toxic properties.

To prepare food poisoned baits, ratindan is added to the food base in an amount of 3%. A single lethal dose of ratindan for mice is 4 mg, for rats - 6-8 mg.

Bactocumarin. It is a mixture of zoocoumarin with a bacterial culture (see below). According to some authors, it is more effective than the separate use of zoocoumarin and bacterial culture.

Sodium salt of zoocoumarin. Free-flowing yellow powder, odorless. It dissolves well in water and is mainly used in water baits and pastes.

Monofluorine. Crystalline substance, pinkish color. Dissolves well in ethyl alcohol, acetone, partly in hot water, insoluble in cold water. Melting point 134.5 - 135.5°C. Refers to organofluorine acute and highly toxic poisons. The lethal dose for gray rats is 15 mg/kg, for house mice - 15.5 mg/kg, for voles - 3-4 mg/kg. The death of rodents occurs after 3 - 4 hours. For the extermination of rodents, 1% of the drug is added to the baits. Monofluorin is not allowed to be used for dusting holes and trails of rodents.

Glyftor. The liquid is light Brown with a characteristic odor, soluble in water and alcohol. Toxic drug, LD60 for rats about 100 mg/kg. It is intended mainly for the fight against ground squirrels in the form of baits with oats. Oats are soaked in a solution of glyfluoro. For 10 liters of water, take 0.3 g of glyfluor. Glyfluoro is flammable. Shelf life 2 years.

Fluoroacetamide. It has the appearance of white or grayish crystals. It dissolves well in water. The death of rats when eating a bait containing 1% fluoroacetamide occurs in a very short time. The drug is recommended for use in poisoned baits, for seed dressing and water baits, it is forbidden to use it for pollination. Because of its high toxicity, handling fluoroacetamide requires special precautions; it cannot be used in food establishments. During long-term storage, the drug retains its activity.

red sea bow. Cultivated along the coast mediterranean sea and on its islands. In the Soviet Union, sea onions grow on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Large fleshy pear-shaped bulbs reach a mass of 2.5 kg. Outside, the bulb is covered with dark scales, under them there is a juicy pulp, odorless, but disgustingly bitter, which is why this plant is not eaten by animals, like rodents that do not have a gag reflex. The active principle is glycosides - scillitin, scillipicrin and spillin. For rats, the lethal dose of these glycosides is 0.1 - 0.2 mg.

Sea onions are used in the form of a pounded mass, dried powder, juice and extracts. Various baits are prepared from the mass and powder, and bread is impregnated with extracts or juice. The death of rodents after taking a lethal dose occurs after 12 - 48 hours. For humans, squill is fatal at a dose of 1.2 - 1.5 g.

Bulbs of sea onions are not all poisonous, as some contain an insufficient amount of the active substance. This reduces the value of the plant. In addition, the drug quickly decomposes, and therefore it can only be used fresh. The plant is difficult to cultivate, and therefore it is relatively expensive.

Store sea onions in dry rooms, without sudden changes in temperature.

Fumigants are also used to exterminate rodents, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, chloropicrin, methyl bromide, hydrocyanic (hydrocyanic) acid preparations.

Sulfur dioxide- gas with a sharp pungent odor, heavier than air (air density 2.264). The boiling point is about 10°C, it liquefies easily, the relative density of liquid sulfur dioxide at a temperature of 20°C is 1.49. Sulfur dioxide is highly soluble in water. The resulting sulfurous acid corrodes metals, discolors fabrics, and damages and destroys equipment. At relatively low humidity and high air temperature, it is possible to minimize the destructive properties of sulfur dioxide. The latent heat of evaporation of liquid sulfur dioxide is large, therefore, when gas leaves the cylinders, it may freeze and stop entering the room. Sulfur dioxide is produced in metal cylinders with a capacity of 10 to 50 kg.

In the case of the use of sulfur dioxide, the air temperature inside the premises should not be lower than 20°C. For gassing buildings, sulfur dioxide is standardized in 100 g of liquid per 1 m 3 of premises. Exposure 3 - 4 hours. For gassing marine vessels, the consumption rate is 80 g / m 3, exposure at 20 ° C is 6 hours, at 30 ° C - 5 hours. Rats and mice die after 15 - 20 minutes if there is 0 in the air 1% sulfur dioxide. When gassing rodent burrows, the concentration is increased to 100 g of liquid anhydride per 1 m 3 at 20°C; exposure 3 - 4 hours.

carbon dioxide. The gas is colorless and odorless. The density is 1.5 times the density of air; 1 liter of gas weighs 1.830 g. It passes into the liquid state at 0 ° C and a pressure of about 3.6 MPa (36 kgf / cm 2), the critical temperature is 31.4 ° C. When flowing into the air from the cylinder under pressure, it turns into a solid snow-like mass, which, quickly evaporating and bypassing the liquid state, gives a decrease in temperature to - 78 ° C. After being compressed into a dense mass, “dry ice” remains in air for quite a long time, since a large amount of heat is required to turn into a gas.

Carbon dioxide is mainly used in refrigerators. Treatment with this drug can be carried out if they contain products whose quality does not change from its use. Dosage 500 - 700 g per 1 m 3; exposure 48 hours.

Chloropicrin (trichloromethane, nitrochloroform). IN pure form is a colorless, easily movable oily liquid with a pungent pungent odor, boiling at 112 - 113°C. The industry produces 96% of the technical preparation of a yellowish color. Chloropicrin is heavier than air, it evaporates well when room temperature with the formation of irritating vapors of a characteristic unpleasant odor. At a concentration of 1 - 2 g / m 3 rats die after 25 hours, at a concentration of 20 - 30 g / m 3 - after 15 - 10 minutes.

Chloropicrin is often used in the field to exterminate rodents in burrows, with liquid chloropicrin administered in an amount of 1-2 g per burrow.

Cotton swabs on sticks are used to introduce chloropicrin into the burrow entrances. Sometimes sawdust or sand is pre-moistened with chloropicrin and the holes of holes are covered with them. After the introduction of the drug, the passages into the burrows are tightly covered with earth or other improvised material and then carefully trampled down. Special equipment is also recommended for dosed injection of chloropicrin into the burrows of field rodents.

Methyl bromide. Chemically pure methyl bromide (methyl bromide) under normal conditions is a colorless gas that turns into a transparent liquid at a temperature of 4 ° C. The relative density of liquid methyl bromide is 1.732. Pure methyl bromide is odorless, slightly soluble in water, and readily soluble in alcohol, ether, gasoline, and oils. For gassing, technical methyl bromide is used. It is a colorless or slightly yellowish liquid containing at least 99.5% of the main substance. Methyl bromide vapors have a high penetrating power, due to which it quickly spreads throughout the premises, freely penetrates into all cracks, soft equipment, etc. Compared to other fumigants, it is sorbed to a small extent by furnishings and materials and is quickly removed from them when aired. In the gaseous state at concentrations and exposures used for gassing, methyl bromide does not have a destructive effect on metal, paints, fabrics, Construction Materials. Is issued in metal cylinders.

Hydrocyanic acid preparations. The active principle of all drugs in this group is hydrogen cyanide, which has a boiling point of 26 ° C, a relative gas density of 0.9. Its good solubility makes it difficult to use hydrogen cyanide as a fumigant. Freezing point - 14°C. The substance is a light gas, it is easily sorbed and therefore does not penetrate well into materials. It is one of the most toxic fumigants, has a rapid paralyzing effect. Hydrocyanic acid preparations are extremely toxic to humans. Hydrocyanic acid preparations are used for gassing - cyclones B and D. Cyclone B is diatomite granules impregnated with liquid hydrocyanic acid and packed in sealed cans containing 200 g of hydrocyanic acid. Zyklon D are disks made of pressed paper pulp, sawdust or other porous, inert media impregnated with liquid hydrocyanic acid and packed in cans containing 1 - 1.5 kg of hydrocyanic acid. The dynamics of hydrocyanic acid release from cyclones depends on the room temperature and the thickness of disks and granules. Cyclones B and D are produced with an admixture of a tear signaling device.

Preparation of poisoned baits. The quality of poisoned baits is determined by the compliance of the dosage with the degree of toxicity of a given poison and its uniform distribution throughout the food base. An increase in the concentration of rodenticides against the established norms leads to the fact that rodents refuse to take such baits. We should also not forget that baits with an excessive content of poison are more dangerous for people and pets. Along with this, an insufficient concentration of the poison leads to the development of defensive reflexes, after which the rodents distinguish between rodenticide and for some time do not take the poisoned bait even when the food base changes.

When formulating poisoned baits, concentrations of rodenticides are calculated so that each portion of the bait is toxic to rodents. Due to the fact that rats and mice have different resistance to poisons, and in addition, with a single meal, rats eat more poison than mice, it is necessary to prepare different baits for rats and mice when using certain rodenticides.

Uniform distribution of poisons in the food base is achieved by thorough mixing or grinding of the components of the bait. Water-insoluble rodenticides must be mixed especially carefully. In some cases, flour or starch paste, as well as vegetable oil, are used to attach insoluble poison particles to the food base. Reliable mixing is ensured by the use of simple mechanization in the form of mixing machines.

The degree of edibility of poisoned baits depends on the attractiveness of the products taken for the preparation of baits, the cooking and appearance of the bait, and especially the degree of masking of the poison in the food base. When choosing food products, first of all, it is necessary to take into account the biological characteristics of the nutrition of certain species of rodents. As a food base, it is necessary to take feed that is characteristic of the species of rodents being destroyed. The food base is modified depending on local conditions. For its rational choice, it is necessary to constantly monitor and study the palatability of certain types of products by rodents. This is largely true for black rats, which are more picky about food.

It is not required to use expensive gastronomic products, as this leads to an unnecessary increase in the cost of deratization and waste of such valuable products as smoked meats, cheeses, canned food, sweets, cookies. Rodents do not need this food, they willingly eat rye or wheat bread, various cereals and all kinds of cereals, wheat, oatmeal, pea and rye flour, raw and boiled vegetables, meat (sausage) and minced fish. For the preparation of minced meat, you can successfully use cheap horse meat, meat of unused domestic and wild animals. Food waste from meat and fish factories can also be used. Moreover, all products must be fresh. Rodents avoid spoiled, sour, rotten or moldy food.

Rats always prefer baits with adequate moisture content. For greater attractiveness of food baits, it is recommended to flavor them with a small amount of salt, sugar, fat; rodents react especially well to sunflower oil. The appearance of the baits should be the same as the usual food found by rodents.

Baits from bread. First, bread crumbs are prepared, for which the bread is slightly dried so that it crumbles easily, and the crumbs are homogeneous. The finished crumb is weighed and poured into an enamel basin or bowl; rodenticide, sugar and oil are placed there exactly by weight. All components are thoroughly mixed with a wooden spatula until a homogeneous mass is obtained.

Baits on porridge. Salt and sugar are dissolved in water. In this solution, cereals are boiled until a cool porridge is obtained. In order to form uniform grains, the porridge is laid out in a thin layer on the table or in basins. When the porridge has cooled, it is weighed and thoroughly mixed in an enamel bowl with weighed butter, and then with rodenticide.

Meat or fish baits. Minced meat is made from meat pulp, offal, cheap boiled sausage or gutted fish in a meat grinder. Weighed minced meat is thoroughly mixed with rodenticide, bread crumbs and butter.

flour baits. The flour is mixed with rodenticide, then the mixture is kneaded with salted water, to which oil is added. When preparing cookies, the dough with poison is rolled out with a rolling pin to a thickness of 0.5 cm, then cut into pieces 3x3 cm in size. The pieces are fried in oil. Such cookies can be stored in a dry place for 2-3 months.

Preparation of baits from minced meat and flour. Flour is mixed with rodenticide, and minced meat is mixed with butter. Then both mixtures are placed in a mortar or basin and ground until a homogeneous consistency is obtained.

Vegetable baits. Washed potatoes, carrots, beets or other vegetables are boiled in a small amount of salted water. Finely chopped homogeneous and chilled pieces of cooked vegetables are mixed with oil and rodenticide.

Grain baits prepared in two ways:

1. when using insoluble preparations (zinc phosphide), they are glued to the grain. To do this, the grain, freed from impurities and litter, is placed in a saucepan and there it is thoroughly mixed with hot 4% starch paste and rodenticide. Then the grain is cooled and dried. After that, the grain is mixed with oil;
2. when using soluble poisons, soak or boil the grain in poisonous solutions.

Pastes. A very convenient form of deratization means. They are stored for a long time (up to a year) and, due to their portability, are easily transported over long distances without reducing their toxic properties. Pastes are used in smaller quantities than poisoned baits. They can be prepared centrally and used not only in places of manufacture, but also in forwarding conditions.

Green lures. in winter and in early spring When there are no green plants rich in vitamins in nature, green baits are successfully used. They are cooked on sprouted oats, vegetables and succulent plants. Plants or vegetables are pollinated with insoluble raticides or soaked in water-soluble poisons.

Waxed briquettes. Produced as follows: the main product of the bait (dough or crushed oatmeal) is thoroughly mixed with sugar, salt, vegetable oil and poison (zinc phosphide, zoocoumarin, ratindan), the listed components of the recipes are sequentially added. The prepared mixture is poured with TU-ORU 40-55 paraffin melted in a water bath (for laboratory purposes). The mixture is poured in a thin layer on a baking sheet and after hardening (but not completely, but while it has some elasticity) cut with a knife or a mold into pieces weighing 100 g. the date and place of manufacture, the period and conditions of storage and bright paint are marked with the word POISON.

Biscuits. They are made from flour as follows: the poison is dissolved in warm water, dyed red with eosin (1 g of dye is taken per 1 liter of water), sugar and salt are also dissolved there. The dough is kneaded on the solution, vegetable oil is added, it is rolled out with a layer of 0.5 cm and cakes weighing 20-30 g are cut. Biscuits are baked in drying cabinet at an initial temperature of 50°C and a final temperature of 140°C for 6 hours, and then dried, packaged and labeled in the same way as the briquettes.

Store biscuits and briquettes in a dry place at room temperature. Shelf life up to 1 year.

In table. 10 are the most common poison bait recipes. The conditions for their use are also indicated there.

Laboratory for the manufacture of poisoned baits. Poisoned baits, as well as baits for fishing gear, must be prepared in a specially equipped laboratory room. To do this, allocate an isolated dry, bright room. In no case should this room be located near a disinfectant warehouse where odorous substances are stored. The walls of the laboratory are painted with light oil paint, the floors are covered with linoleum or painted with oil paint. There should be no gaps in the floor. The doors of the laboratory room must be tightly closed and have reliable locks. To issue baits to disinfectors, a well-closing window is arranged in the wall or door.

The laboratory is provided with sufficient electric lighting, equipped with plumbing with a drain sink. It is desirable to have a gas stove. In the absence of gas, it is necessary to have electric stoves or an oven with a stove for cooking food. Above the cooking device must be equipped exhaust hood. Packaging and mixing of poisonous materials with food products should be carried out in a fume hood that is convenient for work. The hood must completely and quickly remove all gaseous toxic substances. The fume hood table is covered with linoleum or galvanized iron.

The laboratory should have two tables: one upholstered with galvanized iron for cooking and cutting food products, the second - an ordinary office table. Poison materials should be stored in a metal box with a lock; on the box should be the inscription "Poisons" and the image of the emblem (skull and crossbones).

Poisons must be in tight, serviceable containers, provided with a label that clearly indicates the name of the poison and the date it was received by the laboratory. It is desirable to have a refrigerator for food storage.

Laboratory equipment consists of scales, a meat grinder, a crumb grinder, basins, buckets, pots, bowls, frying pans, mortars, sieves, knives, spoons, metal and wooden spatulas kitchen boards, spatulas, measuring utensils, rubber gloves, goggles, respirators, oilcloth aprons, brushes for washing hands, overalls, towels. In the laboratory, in a conspicuous place, hang out: a) instructions for the use of rodenticides; b) the formulation of poisoned baits); c) a table on first aid in case of poisoning with toxic substances used.

Preparation of poisoned baits and packaging of poisonous materials is carried out by a laboratory assistant. Persons under 18 years of age, as well as pregnant women and nursing mothers, are not allowed to this work. Entry of unauthorized persons into the premises where poisoned baits are made is strictly prohibited. No drinking, smoking or eating is permitted in the laboratory.

Baits are consumed on the day of preparation. To do this, they are prepared in the amount of daily requirement. Harvesting baits based on perishable products for the future, especially in summer, should not be. Weighing, packing and mixing of rodenticides is carried out in a fume hood, while making sure that the poisons are not sprayed. Poisonous baits and dry poisons for pollination are issued against receipt with an exact indication of the mass of the substance and the date of issue. The issuance of poisoned baits and poisons to unauthorized persons is not allowed.

Tables and dishes after the preparation of poisoned baits must be washed with hot water with 2% sodium bicarbonate. Utensils intended for the preparation of poisoned baits must not be used for other household needs, especially cooking and animal feed.

At the end of the work, the laboratory assistant must take off his overalls in the laboratory room, wash his hands with soap, wash his face and rinse his mouth.

All incoming and outgoing rodenticides as part of poisoned baits and powders for pollination, as well as food baits for fishing gear and preliminary feeding, are subject to daily accounting in special journals.

Control of poisoned baits. To determine the toxicity, and therefore the effectiveness of the applied rodenticides, it is recommended to systematically check the poisoned baits. Bait control can be carried out both chemically and biologically. Biological control is more important, and it's more accessible if you don't have a chemist on staff. For biological control, it is necessary to capture and keep rats and mice in the laboratory. The use of white laboratory rats and mice for control purposes is not recommended.

On the eve of testing the poisoned bait, the animals are placed in cages one by one and the rations are reduced. On the day of the experiment, rats are given 20 g each, and mice - 5 g each of the tested bait. Control animals are fed similar food, i.e. unpoisoned baits. The remedy is considered effective if at least seven out of ten experimental animals died. On surviving animals, after 2-3 weeks, testing of baits with other raticides is allowed.

Chemical control over the content of rodenticides in baits is carried out analytically, checking the compliance of the amount of poisons with the formulations specified in the current instructions for the use of a particular drug.

The use of poisoned baits. Before laying out poisoned baits, you should make sure that there are rodents and determine their type. It is also necessary to find out where they nest, what exits from holes to the surface they use outdoors or indoors. The presence of rodents and their species are determined by objective indicators: catch, tracked dust sites, detection of droppings, fresh bites.

After determining the type of rodents and finding out their habitats, poisoned baits are laid out in burrows, bait boxes, and in some cases openly.

Laying out poisoned baits in burrows. Poisoned baits are laid out in inhabited, or so-called "residential holes", that is, in those holes and crevices used by rodents. The habitability of burrows is determined by their temporary closure by sticking paper or plugging with tow, rags, paper, and in open areas by backfilling with a small amount of earth or sand. If after 1 - 2 days after that the exits from the holes become free (open), then they are considered residential.

It is recommended 1 - 2 days before laying the baits to remove food and waste as much as possible and place them in a container inaccessible to rodents. In service and office areas, check for food residues in individual lockers, tables or waste paper baskets. It is also advisable to remove water.

Baits are laid out as deep as possible into the exits of holes and crevices, they are placed in paper bags or “pounds”. For laying out bulk bait, you can use a clean spoon. In each move of the rat hole, an average of 20–25 g is laid, and in the mouse hole, 2–3 g of poisoned bait. It is not advisable to pour baits in large quantities. In order to avoid damage and soaking of baits, they should not be laid out in the passages of holes in deep cellars with high groundwater. Baits with slowly acting and accumulating zoocoumarin in the body must be laid out 3-4 days in a row or 2-3 times every other day. After 5 - 8 days, depending on the degree of population, re-check object and again lay out the poisoned bait in all newly opened holes.

Arrangement of poisoned baits in bait boxes. This method, like the previous one, is quite effective; in addition, it is safe for others. Thanks to bait boxes, accidental scattering of poisonous baits is prevented. The designs of the bait boxes are different. The simplest and most convenient bait boxes are wooden or plywood rectangular boxes 25 cm wide, 40 cm long and 15 cm high. Dimensions may vary somewhat. The upper wall is arranged in the form of an opening door with ears for a lock. Square or round holes with a diameter of 7 - 8 cm are cut out in two side walls. The bait boxes must be clean, without foreign odors. Boxes should not be painted; outside of work, they should be stored separately from odorous disinfectants.

The poisoned bait is placed on the bottom of the bait boxes in the amount of 50 - 100 g (2 - 4 tablespoons). When using baits with zinc phosphide and fluoroacetamide, the boxes are locked. They put boxes near the places of exit of rodents, along their paths, which most often run along walls, objects or goods standing in one place for a long time, in quiet, secluded places. For every 50 - 70 m 2 of the area inhabited by rodents, one bait box should be placed. After 2 - 3 days after laying the bait, the boxes are checked, and if it turns out that the rodents eat the poisoned bait, then the same bait is added. In case of inefficiency of this bait, it is changed.

Bait boxes are especially useful when working in large warehouses or open areas. In these cases, appropriate warning labels are made on the bait boxes.

Open layout of poisoned baits. In warehouses and production facilities where there are few people and no pets, you can openly lay out poisoned baits with zoocoumarin, ratindan and other rodenticides that are not dangerous for people and pets. In these cases, it is better to place poisoned baits in paper bags or "pounds", on which warning labels "Poison bait" are made. Such

The “pounds” are left in the same places where the bait boxes are placed. Each "pound" holds 15 - 20 g of bait for rats and 2 - 3 g for mice.

One portion of the bait is placed on 10 - 15 m 2 of the area inhabited by rodents. The next day after laying out the baits, a check is made and uneaten baits are removed, and if eaten is good, fresh poisoned bait is added. For convenience in the work of checking and collecting residues, you can make notes with chalk on the walls near the places where the baits are laid out.

Pre-feeding. Rodents are very cautious, when meeting with unusual foods for them or with familiar foods in new places, they are wary of such food. In these cases, it is recommended to accustom rodents to those products from which poisoned baits are made. Top dressing or the use of "preparatory baits" is carried out in those places where poisoned baits are supposed to be laid out. If bait boxes are used, then top dressing is carried out in them.

The unpoisoned bait is laid out in such a way that it is enough for several rats and they do not look for food in other places. On the first day, 70-100 g of food is usually left. If the rodents immediately take good food, then in the following days the portions are increased without changing the type of bait. In case of refusal of rodents within 10 - 12 days from this type of feed, products are changed. It is better to carry out top dressing 5 - 7 days in a row or, in extreme cases, 3 - 4 times every other day. By the end of this period, rodents usually get used to the places where unpoisoned bait is laid out, become less cautious and willingly eat food.

After that, poisoned baits are prepared on the same food basis and laid out in the same places and in the same room. residual quantities Oh. The use of the method of feeding increases the effectiveness of the use of poisoned baits. The seemingly futile consumption of products pays off with successful results and a further reduction in the cost of poisoned baits.

The layout of poisoned baits made on perishable products in holes, crevices and other openings, as well as openly in places where there are no rodents, in the expectation that rodents can be poisoned in more late dates(at the subsequent settlements), it is inexpedient. It should be borne in mind that baits attract rodents for no more than 5-7 days after their preparation, and in summer time when food spoils faster, in an even shorter time. In addition, to prevent the settlement individual premises or buildings, as well as certain areas of the territory and for the extermination of already existing rats and mice, so-called long-acting points or permanent sites of rodent poisoning. For this, portable or stationary bait boxes are used. Stationary bait boxes are wooden chests (70x50x20 cm) with a lid upholstered in tin (to protect against rain and snow) and with holes on the adjacent side walls of the box.

Long-acting baits are also placed in trays, pipes, boxes that are inaccessible to other animals.

In bait boxes, for the purpose of their long-term action, they put poisoned bait cooked on grain (oats, barley, wheat), cereals, bread crumbs and other products that do not lose their attractiveness for rodents for a sufficient time (15 - 30 days). Poisons-anticoagulants (zoocoumarin, ratindan) are more often used as rodenticides. In stationary bait boxes, the poisoned bait is placed in feeders (saucers, jars), and in portable ones - directly on the bottom of the box. Each box contains 200-250 g of bait. The safety of the bait is checked after 15 - 30 days, and with visible signs of the presence of rodents - every 2 - 3 days. As rodents eat the poisoned bait, it is added or replaced. Usually, 8-10 boxes are placed at objects with an area of ​​up to 1000 m 2, and 4-5 boxes are added for each 1000 m 2 in rooms with a larger area.

It is more efficient to use briquettes and biscuits in damp rooms - basements, sewer wells, as well as on sea and river vessels.

Liquid baits. Rats absorb a large amount of moisture, and therefore water is used as bait. In places where rodents do not find water, drinkers are placed with water pollinated with rodenticides. By ingesting poison-pollinated water, rats ingest rodenticide. Poisons used for pollination should not dissolve in water and be light (with a low relative density). Water-soluble rodenticides are not used in liquid baits, as rodents distinguish between poisonous solutions and usually do not drink them. Heavy drugs (with a high relative density) are ineffective with this method of application: rats carefully drink only the top layer of water and do not take the rodenticide in the sediment.

Zinc phosphide, zoocoumarin, ratindan are used for water pollination. Clay or other feeders for laboratory animals, flower trays, and other stable dishes 4–6 cm high are used as drinkers. Water is poured into the drinkers with a layer of 1 cm. zinc phosphide, 3 - 5 g of zoocoumarin dust or ratindan.

When pollinating, it is necessary to ensure that the rodenticide powder is evenly distributed over the entire surface of the water. Pollination is carried out immediately before the placement of the drinkers. For pollination, special dusters or rubber pears with a tip are used. For uniform spraying of rodenticide, a strip is inserted into the outer part of the spray tip. thick paper. In the absence of these devices, pollination can be carried out with gauze bags made of two layers of gauze. For a uniform distribution of rodenticide in the water in the form of a film, light swaying of the drinkers is performed. When using zinc phosphide as a pollinator, drinkers with it are placed in bait boxes and this drug is used with all precautions.

Pollination with rodenticides. In addition to baits, poisons are quite successfully used to pollinate places frequented by rodents. This method is based on the fact that animals, passing through pollinated places, stain their fur, paws, and muzzle with poisonous powder. When rodents lick their outer covers, the poison enters the mouth and is then swallowed. When shaken off, the poison can also enter the lungs. Unlike the bait method, where success is largely determined by how well fed the rodents are and how they are attracted to baits, pollination is more effective, as the poison enters the body of both hungry and well-fed rodents.

The effectiveness of this method largely depends on the choice of rodenticides and the technique of their application, as well as the correct choice of places for pollination. With this method, water-insoluble and low-hygroscopic poison powders are used. Due to the fact that small particles of poison stick to the hair of rodents more easily than large ones, it is advisable to grind and sift them before using coarse-grained preparations (for example, zinc phosphide).

The most suitable rodenticides for pollination are zoocoumarin, ratindan, and zinc phosphide. For this purpose, zoocoumarin and ratindan are used in the form of dust, and zinc phosphide is used in pure form or mixed with fillers in a ratio of 1:1. Talc, starch, road dust, flour and other inert powders can be used as fillers.

Exits from holes, paths, garbage bins and other places where droppings and bites are found are pollinated. When pollinating exits from burrows, powders should be introduced first of all into the openings of inhabited burrows; it is necessary to dust not only the outer openings of the outlets, but also the deep parts of the passages. An average of 1–2 g of zinc phosphide powder is spent per hole, zoocoumarin and ratindan dusts are recommended to be used in an amount of 2–5 g.

Approximately the same amount of rodenticides is spent on 1 m 2 of open floor surfaces when treating trails and other places where rodents are. In these cases, after pollination, a uniform, well-distinguished thin layer rodenticide. In dry places, poisons act for quite a long time. Repeated treatments are carried out after 12 - 15 days.

They also use pollination of cotton wool, tow, rags, paper, which cover the exits of holes. Rodents, penetrating into exits closed in this way, throw out pollinated barriers and come into contact with poisonous powders faster and easier. Poisons in these cases fall directly on the muzzle and into the oral cavity of rodents. During periods of the greatest breeding of rats (in early spring and autumn), it is advisable to lay out pieces of pollinated cotton wool or tow near the exits from holes, which rodents use to build their nests. In this way, it is possible to act not only on adult rodents, but also on young animals located in nests.

It is most convenient to pollinate the outlets with a rubber bulb, which has a special tip equipped with a dosing device. When pollinating burrows in the field, knapsack fur dusters with tips can be used. Pollination of rodent trails, dustbins and other open spaces It is also produced with gauze bags made of two layers of gauze.

It is necessary to use poisons for dusting holes and paths of rodents in a small amount, since this method leads to contamination of the environment with rodenticides and increases the danger of the work carried out for persons who are constantly in the treated room.

Artificial nests. In the fight against common voles on the territory of vegetable bases, artificial nests or shelters are successfully used - boxes 20 x 40 x 50 cm in size or tubes made of roofing felt, paper rolls 20 - 30 cm long and 5 - 7 cm in diameter. Hay, straw are laid in the nests or any rags dusted with zoocoumarin (50 g) or ratindan (30 g) per 0.5 kg of nesting material. In summer, shredded carrots with 1% vegetable oil and 3% ratindan are placed in the nests.

Alternating rodenticides. With frequent and prolonged use of the same rodenticides in poisoned baits or during pollination, rodents become “addicted” to them, i.e., specific resistance to poisons increases, and conditional defensive reactions are developed, which consist in the fact that rodents quickly begin to recognize the poison they encounter and stop taking poison baits with it. This applies to all currently used rodenticides, with the exception of zoocoumarin and ratindan. In order not to reduce the effectiveness of the chemical method, it is necessary to apply poisons in a certain sequence, observing the order. On the other hand, the frequent alternation of poisons and baits from perishable products (bread, porridge, meat, fish) cause rodents to be wary, which negatively affects the quality of extermination work. In this regard, as the main means of control, it is necessary to use long-lasting baits with zoocoumarin and ratindan, and baits with zinc phosphide and other acute poisons no more than 3-4 times a year during the autumn peak of the number and spring reproduction of rodents, as well as according to epidemiological indications .

Repellents. Rodents seem to develop an aversion to certain odors and avoid them. This led to the search for deterrent (repellant) substances to protect against rats, mice, voles of individual buildings or premises. Previously, they tried to use plants for this purpose - stalk, comfrey, merender, as well as many chemicals, including naphthalene, mercoptan, nicotine sulfate, creosote, coal and wood tar products, kerosene, and essential oils.

TO gas method deratization is used mainly for the extermination of rodents on Vehicle ah, in particular on ships, in railway cars, and more recently in airplanes. IN settlements gassed mainly stand-alone elevators, grain warehouses, refrigerators, mills. In the field, gases are used to kill rodents directly in burrows.

For gassing, you can use substances that, at the temperature of their use, have enough high pressure saturated vapors and allowing to achieve the required concentration of gas for effective exposure. Such gases can be sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocyanic acid preparations, methyl bromide.

When using gaseous preparations, adsorption and condensation of toxicants on surfaces occurs. The amount of adsorbed substance at a given temperature increases with increasing gas pressure, however, with increasing temperature or at constant pressure, adsorption decreases. Conversely, a decrease in temperature leads to an increase in the amount of adsorbed substance. Therefore, a decrease in temperature during the exposure period leads to additional condensation of the toxicant on the surfaces.

This phenomenon during gassing makes it necessary to lengthen the periods of ventilation.

In the gassing process, which consists of three stages (preparation, exposure, degassing), along with the direct task of providing a certain concentration for a certain time (exposure), after the end of the latter, there is an inverse problem of removing the drug

(degassing) from the treated room, from surfaces and objects located in this volume.

The preparation of buildings or vehicles for gas treatment consists mainly in their isolation and the release of premises from people, animals, plants, and when using some fumigants (hydrocyanic acid, chloropicrin) and from food and water. For the purpose of insulation, windows and doors are tightly closed, gaps in windows, doors, ceilings, floors, and walls are sealed with paper strips. Gas should freely penetrate underground, into all blind places and compartments where rodents can be.

Then toxicants are let into the room, and depending on their mass, the drugs are injected from above if they are heavy, or from below if they are lighter than air. After reaching the required concentration of gas, the room with it is kept for a certain time. The exposure time depends not only on the properties of the gas, but also on the temperature. The final stage of gas treatment is degassing, which is carried out mainly by ventilation and increasing the temperature in the room. Degassing is carried out until the dose of the toxicant reaches the maximum allowable concentration for a particular drug.

Gassing of sea transport and fishing vessels. The gas method of processing sea vessels is used in the following cases: there is a case of rodents; a high number of rodents was noted; the ship has arrived or is leaving for ports that are unfavorable for quarantine diseases; it is not possible to destroy rodents and domestic insects in other ways.

Gas treatment of vessels is carried out after their unloading. In case of plague, the vessel is placed under gassing with cargo. For the gas treatment of marine vessels, methyl bromide, hydrocyanic acid and sulfur dioxide are used (they are described above). The main fumigant is methyl bromide, and in the absence of it, hydrocyanic acid and sulfur dioxide are used.

Gas treatment is carried out by the gasification units of the basin and port SES or the relevant units of the territorial sanitary service. The states of the detachments are completed as follows: a disinfectionist (gasification specialist) - 1, a laboratory doctor or a chemist with higher education- 1, paramedic - assistant epidemiologist - 1, disinstructor - 2 and disinfectors - 6 people. Responsible persons for accounting, storage and use of gaseous toxic substances.

The gassing unit must be equipped with equipment for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the fumigant, and have a first aid kit. For the entire period of work on gassing, the detachment is provided with transport for the transportation of disinfectants, pesticides and equipment. The personnel of the gasification detachment are provided with overalls in accordance with the approved standards for the free issuance of overalls, special shoes, safety devices, etc.

The need for gas treatment of the vessel is determined by representatives of the sanitary-quarantine and disinfection departments of the basin and port SES or territorial sanitary services that carry out sanitary supervision in this port. If necessary, representatives of anti-plague laboratories (stations) are involved. The sanitary-quarantine department gives the captain of the ship an order to gas the ship and informs the dispatch service of the port, shipping company, etc. about this.

All preparatory work on the ship (pressurization, lifting gas in a package to the deck, etc.) is carried out by the ship's crew. At the end of the preparatory work, the furnaces of the boilers are muffled or extinguished. The chief mate, together with the doctor, go around the ship's premises and check whether all crew members have gone ashore. The chief officer is the last to leave the ship and gives a signature on the removal of the crew.

The protection of the ship from the penetration of unauthorized persons not participating in gassing is entrusted to the administration of the ship, for which the captain appoints watchmen who are on the shore for the entire gassing period. The master of the ship is responsible for the safety briefing of the crew members taking part in the preparatory work standing watch at the gangway, mechanics and electricians when checking the operation of the ventilation, lighting and heating systems of the ship during the degassing period and the performance by all crew members of measures after the end of the degassing and commissioning of the ship.

The provision of first aid to persons participating in the gassing and verification of the implementation of personal and public safety measures by the personnel of the detachment is assigned to the doctor of the gassing detachment. To ensure the greatest possible safety, the doctor, before starting gassing, indicates the place where the first-aid kit will be located; asks members of the gassing squad about their state of health; patients and persons with signs of alcohol intoxication are not allowed to work; checks the serviceability of gas masks, indicates exit routes from carbonated premises; provides for all the possibilities for the shortest stay of crew members in gassed rooms, etc.

A warning board is installed at the ship's gangway with the inscription "No entry. Life threatening!". The inscription should be clearly visible, and illuminated at night. Flag signals are hoisted on the ship, indicating that gas is being carried out on the ship.

On the berth, the ship has a duty disinfector, who is replaced according to the schedule. The disinfector has spare gas masks (3-6 pieces). If necessary, the disinfector accompanies the watchman from the crew members to turn on the signal lighting on the decks or in cases when the watchmen during degassing observe the operation of the switched on heating and ventilation system.

Before gassing, the ship must be carefully sealed by the crew under the supervision of an assistant epidemiologist. Holds with wooden flooring are additionally sealed with 2-3 layers of tarpaulin or synthetic films. Ventilation holes and pipes are clogged with rags, tied with canvas covers or synthetic film; portholes, hermetic doors, light and ventilation openings are closed on all lambs. Small holes and cracks are sealed with paper smeared with paste, grease or technical petroleum jelly.

When using sulfur dioxide, in order to avoid corrosion, all metal parts of machinery, equipment and ship decoration are wiped dry with a rag and lubricated with protective mineral (non-drying) greases or oils, or technical petroleum jelly.

Checking the sealing, supplying gas to the premises and handing over the vessel should, as a rule, be carried out during daylight hours. For the ports of the Arctic and in exceptional cases, gassing is allowed at night. At the same time, it is necessary to provide sufficient lighting in all ship spaces and provide external lighting of the ship and the berth for the entire time of gassing.

For the period of gassing of ships, the port administration is obliged to allocate a berth remote from residential and industrial premises at a distance of at least 50 m. At the berth, at least 30 m from the vessel, there must be a room for watchmen. Gasification of ships in the roadstead or at the breakwater is prohibited.

At the end of gassing, the detachment doctor fills out an act in two copies. One copy is transferred to the ship's administration, which, on the basis of it, receives a deratization certificate. At the same time, the captain is given instructions on the mandatory measures to be taken by the forces and means of the ship's crew after its gas treatment.

For gassing, the calculation of the fumigant dosage is carried out taking into account the degree of sealing of the ship, the air temperature in different groups of ship spaces (holds, engine room, service and utility rooms); the purpose of processing each isolated compartment (deratization, disinfestation) and the degree of congestion of the premises with objects that absorb gas.

The work plan should provide for measures aimed at accelerating the degassing of the vessel: the use of the ship's ventilation and heating systems to the full extent, the removal of soft bedding to the deck if they do not require processing, the use of coastal installations for additional ventilation, etc. Particular attention should be given to the measures for the safe use of the fumigant on this ship. The possibility of supplying gas to the holds, engine and boiler rooms from open decks, through hoses is taken into account, the routes of disinfectors are specified when distributing the drug among the premises.

The effectiveness of deratization (and disinfestation) depends on three conditions: the lethal concentration of the fumigant in the air after the completion of sorption processes; time of action (exposure) and temperature inside the gassed room.

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of dosage and gas concentration. The dosage is the estimated amount of fumigant supplied to the premises. Concentration is the real, actual amount of the fumigant, which is determined analytically, by one of the methods, by the chemist of the gassing squad in a certain room at a certain time. Both quantities are expressed in grams per cubic meter(g / m 3).

The actual fumigant concentration is usually less than the calculated gas dosage. When using methyl bromide, it can be 50 - 70%, when using hydrocyanic acid and sulfurous anhydride - 20 - 50% of the calculated value. Poor sealing dramatically reduces the actual gas concentration. If it is impossible to ensure sealing, it is not advisable to gas the vessel. The actual concentration of gas in the air also decreases due to the sorption of the fumigant by the furnishings. Methyl bromide is less sorbed than hydrocyanic acid and sulfur dioxide.

The number of places for sampling the gas-air mixture and the frequency of determining the gas concentration in each isolated compartment is determined by the doctor and chemist in relation to each type of vessel, and depends on its tonnage and design. At least 2-3 samples are taken from each group of isolated rooms (holds, engine rooms, service rooms, etc.) during the exposure time. The first determination of the fumigant concentration is carried out no earlier than 30 minutes after the supply of methyl bromide and sulfur dioxide is stopped or after the complete release of hydrocyanic acid from cyclones D and B. The last determination is carried out 30–60 minutes before the end of exposure.

The chemist is obliged to organize the selection of gas-air samples in such a way as to give the detachment doctor a fairly complete description of the concentration of the fumigant in individual compartments in dynamics.

The temperature regime above 20°C is the most rational for all three fumigants. Before gassing, the ship's heating system must be turned on until the temperature inside the premises is not lower than 20 ° C (preferably 26 - 27 ° C). At this initial temperature, there is a more complete and rapid release of hydrocyanic acid and a better distribution of sulfur dioxide and methyl bromide throughout the premises. In addition, it should be taken into account that the air temperature, depending on meteorological conditions (especially in the ports of the Arctic) and the latent heat of evaporation of the fumigant, decreases during exposure (by 5 - 15 ° C).

In the case of gassing, according to epidemic indications, of unloaded ships, the dosages of fumigants are doubled, and the exposure is extended to 24 hours. When gassing loaded holds, the exposures increase to 48 hours.

After determining the actual concentration of the fumigant, the doctor of the gassing unit and the chemist make adjustments to the calculated processing mode: they specify the exposure or add the fumigant to those rooms where its insufficient concentration was determined. If necessary, the sealing of individual rooms is enhanced, etc.

To take gas-air samples in order to determine the actual concentrations of the fumigant in the ship's premises before the introduction of gas into the holds, engine, service and other isolated compartments in places farthest from the gas release points, rubber hoses with a diameter of 4 - 7 mm are installed. The outer end of the hose is brought to the open deck and tightly clamped with a clamp. The hose outlets are tightly sealed. The intake of the gas-air mixture is carried out by aspirators with a capacity of 5 - 10 liters. By means of clips selection speed is regulated. The first 2 - 3 liters of air from the rubber hoses are drawn idly to clean the hoses from the gas accumulated in them.

To kill rats outside aerated rooms (on open decks, in boats, chests, etc.), poisoned baits, rodent fishing gear are laid out before gassing and, if possible, decks are rolled with hot water, especially under pipeline casings.

In cases where there is no need to leave soft inventory, bedding (mattresses, pillows, etc.) in the ship's premises, these things are taken out by the ship's crew on deck to the place indicated by the doctor and covered with a tarpaulin. Bedding can be gassed under a tarpaulin, or in one of the well ventilated superstructure rooms.

The distribution of the fumigant among the premises is carried out taking into account physical and chemical properties pesticide (relative density) and forms of its application (cyclones and liquefied gas in cylinders). Heavy gases - methyl bromide and sulfur dioxide are fed into the compartments from the upper decks. Hydrocyanic acid preparations should be distributed directly on the lower decks of each compartment. In doing so, the following should be taken into account:

1. it is most rational to supply gas from cylinders to the holds and other spaces of the vessel from open decks without entering the premises, using rubber hoses connected to the cylinder fitting using adapters and union nuts. Cyclones are thrown into the hold from the open deck, but in such a way that discs or pellets fall to the bottom of the hold;
2. in cases where the design features of the vessel do not allow supplying gas from decks using hoses, cylinders are installed in the gassed room near the exit so that after opening the cylinder valve, the disinfectors can quickly leave the premises;
3. on a large ship, it is advisable to insulate and aerate large compartments separately. First, the valves of the cylinders installed in the rooms located below the main deck are opened. The distribution of cyclones starts from the lowest deck, then moves up towards the exit to the main deck. Superstructure rooms are gassed depending on design features ships according to the same principle - from the places most remote from the entrance, to the premises with access to the open deck;
4. in all cases, the engine room is isolated from the rest of the premises and aerated separately. The gas supply from the cylinders is carried out from above through the light lanterns or the cylinders are installed on the upper grate. Cyclones are thrown from the upper grates in such a way that the discs or pellets reach the lowest deck of the engine room;
5. when gassing empty holds with a depth of more than 7 m, it is advisable to organize mixing for 30-60 minutes of methyl bromide or sulfur dioxide entering them. To do this, before gassing, portable tanks are installed in the holds. electric fans, the inclusion of which is carried out at the right time from the main deck.

All work with methyl bromide, hydrocyanic acid and sulfur dioxide is carried out in a grade that is different for each gas. Work with methyl bromide is carried out in gas masks with a filter box brand A (brown). The box is designed to operate for 20 minutes at a concentration of methyl bromide in air of 33 g/m. All work with hydrocyanic acid preparations and sulfurous anhydride is carried out in gas masks with a filter box of grade B (yellow). The time of the protective action of the box is not less than 30 minutes at a hydrocyanic acid concentration of 10 g/m 3 . The time of the protective action of the box at a concentration of sulfur dioxide 8.6 g/m - 45 min.

Gas masks are assigned individually to each worker. Gas mask helmets are carefully selected according to the size of the head. At least two people work simultaneously at each cylinder and during the distribution of the hydrocyanic acid preparation.

The flare of liquefied gas from the cylinder, depending on the temperature inside the room, ejects liquid fumigant at a distance of up to 3 m. The cylinder valve opens completely, so it is necessary to place the cylinder in such a way that the fumigant jet does not blow over the walls, deck and equipment.

Cylinders with liquefied sulfur dioxide are installed with the neck down, fixing them in wooden shoes. A hose with a spray nozzle is suspended at a distance of 1 m from the floor with the direction of the torch obliquely from top to bottom. Cylinders with methyl bromide are placed with the neck up or slightly tilted towards the valve.

Cans with a cyclone are opened with special circular knives on the open deck near the hold (when it is gassed) or in the ship's premises directly at the place of distribution of each can. It is forbidden to open cans with a cyclone in one cabin due to the accumulation of a large amount of hydrocyanic acid in this room.

After the introduction of the fumigant, the detachment goes ashore, removes gas masks, then everyone wash their hands and face, rinse their mouths. The doctor of the detachment checks the list of members of the gasification brigade and gives an order on the procedure for carrying out the degassing of the vessel and further work.

The effectiveness of gas treatment is determined by the actual death of insects and rodents of the local population and with the help of biocontrol. Biocontrol (red cockroaches, at least 5 females with ootheca in gauze bags;

Bed bugs at least 5 pieces and their eggs; rat fleas at least 10 pieces in test tubes tightly closed with gauze; rats black or gray in tops of 1 - 3 pieces) before gassing it is carried around the premises and placed in places farthest from the points of gas release. Insects are placed under pillows, in boxes, etc. Depending on the tonnage of the vessel and its design features, the number of places for laying out biocontrol can vary, but in such a way that biocontrol is left in all isolated compartments. It is advisable to leave the biocontrol at the places where the gas-air mixture is taken. Test tubes with insects and tops are marked.

Biocontrol from the premises is collected 1-2 hours before the end of degassing, at the same time, female cockroaches with ootheca and other insects found on the ship are selectively selected. Rodents are handed over to the anti-plague laboratory or the department of especially dangerous infections of the SES.

Accounting for the death of insects and the final assessment of the effectiveness of pest control is carried out a day after the start of exposure. Accounting for the death of rodents and evaluation of the effectiveness of deratization is carried out immediately after the end of degassing. It must be borne in mind that the death of insects after the application of methyl bromide may not occur immediately after its action, and the deep paralysis of insects after the action of hydrocyanic acid imitates their death.

After the expiration of the exposure period, the disinfectors, led by a doctor, put on gas masks, go on board and proceed to depressurize the vessel from top to bottom: they remove the canvas covers from the ventilation columns. Without entering the premises, they open the doors leading to the deck to remove the bulk of the gas.

After l½ - 2 hours from the start of ventilation, disinfectants in gas masks enter the premises, open the rest of the doors, portholes and ventilation openings. With the permission of the doctor, a mechanic and 1-2 sailors in gas masks go down to the engine room together with a disinstructor to start the machine, forced ventilation, heating and switching on electric lighting.

First of all, measures are taken for intensive ventilation of the engine room. If the holds are covered with metal covers, then crew members are involved in their lifting. This work is carried out in gas masks under the supervision of a gassing squad doctor.

To accelerate the degassing of the ship, in addition to natural ventilation of all ship spaces with the maximum opening of all possible openings, it is necessary to actively use the ship's artificial ventilation and heating systems. It is desirable to use portable fans, especially in those areas of the vessel where there is no artificial ventilation. It is advisable to use coastal powerful air handling units and mechanical heaters. Degassing takes place most rapidly after the application of methyl bromide, then hydrocyanic acid and sulfur dioxide.

The ship's degassing regime is planned by a doctor and an assistant epidemiologist so that in the cold season, especially in the northern ports, the air temperature inside the ship's premises does not decrease with open ventilation openings and doors below certain values: when using methyl bromide - 20 ° C, hydrocyanic acid and sulfur dioxide - 25°C. In summer, the temperature inside the premises should exceed the temperature of the atmospheric air. On ships where for a number of reasons (boiler repair, heating system failure, failure of the ship's administration to ensure uninterrupted heating, etc.) it is not possible to observe the temperature regime - gas method cannot be applied.

During unfavorable meteorological conditions, during degassing, the vessel periodically opens and closes doors and ventilation openings. The time for which the ship's spaces are opened and closed is regulated by the air temperature inside the ship's spaces.

1 - 2 hours before the end of degassing, disinfectors with disinstructors in gas masks collect disks or granules of the used cyclone, screw up the valves of the cylinders and screw on the safety caps, collect the corpses of rodents and mechanical fishing gear. Waste discs and granules are burned in the ship's furnace or on the territory of the decontamination department.

The ship can be put into operation only after the completion of the degassing of all ship spaces. Determination of complete degassing is carried out by a chemist of the gassing squad in the ship's premises, previously closed for at least 11/2 - 2 hours so that the air temperature inside the premises is not lower than 20 ° C.

An approximate determination of the concentration of fumigants during the degassing period is carried out according to the following methods. Methyl bromide is determined by an indicator halide burner by changing the color of the flame (method sensitivity from 0.05 to 3.0 g / m 3 or mg / l); hydrocyanic acid - benzidine test (method sensitivity from 0.0011 to 0.05 g / m 3 or mg / l); sulfur dioxide - by changing the color of litmus paper (method sensitivity from 0.004 to 40.0 g / m 3 or mg / l). In those rooms where degassing is delayed, the doctor and assistant epidemiologist take measures to accelerate degassing in these compartments (heating, ventilation).

The ship is handed over to establish the concentration of methyl bromide in the air of the premises, equal to 0.05 mg/l, hydrocyanic acid - 0.002 mg/l, sulfur dioxide - 0.01 mg/l. Particular attention should be paid to the control of the content of residual amounts of fumigants in poorly ventilated rooms, containers (tanks of drinking water, fuel, etc.) that do not have sufficient ventilation.

The head of the gassing detachment, having received the results of the analyzes, gives the captain or chief officer an instruction for the ship's administration on the mandatory measures to be taken by the ship's crew after gassing, and authorizes the admission of the crew to the ship.

The instructions state that the ship's crew must actuate heating system and available artificial ventilation. During the first 24 hours after the delivery of the vessel, it is prohibited to close the ventilation openings, portholes and holds. All bedding, carpets, upholstered furniture, clothes to take out on the upper deck for ventilation. Dirty linen should be laundered, clean linen should be ventilated. Wash galley, tableware and other dishes with hot water and soap. Also, wash all areas of the vessel with hot water and soap. The indoor temperature must be at least 20°C. Crew members are allowed to sleep during the first day only with the windows open.

All work involving the use of such potent substances as hydrocyanic acid, sulfur dioxide and methyl bromide must be strictly documented. The record form must clearly, clearly and in detail reflect all the points associated with gas processing, indicating the specific conditions of processing.

In order to improve the use of methyl bromide, a technique has been developed to apply this fumigant in a mixture with carbon dioxide. This technique allows to somewhat reduce the demurrage of ships under gassing, reduce the consumption of methyl bromide and carry out processing at a temperature inside the ship's spaces of 5°C. With the combined use of these gases, the diffuse properties of both components increase, the sorption decreases, and the desorption of methyl bromide is accelerated. Carbon dioxide at the recommended rate of consumption has a stimulating effect on the respiratory system of rodents and insects, causing a deepening and quickening of respiratory movements. As a result, to ensure the complete death of biological objects, a lower consumption of mixture components is required compared to the separate use of each of them. However, this method, due to the complexity of the gasification technique, has not been widely used.

Gasification of passenger railway cars. Passenger soft and combined cars in cases of the appearance of rodents and insects in them can be assigned to gas treatment, which is more often carried out with hydrocyanic acid preparations.

Hydrocyanic acid can be used by decomposition of cyanides (KCN, NaCN) with sulfuric acid (cask method); in the form of liquid hydrocyanic acid from cylinders (cyanization method in hangar conditions); when using cyclones B and D.

The tubing method is very cumbersome, time-consuming, requires increased dosages and exposures, increases the degassing time, so at present it has lost its practical significance. The use of liquid hydrocyanic acid is more perfect, but requires special facilities - hermetic hangars. The use of cyclones due to its simplicity and reliability can be most widely used in the conditions of conventional disinfection points located on special tracks or in dead ends, remote from residential and industrial premises by at least 50 m, permanent places of work on outdoors no closer than 25 m and 10 m from the main operating routes of passing passenger trains. Areas where car gassing is carried out must be fenced, lit, have a gate or a barrier. Railway car gasification technology significantly easier than technology gassing of sea vessels and fundamentally has few differences.

Aircraft gasification It is carried out mainly with methyl bromide and technically represents the easiest task, which is associated both with the relatively small volume of aircraft premises and with the availability of pressurization.

The gassing of any facility is carried out in strict accordance with the current gas treatment instructions, which are approved by the relevant ministries.
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Not a single animal living on the planet causes such disgust in humans as rats or mice. These animals prefer to settle in the neighborhood of human habitation, as a result of which they cause significant damage to human property and threaten his health.
The problem of rodent control today is really acute for many people, especially for summer residents and gardeners. Every year we try to get rid of rats and mice, but not always successfully. Over the years, mankind has managed to come up with many means of combating rodents. Each of the ways to get rid of rodents has its pros and cons.

To combat rats and mice, physical, chemical and electronic methods are currently mainly used.

Physical Methods

1. Use of traps and traps

Traps and traps are used both indoors and in undeveloped areas.
The fight against rats and mice with the help of traps is fundamentally different from catching with traps with baits in that it is based not on attracting rodents, but on using the stereotype of their movements in the places they most frequently visit.
TO positive aspects This method of rodent control should be attributed to the fact that the effectiveness is detected immediately. The method has a fairly low percentage
efficiency and very high level injury. Since the use of traps requires certain skills, in addition, rodents know about the tricks of people (this is the most ancient method) and diligently bypass the exposed crushers.
The use of traps is of little use for controlling rat and mouse populations, but it is suitable for eliminating a small number of rodents.

2. Use of sticky masses - glue from rats and mice

They are applied to cardboard or board. Glue traps do not contain toxic substances and are absolutely harmless to humans. This method of dealing with rats and mice is reliable and effective. Glue traps are custom made biological features rodents. They have a thin enough surface so that when placed around the perimeter of the premises they do not stand out too much from the floor surface, false ceiling etc. The glue used has such viscous and durable properties that, having stepped on the trap, the rodent has no chance to break away or run away with it.

3. Treatment of rodent burrows

Filling holes with mechanical foam. They are applied without poisons and cause suffocation of rodents within one minute. This method is suitable for processing holes instead of poisonous gases.
Filling holes with water. This technique, in particular, is used to destroy gophers. In this case, the greatest success is achieved with the infusion of boiling water.

4. Use of a cat

Unfortunately, a cat can solve the problem with rodents only in a piece version, that is, it is unlikely to cope with the entire population of rodents.

Chemical Methods

The essence of chemical methods of deratization is the poisoning of rodents with toxic substances - rodenticides (from Latin rodentis - gnawing and caedo - I kill). These substances act when they enter the intestines or lungs (fumigants).
Forms of application of deratization preparations are diverse. These can be powders consisting of a single preparation or a mixture of poison with various inert fillers (talc, starch, road dust, etc.), solutions and suspensions, fat-based pastes, waxed briquettes, biscuits, rusk-flour mixtures and others
According to the nature of the origin, poisons are divided into vegetable and synthetic. Numerous drugs of synthetic origin have received the greatest distribution all over the world.
All synthetic rodepticides are combined into two large groups, each of which is characterized by the specific effect of its constituent drugs on the animal body: these are acute and chronic drugs (anticoagulants).

Poisons of acute action cause the death of rodents after a single eating of the bait. These include: sodium cremifluoride, barium carbonate, arsenic compounds, yellow phosphorus, zinc phosphide, thallium sulfate and other inorganic compounds, as well as organic plant poisons: strychnine, scilliroside (red sea onion preparation), sodium fluoroacetate (1080); organic synthetic poisons: ratsid, thiosemicarbazide, promurite, fluoroacetamide, barium fluoroacetate,
monofluorin, glyfluoro, shoxin (norbomide), vacor (RH=787), etc.

Poisons of chronic (cumulative) action characterized by a long latent period, slow development of the poisoning process with regular introduction of very small doses into the body. These drugs cumulate (accumulate) in the animal's body and gradually lead to significant biochemical and pathological changes and death. The largest share among the poisons of chronic action are blood anticoagulants from the coumarin group: warfarin
(zoocumaria), coumachlor, dicoumarol, etc.; and indadione: difenacin, phentolacin, etc.
Currently, in the practice of deratization are widely used the following ways: 1) food poisoned baits - the poison is mixed with a food product that is attractive enough for rodents; 2) liquid poison baits - the use of solutions or suspensions of poisons in water, milk and similar liquids; 3) pollination - the use of powdered poisons for pollination of exits from burrows, trails and routes of movement of rodents, nesting material, etc.; 4) gassing - supply to
room or burrow of rodent poisons in the gaseous state.

Poison for mice and rats kills rodents in their shelters, and after a while the characteristic smell of rotting organic matter begins to spread in the room exuded by the corpses of dead pests, which poses a health hazard. One problem leads to another. Sometimes, in order to clean the room, you have to open the floors or wall cladding, and so on with each invasion of rodents. Do not forget that the poison against rats is a source of danger to humans, domestic and wild animals.

The disadvantages of the above methods of rodent control are devoid of electronic methods.

Electronic Methods

1. Use of electroderatizers

Touching the grate of the deratizer, the rats receive a fatal electric shock. They can be used for protection against rodents of objects where there are no people and animals.

2. Ultrasonic repellers of mice, rats and other rodents

The most modern and efficient device invented to date. The device is guaranteed to save you from uninvited guests in 2-3 weeks. Safe for humans and pets.
- these are devices that, by generating ultrasonic and / or light waves, act on the psyche of animals, causing anxiety and panic fear of the latter, and forcing pests to leave the territory of the device.
They are compact, silent, do not require special skills and constant monitoring. This explains the simplicity and ease of use of the device in pest control.
The device is mains powered, but there are models that connect to the "cigarette lighter" or car battery.

Chemicals. These include poisons for the destruction of rodents, as well as drugs that protect various materials from damage by rodents or from animals entering the premises (). Chemical poisons are used as part of food baits, in the form of a powder for dusting rodent burrows and trails, and also in a gaseous state for treating ships, elevators, etc.

According to the nature of the action, poisons are divided into long-acting and fast-acting. The former include zoocoumarin, ratindan, pivalindandione, etc., while the latter include ratsid, thiosemicarbazide, phosphide, barium sulfate, barium carbonate, arsenic compounds, fluoroacetamide, barium fluoroacetate, gaseous preparations, etc.

zoocoumarin- powder of white or light gray color with a characteristic smell. Insoluble in water. A feature of the drug is the ability to accumulate (accumulate) in the body of the animal. The death of rodents occurs after repeated (within several days) intake of very small doses. The lethal dose for gray rats is 0.25 mg daily for four days (total dose 1.0 mg), poisoned animals die on the 8-14th day. Zoocumarin does not develop alertness or addiction. By industry, zoocoumarin is produced in the form of a working mixture (1 part of the preparation for 199 parts of starch), from which poisoned baits are prepared (5% of the working mixture by weight of the finished bait); it is also used for dusting burrows, rodent trails, and water. This drug is practically not dangerous to humans.

Ratindan- crystalline yellow powder. Insoluble in water. The lethal dose for gray rats is 0.01 mg daily for 3-4 days. Rats die on the 6-8th day. It is produced by the industry in the form of a working mixture (with an active ingredient content of 0.5%), tinted blue. It is used in the same way as zoocoumarin, but for food baits, 3% of this working mixture is taken by the weight of the bait. For pets and humans, ratindan is practically not dangerous.

Pivalindandione(ratindan IV) - crystalline powder of yellow or golden color (pure preparation). Insoluble in water. Less toxic than zoocoumarin and ratindan: lethal dose for gray rat - 0.5 mg daily for 4 days. Rats die on the 8-16th day. The use in combination with zoocoumarin (1:1) significantly increases the effectiveness of the drugs. Like ratindan, pivalindanedione is practically harmless to humans.

ratsid- an acute drug. Gray or brownish powder, insoluble in water. Highly toxic to gray rats and house mice (lethal dose 4.5-5 mg and 0.5-0.7 mg, respectively) and practically non-toxic to humans and pets. The death of rodents occurs within a day. In case of poisoning with small doses of the drug, rodents develop resistance to it, which lasts 30-40 days, so repeated treatments with ratsid should be carried out at intervals of 4-6 weeks. Krysid is used for the preparation of food baits (poison content 1%), dusting of water, holes and trails of rodents. Almost no danger to humans.

Thiosemicarbazide- white crystalline powder, soluble in hot (up to 10%) and cold (up to 2.5%) water. The lethal dose for gray rats is 12 mg, for house mice - 1 mg. Due to the high content of the drug in food baits (5%), rodents eat them relatively poorly. Eating sublethal doses induces drug resistance in rats. Not dangerous for humans.

Zinc Phosphide- powder of dark gray, almost black color, with a smell of garlic. Insoluble in water. The lethal dose for the gray rat is 15-30 mg, for the house mouse - 3-5 mg. The drug is dangerous for all animals and humans. It is used in food baits (2-3%), for dusting water (rarely). With prolonged use of the drug in rodents, alertness to it can be developed.

Fluoroacetamide- crystal powder of white or grayish color, we will well dissolve in water. The lethal dose for the gray rat is 7-10 mg, for the house mouse - 0.4 mg. Very dangerous for humans and pets. Used in food baits (with a poison content of 0.5-1%), for the manufacture of liquid baits I (0.5% solutions).

barium fluoroacetate- white crystalline powder, highly soluble in water. The lethal dose for the gray rat is 1 mg. Extremely dangerous for people and pets, the drug can only be used by specialists - deratizers.

Sulfur dioxide- a gaseous preparation, 2.5 times heavier than air, is well adsorbed by various materials, and therefore its concentration in indoor air should be at least 2-3%. Dangerous for humans.

Preparations that protect premises and materials from rodents include the following repellents (repellent substances).

Albichtol- a product of shale processing. Yellow oily liquid with a strong specific odor. The introduction of the drug into the rubber sheath of the wires protects them from damage by rodents.

Shale oil- yellow oily liquid with a pungent odor. It is applied to protection of PVC covers of wires.

Cymat- zinc salt of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid, yellowish-white, finely ground powder, insoluble in water. It irritates the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. It is used to protect containers, fruit trees, houses from rodents, for which a preparation is added to the sealing materials - gypsum, plaster, clay. and the preparation in the form of a powder is used for spraying and dusting surfaces and exits from holes.

It is based on the use of toxic substances - raticides. Raticides are produced in the form of powders, solutions, gases. Mixed with the main bait, added to drink, pollinate burrows. For the preparation of baits, grains of wheat, oats, corn, vegetable oil, bread, vegetables, cereals, flour, meat, fish are used ...

Preparations:

1. Fast-acting poisons;

2. Poisons of cumulative action;

3. Combined poisons.

Fast acting poisons: ratsid, zinc phosphite, monofluorine. They are used when any infectious disease occurs.

ratsid- poisonous powder of light gray color, insoluble in water. It has a pronounced selective toxic effect on rats. 2 hours after eating, the rodents experience a violation of the rhythm of breathing, the composition of the blood changes, and blood pressure rises. lethal dose for rats 4.5-5 mg, for mice 0.5-0.7 mg. 1-2% rats are added to the bait. Death after 72 hours. A protective-defensive reflex is created to the rat: when it enters the mouth, the rodents feel it after 5 minutes and will not eat again. Efficiency 60-70%, again - after 4 months.

Zinc phosphite(Zn3P2) is a highly toxic dark gray powder. 24% phosphorus, 76% zinc. When zinc phosphide enters the stomach under the influence of hydrochloric acid of gastric juice, hydrogen phosphide is released. It is poisonous to all kinds of animals. Use only in the absence of animals in the premises, in food and liquid baits. Causes a protective-defensive reflex in rodents. The lethal dose is 15-30 mg, for mice 0.5 mg.

Monofluorine- pink crystalline powder, odorless, poorly soluble in water. It has a toxic effect on the NS and CCC. There is a relaxation of the walls of blood vessels and their overflow with blood. Rats and mice die 3-5 hours after ingestion of poisoned bait (15-16mg)

Poisons of cumulative action(anticoagulants). They inhibit the formation of prothrombin, blood clotting slows down, the porosity of peripheral vessels is disturbed - multiple hemorrhages. Death occurs on the 3rd - 13th day from hemorrhagic diathesis. Unlike poisons of acute action, anticoagulants do not cause protective and defensive reactions, they can accumulate in the body. With repeated use, the dose is reduced by 350 times. Single hits do not cause poisoning. Not dangerous for animals.

zoocoumarin- consists of poison and filler. As a filler - bone dust, kaolin, talc. Outwardly - free-flowing powder of grayish or white color without taste. Insoluble in water. It inhibits the formation of prothrombin in the body of an animal, which slows down blood clotting, and at the same time damages snacks of peripheral blood vessels. As a result, multiple hemorrhages occur. Death - from hemorrhagic diathesis. Slow-acting, slightly toxic to animals with a single intake. A single intake of poison in animals causes hypovitaminosis and a decrease in clotting. The cumulative dose for the gray rat is 0.25 mg per dose. Eating this amount of poison in baits 3-5 times, rats die within 3-15 days. 2-3% zoocoumarin is added to the composition of the bait. For the preparation of swill and pollination of holes.

Penocoumarin- consists of poison and foam. The grayish powder is insoluble in water, but forms foam with it. Produced in aerosol packages, used for dusting holes. Foam cork in rodent noah does not lose the desired properties for a week or more.

Sodium salt of zoocoumarin. Easily soluble in will, powder, action like zoocoumarin. Bait and poisoned swill.

Fentolacin. Yellow crystalline powder, insoluble in water. It has high raticidal properties of single and cumulative anticoagulant action. Produced packaged in PVC bottles with a spray device of 200-250 g, in paper or plastic bags of 1 or 3 kg. Rats are the most sensitive. Death occurs during the first 3-10 days of bleeding. They are used in the form of food, water baits, for dusting holes and routes of movement of mouse-like rodents.