The facade forms the appearance of the building. New systems and modern cladding materials can change the face of any building. There are special requirements for external decor. In addition to aesthetics, safety and functionality are important here. The ventilated facade gained its popularity relatively recently. The active implementation of technology began in the domestic market in the late 90s. During this time, techniques for using it in various climatic conditions. Let's take a closer look at the concept of a ventilated façade, what type of structure it is and what its advantages are.

What is a ventilated façade?

A ventilated facade system, or ventilated façade, is an external facing and protective structure. It is a highly efficient two-stage building-physical system for isolating against the effects of environment. The structure consists of facing materials attached to a frame and fixed to the load-bearing layer of the wall or monolithic ceiling. A gap is formed between the wall and the cladding, through which air moves freely in a circle. It removes condensation and moisture from structures.

The entire structure consists of:

• Substructures.
• Anchoring elements.
• Fasteners.
• Insulation.
• Moisture and windproof membrane.
• Air gap.
• Facings.
• Elements adjacent to general building structures.

The classification is based on the materials used for the substructure (frame) and cladding.

Types of ventilated facades

The metal structure of the system allows the formation of two varieties external facades of such a type:

• Vertical.
• Horizontal-vertical.

Depending on the materials used for external cladding, it is customary to make the following types of ventilated building facades:

• porcelain stoneware;
• made of stone and brick;
• from planken (wooden board);
• lined, using metal cassettes made of painted galvanized steel;
• with facing;
• with decorative cladding with panels made of aluminum composite, terracotta, concrete, Polyalpan thermal panels.

Types of facades are divided depending on the material of the substructure frame into

• wooden;
• galvanized;
• galvanized steel, painted;
• aluminum (using aluminum-based alloys);
• stainless steel (premium class, base - stainless steel).

Materials for ventilated external finishes are selected based on the budget and construction features. The most popular types of ventilated facades for a private house, in addition to functionality, take into account the style of the entire site. The following requirements apply to the ventilated facade of low-rise buildings:

• waterproofing;
• thermal insulation;
• sound insulation.

For cladding cottages, siding, porcelain stoneware, clinker tiles, natural or artificial stones, as well as sandwich panels. They can choose as a frame wooden sheathing. This substructure is appropriate when covering a house with lightweight material.

Requirements for ventilated facade structures according to SNiP

Fire safety- this is one of the main requirements for ventilated facades, as well as for other systems for external insulation. Regulates the process of developing a ventilation façade project. Technical certificate of the Federal State Institution FTSS Rosstroi. It establishes requirements for all elements and for the system as a whole. Legislatively, the requirements for structures are enshrined in SP 23-101-2000. The document deals with the design of thermal protection of various types of buildings. SNiP 02/23/2003 also regulates the thermal protection of buildings.

Without fire tests, structures of this type cannot be considered safe. After passing special tests, the possible height of buildings for their installation is determined. Based on the results of the inspections, a conclusion is issued on the fire safety of the system.

Design and estimate documentation for ventilated facades is developed for each object separately. The basis for it is a task with information about the system’s compliance with SNiPs. The task is approved by the customer and includes:

• List of architectural drawings of the facade.
• Construction drawings external walls.

The durability of the cladding depends on the quality of installation. The ventilated exterior finish is a multi-layer design of interconnected elements. When one of them fails, the rest quickly become unusable. Deviations from installation rules can provoke:

• distortion of the supporting frame system;
• getting wet heat-insulating material or its detachment from the wall;
• water leakage;
• leveling the operation of the ventilation duct.

Technology of ventilated facades

The placement of layers of materials in the façade structure depends on heat transfer and vapor resistance. The optimal installation scheme is carried out in the following sequence:

• wall;
• thermal insulation;
• layer of air;
• protective screen.

For standardization construction work use technological maps for the installation of ventilated facades. A separate map is drawn up for each type.

Special requirements are imposed on the complex design of ventilated facades made of porcelain stoneware, facade concrete and aluminum panels. The advantage of these materials is their durability and high wear resistance. The small size of the facing materials and the complex masonry scheme, on the contrary, significantly complicate the work. If we are talking about tiling with inclined tiles, then the professionalism of a master is required. Otherwise, problems cannot be avoided.

The technology for constructing a ventilated façade made of siding (plastic or wooden), lightweight boards such as OSB or blockhouse may involve the use of wooden sheathing structures. This facade is installed on private cottages.

Technology for installing ventilated facades made of porcelain stoneware and other materials. Video instruction

In order for such functional finishing to be reliable and functional, the requirements of the technological process must be strictly followed. According to statistics, new buildings are damaged or fail in the first 5 years of operation. main reason such a phenomenon is an installation error. Build quality control will help you avoid such situations. It must be carried out in stages.

The technology for installing ventilated facades can be divided into stages:

• Preparatory stage. Passes in accordance with SNiP 3.01–85 and SNiP 3.03.01–87.
• Marking points for fastenings and brackets. The operation is carried out on the wall of the building according to the project. Mark everything with indelible paint.
• Installation of brackets and fastenings. Technological sequence: drill holes in the wall; install a paronite gasket on the brackets; install brackets.
• Installation of protective membranes. The insulation is fixed to the wall through the slots for the brackets. The protective membrane panels are hung overlapping and temporarily secured. The dowels are installed through the insulation boards and the membrane. Installation starts from the bottom. The first row is mounted on a base or starting profile.
• Installation and fastening of consoles and vertical guides to the walls of the building. Each console is secured with at least 2 rivets. One of them is fixed rigidly, the other, to compensate for possible linear temperature deformation, is mounted freely. A gap is left at the joints. Fire safety shutoffs are installed.
• Installation of cladding. This stage depends on the type of cladding. For a porcelain stoneware façade, holes are marked for clamps and drilled into the guides. Then install facing slab. Quality control is required at every stage. It is carried out in accordance with the technological map of the ventilation facade.

You can learn the details of the installation process by watching the video.

Estimate for a ventilated facade

The funds spent on the arrangement of such exterior finishing, will pay for themselves very quickly. Technology helps save on heating and air conditioning at home. Cost of different types external cladding different from each other. Facades made of galvanized steel and porcelain stoneware are considered inexpensive.

An example of an estimate for a ventilated façade will help you determine the cost items. It should include basic and supporting materials. That is, the stage of preparatory work must be taken into account when drawing it up.

The main distinctive properties of ventilated facades are considered to be:

• versatility;
• installation speed;
• functional protection;
• aesthetic diversity;
• ease of repair;
• possibility of restoration of old buildings;
• durability (from 30 years).

If we add to this the cost-effectiveness, the popularity of this technology becomes clear. It should be remembered that these advantages are possible with strict adherence to installation technologies.

Ventilated facades appeared in our country relatively recently, but have already gained popularity. It's all about a number of advantages, such as aesthetic appeal, noise, hydro and thermal insulation, as well as the possibility of installation at any time of the year and in any weather. However, in the field of installation and design of facade structures, a number of controversial issues have not yet been resolved.

Normative base

New construction technologies have been used in Russia for more than twenty years, but the regulatory framework governing their use began to appear only a few years ago. Rosary legislative framework, regulating the standards of use and, there is no today. But we also cannot talk about the complete absence of any SNiP in this area.

Today, designers are guided by documents such as SNiP on thermal protection of buildings and on the design of thermal protection. Standards 02/23/2003 partially address the task of energy saving in buildings, reducing heat and energy losses, efficient engineering equipment buildings. SNiP for thermal protection corresponds building regulations developed countries.

Also, the requirements for the arrangement of ventilated facades include fire safety, regulated by SNiP 21-01-97. According to the regulations, all hanging systems must undergo mandatory fire tests, based on the results of which a permit for installation is issued.

Fire safety hanging structures depends on a number of factors, including the materials used and compliance with installation rules. Often, in order to save money, developers choose cheap structural elements, which inevitably affects the quality and further safe operation.

To increase the level of fire safety of ventilated facades, it is necessary to adhere to the following recommendations:

1. When installing, you should use only those composite panels that have passed fire tests as part of ventilated façade systems and that have been assigned the appropriate fire safety class.
2. Ventilated facades with composite panels can only be used if all requirements for the design are strictly observed, with which the system has successfully passed fire tests. Changing any design decisions without agreement with the relevant authorities is prohibited.
3. It is impossible to use curtain facades with composite panels, relying only on fire safety certificates issued by accredited certification bodies. The time and power of thermal exposure during these tests are not comparable with the parameters of fire tests, with the help of which the real fire hazard of suspended structures is established.

Features of installation of ventilated facades

All these important standards regarding the use of curtain facades are advisory in nature. Therefore, developers still have the opportunity to save on materials, which often harms not only quality, but also safety. The solution in this case may be the use of ready-made hanging structures with proven compatibility of components. Similar systems are produced by both Russian and foreign companies.

Typically, the components of ready-to-assemble curtain walls are accompanied by technical approvals and all necessary certificates. Unfortunately, in the domestic market only 60% have passed the appropriate certification. But from the quality hanging panels and frame elements depend not only on the efficiency and reliability of the ventilated facade, but also on its safety.

Requirements for load-bearing frame elements

The substructure of the suspended facade must withstand the weight of the facade itself, wind and weather loads, and have high corrosion resistance and fire resistance. Therefore, it is preferable to use load-bearing elements made of materials such as aluminum, galvanized steel with a protective coating and stainless steel. Cheap analogues significantly reduce the durability and safety of the curtain wall.

To attach the cladding to the structure, it is preferable to use steel fasteners, since aluminum does not have the necessary strength. When attaching a supporting structure to a wall and installing elements together, it is very important to use special separating elements, since the interaction of metal and aluminum leads to an electrochemical reaction and accelerated corrosion.

The most serious requirements are imposed on anchor fastenings: durability, strength, resistance to corrosion, etc. Saving when choosing anchors can lead to the collapse of the entire system. The diameter and depth of fastening of these elements is selected depending on the wall material.

Air gap

The width of the air channel is also of considerable importance. In accordance with SNiP, it should not be less than four centimeters, as this reduces the speed air flow, can lead to blockage of the ventilation duct and wetness of the thermal insulation. However, it should not exceed ten centimeters.

Thermal insulation

Due to the constant circulation of air in ventilation duct curtain façade there is a danger of rapid flame spread; therefore, the main requirement for insulation is its non-flammability.

Acceptable insulation materials are fiberglass or stone wool.

In addition, it is important that the thermal insulation holds its shape well, is resistant to weathering and is durable.

Want more information on the topic? Check out these articles:

Regulatory legal framework

Facade systems(FS) are increasingly used in the implementation of modern architectural and design solutions, for thermal protection of buildings, when changing functional purpose(for example, the creation of modern business centers on the basis of production facilities), reconstruction of buildings and structures.

To put a building or structure into operation in accordance with Articles 54 and 55 of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to obtain a conclusion from the State Construction Supervision Authority (GSN) on compliance with the requirements technical regulations and design documentation.

It should be taken into account that according to Article 60 of the Town Planning Code (as amended Federal Law No. 337-FZ of November 28, 2011) in case of harm to a person or property... due to destruction or damage to a building, structure... its owner compensates for the harm in accordance with civil law and pays compensation in addition to damages:

To the relatives of the victim... in the event of the death of the victim - in the amount of 3 million rubles;

To the victim in the event of serious harm to his health - in the amount of 2 million rubles;

To the victim in the event of moderate harm to his health - in the amount of 1 million rubles.

Despite such a high economic risk and legal liability, the problem technical regulation in relation to facade systems continues to be very acute.

Fires of façade systems, incl. using glazed facades, in buildings with severe consequences:

32-storey building "Transport Tower" in Astana, May 2006;

Office center "Dukat Place III", Moscow, April 2007;

Administrative and residential complex "Atlantis", Vladivostok, July 2007;

30-story building, Shanghai, 2011, 53 dead, more than 100 injured;

40-storey residential building "Olympus" (Grozny, April 2013)

show the imperfection of the relevant requirements of regulatory documents, the problem of using counterfeit products (according to the RSPP and Rostandart for building materials, its share reaches 50%), the quality of installation work and operation, the need for an individual approach to the design of fire protection systems for such buildings, including the development of special technical specifications(STU - in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 18, 2008 No. 87 “On the composition of sections of project documentation and requirements for their content”), including in terms of requirements for facade systems (FS) and their monitoring systems.

Such FS monitoring should be an integral part of a structured system for monitoring and managing engineering systems of buildings and structures (SMIS) in accordance with GOST R 22.1.12-2005.

Taking into account the above and the fact that the use of façade systems that do not comply with regulatory requirements does not ensure compliance with the requirements of Article 52 of the Federal Law No. 123 /1/ for the protection of people and property from the effects of hazardous fire factors and (or) limiting the consequences of their impact, in Article 87 of the Federal Law /1/ amendments were made to Federal Law No. 117 dated July 10, 2012,

namely:

"In buildings and structures of I-III degrees of fire resistance, except for low-rise residential buildings (up to three floors inclusive) that meet the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation on urban planning activities, it is not allowed to finish the external surfaces of external walls from materials of flammability groups G2-G4, and facade systems are not must spread the fire."

A number of additional requirements are included in SP 2.13130.2012 /2/ (information on the need to apply SP 2.13130.2009 is posted on the website of the VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia),

namely:

clause 5.4.12 “For external walls with stained glass or strip glazing, fire walls of type 1 (REI 150) must separate it. In this case, it is allowed that fire walls do not protrude beyond the outer plane of the wall”;

clause 5.4.18 "...The fire resistance limit of structures of external translucent walls must meet the requirements for external non-load-bearing walls" (according to Table 21 of the appendix to the Federal Law /1/, for fire resistance degree I - E30, for II-IY - E15 ", that is, fully glazed facades must be made of fire-resistant glass. In addition, it is established "for buildings of I-III degrees of fire resistance for external walls that have translucent areas with a non-standardized fire resistance limit (including window openings, strip glazing, etc. .p.), sections of external walls in places of abutment to floors (interfloor belts) should be made blank with a height of at least 1.2 m, and the fire resistance limit of these sections of external walls (including junction and fastening units) should be no less than the required fire resistance limit of the ceiling according to limit states EI".

The general requirements for the design of the FS are established by SP 50.13330 /3/. Fire safety requirements for external insulation systems for facades, incl. and to mounted FS, SNiP 21-01-97* /4/ were previously installed. Requirements for the entire FS and each of its elements must be reflected in the technical certificate issued by the Federal State Institution “Federal Certification Center” of Gosstroy.

Particularly difficult is the case when the entire building is covered in a translucent shell. For such an architectural and constructive solution, the fire safety requirements in the Federal Law /1/, SP 2.13130.2009 /2/, SP 4.13130.2013 /5/ are essentially not provided for. In addition, the implementation of the requirements of Part 1 of Article 80 of the Federal Law /1/ and Section 7 of SP 4.13130.2013 /5/ to ensure access for firefighters and delivery of fire extinguishing equipment to any premises remains uncertain.

Article /6/ provides an overview of the regulatory documents of the European Union, the USA, and China in relation to facade systems, including requirements for their testing, quality control of their manufacture and installation, and ensuring safe operation. The main conclusion is the need to develop uniform standards on façade structures, including their classification, basic requirements for components and the structure as a whole, methods of their comprehensive testing, quality control during the construction of buildings.

Application of facade systems

Taking into account the above, we will briefly consider modern facade systems and the features of their application.

Depending on the type of cladding, FS are divided into systems:

With porcelain stoneware cladding; -

Cladding with aluminum-based composite materials (alucobond, reinobond, alpolik, etc.);

Facing in the form of cement-fiber sheets (fiber cement, asbestos cement);

Metal cladding in the form of sidings, cassettes, panels, etc.

At the same time, the share of curtain wall systems by groups of construction (reconstruction) projects is:

New residential buildings – 45%,

Housing reconstruction – 35%.

About 30% of the area of ​​suspended facade systems is covered with fiber-cement and fiber cement boards, approximately the same amount is accounted for by porcelain stoneware (32%).

Composite panels and metal cassettes account for 20% and 13% of the area of ​​insulated facades, respectively.

Peculiarities fire danger FS are discussed in detail in article /7/, including:

Plaster systems for external insulation of facades, where slab polystyrene foam (EPS) and some types of polyurethanes (PPU) are usually used as insulation;

Hinged ventilated facades (VF), where one of the features of fire hazard is the use of insulation, either mineral wool slabs with an outer surface made of fiberglass (“laminated” slabs), or a special vapor-permeable polymer film, as a hydro-wind protection.

Based on the results of fire tests, it is indicated that the use of cladding in non-flammable airborne structures in the form of flat elements made of three-layer products made of aluminum sheet with a middle layer of non-combustible material based on aluminum hydroxide is not dangerous; In addition, other things being equal, the use of three-layer panel cladding with aluminum sheet skins and a polyisocyanurate middle layer is safer compared to three-layer panel cladding with aluminum sheet skins and a modified polyethylene middle layer.

Regarding the use of windproof films (membranes), we note article /8/, which points out the ambiguity of the conclusion about the need for their use (it depends significantly on the structure of the fibers of the insulation, and the weight loss of the insulation, according to the results of weathering experiments, is quite insignificant), and the corresponding decision should be take into account the experience of researching the technological and flammable properties of windproof membranes accumulated by the Center for Fire Research of the TsNIISK named after. V.A. Kucherenko.

In /9/ it is noted that due to insufficient qualifications of installers and for reasons of economy, instead of windproof film, films with a high value of vapor permeability resistance are installed, up to polyethylene film. Wherein windproof films are products on polymer based, belong to materials of flammability group G2 or G3, which actively contribute to the development of combustion from exposure to open fire.

An example is given of the fire of the Tyvek film during welding work on the 17th floor of a building with installed FS, which led to the spread of the fire to the first floor and to numerous damage to the FS. Indicated on frequent use open fire when carrying out a number of works on a building with an already assembled facade: roofing on the roof, welding work on balconies and loggias, fusing waterproofing on the blind area of ​​the building, etc., so in practice it is very difficult to exclude the possibility of fire of the windproof film.

In /10/, as an alternative, it is recommended to use insulation with a caching layer of flammability group no lower than G1 (for example, “ISOVER Ventiterm Plus” mineral wool boards). If it is necessary to use protective membranes in the FS, then you should search for other non-flammable (NG) or low-flammable (G1) wind-hydroprotective and vapor-permeable materials.

The RD on industrial safety does not mention, for example, advanced technologies such as structural glazing or planar facades.

Structural glazing is a technology for attaching double-glazed windows to the facade of a building using silicone, where the silicone layer is a load-bearing structural element.

In /11/, Schuco structural glazing systems are considered, when the creation of a homogeneous façade surface occurs through gluing (a U-shaped silicone seal is used for flat designs or sealant) glazing (glasses of various thicknesses are used on the inner and outer sides with a thickness of 6 to 14 mm) on a supporting mullion-transom structure, i.e. without supports visible from the outside. The glazing fields are separated by deep seams, and the built-in opening elements do not violate the plane of the facade.

New fittings ensure the use of large opening sashes weighing up to 250 kg and 300 kg in blind fields with varying positive and negative wind pressure.

In /12/ the products of the Pilkington Suncooltm line are considered, combining effective thermal insulation properties with one of the most low U-values for double glazed windows and wide possibilities on sun protection. Most products are available in impact-resistant versions, in particular Pilkington Optilamtm laminated glass, which consists of several layers of glass and a film between them, which are firmly connected to each other. When glass cracks or breaks, the film holds glass shards in place, reducing the risk of injury and maintaining structural integrity. One of the options for using such glass, apparently, could be covering atriums.

From the point of view of the thermal characteristics of facade glazing, /6/ notes that the developed new classes of low-emission coatings make it possible not only to reduce heat loss due to the radiant component, but also in combination modern design spacer frame with filling the space between the glass with inert gas to practically bring the facades’ thermal characteristics to a qualitatively new level.

Planar facades /13/ - the most important functional and architectural-construction element is a steel structure, where the flat load-bearing structures are steel tubular trusses, vertical posts, rod and cable-stayed pre-stressed trusses, as well as a system of vertically tensioned ropes.

For planar glazing, among other types, it is used strained glass. In Europe, ventilated planar facades are used for glazing business centers, train stations and public buildings. During the renovation phase, planar facades can be combined with classic old buildings. The air gap between the glass and the wall allows you to ventilate rooms by creating a directed convection flow, as well as create optimal conditions for removing moisture from the insulation of the main wall.

Glazing systems: clamp-on (consists of supporting parts for supporting the glass, which is fixed from the outside by strips) and “spider” (implemented by point-based support of the glass on a round head, which requires drilling the glass. However, in the event of a fire, the glass can quickly become locked in a metal structure and its rupture in the area of ​​the holes with subsequent collapse.The solution to the problem is possible in the installation of a ball joint in the point mounting of the spider, sufficient dimensions of the seam between the glasses, installation of silicone gaskets in the holes to prevent contact between glass and metal.

With regard to ventilated FS (SVF), we can note /14/, where for installation the design of a new original sliding bracket made of alloy is proposed, which allows the use of insulation with a thickness of up to 250 mm and on walls with any possible deviations from the vertical. In this case, each fastening element (clasp or bracket) of the facing material is inserted into a special rigid groove made on the guide during its manufacture, forming a reliable lock. The presence of sliding fasteners in the KTS system and the special design of expansion joints make it possible to compensate for both thermal loads caused by temperature changes and deformation loads caused by shrinkage and movement of the buildings themselves without transferring forces to the facing material and to the load-bearing anchor.

Fire tests conducted at TsNIISK im. Kucherenko, showed better results compared to systems with a stainless steel structure and rigid fastening of the brackets to the guides. As a result, the KTS-1VF ventilated facade system received permission for use in buildings of any class of structural fire hazard without height restrictions.

Composite facade materials

The parameters of the composite materials used are important for the fire safety of the FS.

Thus, the article /15/ discusses the results of experimental studies of the VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia on the fire hazard parameters of some aluminum composite panels (ACP) with fillers of different compositions. It has been established that in the automatic transmission the inner layer of polyethylene (the color of the automatic transmission filler is black or dark gray) releases gaseous combustion products at 6-8 minutes of testing and then ignites with the subsequent abundant appearance of burning melt drops. It is noted that the smoke generation coefficient of the ACP filler based on polyethylene classifies it into group D3, and the ACP itself into D2 (for high-rise construction you need D1), and in terms of flammability and flammability, respectively, to G4 and B1.

The scope of application of such ACPs is low-rise construction; for materials of the FR group it should be limited to building heights of up to 21 m (although up to 28 m could be allowed to comply with Russian standards for high-rise buildings), and for higher heights, galvanized steel frames with protrusions should be used beyond the plane of the facade.

In this case, it is advisable that the final decision on the possibility of using these materials in FS structures should be made only after fire tests. It is also indicated that the use of composite cladding in FS (in the form of flat or cassette three-layer elements 2-3 mm thick made of aluminum or steel sheet with a middle layer of non-combustible materials, for example, based on aluminum hydroxide), belonging to class A2 according to DIN 4102, does not pose a fire hazard. The scope of application of composite materials with a more complex composition of the middle layer, including polyethylene, resins, oxides and minerals, is limited by the design solutions of the FS. Their trade designation FR (refractory material) and compliance with the requirements for flammability group G1 do not guarantee their fire safety as part of the system.

/16/ discusses in sufficient detail the advantages of the ALUCOBOND material, consisting of two layers of aluminum alloy 0.5 mm thick and a plastic or mineral core 2-5 mm thick, which is reliable and lightweight (the weight of one square meter 4 mm thick is 7. 6 kg) and fire safety.

From foreign experience it is noted that as soon as the requirements for the degree of fire resistance and the class of structural fire hazard increase to the level C0 and K0, then when using composite materials of class K1 or K2, it is necessary to install fire barriers along the entire perimeter of the building made of galvanized steel and flame cutters made of the same galvanized steel - on each window opening, protruding beyond the plane of the facade up to 50 mm. But in this case, the main advantages of mounted fire fighting systems disappear due to the need to carry out such fire safety measures.

One of the advantages of the ALUCOBOND A2 material is emphasized in that it allows slopes and ebbs to be made adjacent to windows and doorways without additional fire stops protruding beyond the plane of the facade, and in compliance with all principles of FS on any buildings with the highest fire safety requirements.

/17/ discusses the use of aluminum composite panels (ACP). At the same time, the use of ALUCOBOND B2 (inner layer made of polyethylene, fire hazard indicators G4, B1, D2, T2) is allowed only for buildings of Y degree of fire resistance, ALUCOBOND B1 (inner layer based on aluminum hydroxide and resin, fire hazard indicators G1, V1, D2 , T1) is recommended for walls with openings no more than 18 m high, ALUCOBOND A2 (inner layer based on aluminum hydroxide, fire hazard indicators G1, B1, D1, T1) can be used for buildings of all degrees of fire resistance, functional and structural fire hazard. Attention is also drawn to the high probability of contacting construction market AKP – counterfeits and the need for identification control when using such materials at significant objects.

In /18/ it is also stated that the Yukon Engineering company produces and installs SVF using the U-kon system for the construction of buildings up to 100 m high, when fire safety is ensured by the use of non-flammable and low-flammable composite materials in combination with structural solutions for fire protection and based on the results of fire tests.

In /17/ based on the results of fire tests and conclusions issued by the Center for Fire Research of the TsNIISK named after. V.A. Kucherenko, a similar conclusion was made that for buildings with a height of more than 30 m, automatic transmissions with the A2 index according to the European classification should be allowed, as well as other automatic transmissions that have passed full-scale fire tests, subject to mandatory compliance constructive solutions, which received a positive technical assessment from the above-mentioned organization.

There are also four types of automatic transmissions:

ALUCOBOND A2,

Alpolic FR/SCM,

Particular attention is drawn to the inadmissibility of making changes to design solutions that have technical certificates from the State Committee for Construction without appropriate approval, or applying solutions without conducting fire tests in accordance with GOST 31251.

In /19/ the started production of fire-resistant aluminum composite panels Kraspan-AL is described. The composition of the composite component of the AKP was developed jointly with specialists from the VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia and contains 75% mineral filler, 20% binder polymer and 5% thermopolymer glue. It is noted that according to the test results, automatic gearboxes with 65% mineral filler were successfully tested in the city of Zlatoust at the testing ground of the TsNIISK named after. V.A. Kucherenko as part of a façade system with an aluminum substructure and basalt insulation.

The scope of application of AKP includes buildings and structures of all degrees of fire resistance, all classes of structural and functional fire hazard.

Thermal insulation materials

Fibrous heat-insulating materials with a density of 80-90 kg/m3 are recommended for use in non-aircraft structures. However, /20/ proves that, taking into account current trends in the production and use of fibrous thermal insulation materials more justified (both from a technical and economic point of view) is the use of fiberglass-based thermal insulation materials with a density of 15-20 kg/m3 in SVF, both in combination with fibrous materials with a density of 60-80 kg/m3, having windproof properties (two-layer version), and in combination with windproof membranes (single-layer version). It is noted that this approach is implemented in the joint venture “Design and installation of curtain facades with an air gap”, developed in the Republic of Kazakhstan using the standards DIN 18516-1 “Ventilated cladding of external walls” and ATV DIN 18351 “Performance of façade works”.

In /10/ the use of a relatively new insulation for Russia for plaster FS - extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) - is considered. It is noted that the results of tests in the WASKER company of the TERRACO TERM plaster system with a thermal insulation layer STYROFOAM IB250A and components of the plaster facade showed that the system withstood 50 freeze/thaw cycles, and the adhesion rate of the plaster layers to the insulation was 240-290 kPa, which is 10 times exceeds similar indicators for mineral wool, and the weight of the FS is 18 kg/m2, which is 2-2.5 times lighter than the FS with mineral wool. The impact strength indicator is up to 330 kN/m2.

Regarding fire hazard: XPS, as a material, is a flammable, self-extinguishing (in the presence of fire retardant additives) insulation with a flammability rating of G1.

Full-scale fire tests of wall structures with plaster composition, carried out at the Fire Resistance Certification and Testing Center - TsNIISK with the participation of VNIIPO specialists, showed:

fire hazard class of the KO system according to GOST 31251 and fire resistance limit REI60 according to GOST 30247.1-94 with a thickness of STYROFOAM IB250A insulation up to 120 mm.

A number of features of the use of FS

The obvious advisability of taking into account the differences in requirements for FS designs with significant differences temperature conditions outside the building and from the premises (including fire hazards), i.e. frost and heat resistance;

Justification of additional requirements for fire-resistant glazing of window openings and facing coatings of side window slopes, the need to assess the resistance of interlayer gel filling or filling with inert gas to UV radiation and exposure to negative temperatures.

Fire prevention measures

Based on the analysis, the following additional (compensatory) solutions can be proposed as fire prevention measures:

1. The use of fire-resistant glazing belts at the floor heights above and below the fire-resistant ceiling (an alternative to canopies and projections). The corresponding products of foreign and Russian companies are actively offered on the domestic market - for example, Pirobatis (Slovakia), SCHUCO (Germany), REYNAERS (Belgium), Glaverbel concern, Fototech LLC, Glass company, fire-technical information -testing center (Moscow) – fire-resistant laminated glass with gel filling, having a fire resistance limit of EI 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. In the event of a fire (when the temperature reaches about 120 degrees), the intermediate layers successively change their physical characteristics and the glass turns for a certain time into a rigid and opaque structure that provides the necessary protection.

2. Fire requirements to the glazing frame material. It should be taken into account that aluminum alloys (their advantages, in particular, are relative cheapness, durability, low weight) easily melt already at 500 degrees C and corrosion-resistant or stainless steel is more acceptable as base material VFS frame.

However, according to a number of experts, the future lies with systems aluminum profiles, which take into account everything modern tendencies market and which have a number of advantages compared to the traditional mullion-transom design.

A solution to the issue in /20/ is that the fire resistance of aluminum profiles is ensured by filling their central chambers with heat-resistant and heat-absorbing compositions. This makes it possible to compensate for the bending moments that occur during one-sided heating of the structure during a fire, which leads to its minimal deflections and increases the resistance of the FS to high-temperature effects.

For FS, in which aluminum guides are used as a frame and cladding is made of ceramic slabs, it is recommended to use a combination of steel and aluminum guides. In this case, steel guides should be installed above the window openings and in close proximity to the vertical slopes. Use in FS aluminum alloys with a higher melting point leads to a significant reduction in the fire hazard of FS and expansion of the scope of their application.

3. The use of fire-resistant cuts or belts with a height of at least 1 m in facade systems (in areas of interfloor ceilings, especially in places adjacent to fire-rated ceilings), as well as limiting the use of insulation:

Expanded polystyrene – up to 12 floors,

Mineral and silicate systems – up to 25 floors,

The rest is subject to additional agreement at the design stage;

4. Ensuring that the brackets of façade systems are attached directly to the floor slabs, especially when filling the concrete frame with foam and gas blocks (for them, the “pull-out” force of the anchor is at least 2 times less than in the case of brick or concrete), the use of which should be limited by height up to 75 m (an additional requirement that provides higher mechanical strength that prevents the destruction of the façade or separation system from loads in emergency conditions, which avoids additional casualties and destruction).

5. Availability non-flammable insulation and ensuring resistance to smoke penetration (by analogy with other structures - at least 8000 kg/m per 1m2) in the areas between facade systems and interfloor ceilings.

6. Use of foreign experience in sprinkler irrigation of facade glazing (from the inside using cornice-type sprinklers), although the scope of application of such a solution is limited, especially in winter. However, /21/ mentions research showing that specially tempered, ceramic and gel-filled glass can withstand the “cold shock” caused by sprinklers.

Other problems of using FS

Let's also look at some of the regulatory requirements when they are formulated without regard to use modern technologies and design solutions for facade (especially glazed) systems:

1. When rescuing people or extinguishing a fire, according to the operating instructions for fire trucks, the upper part of the ladder should, as a rule, rest on the structure of the building. This load (static and dynamic) is not taken into account when calculating glazed facades and their frame. It can be assumed that these actions will be accompanied by the destruction of the glazing, and then it is unclear how this will affect the integrity of the façade system as a whole and whether its progressive destruction will occur. This is especially important when used in a frame aluminum systems, the strength characteristics of which are lower compared to a steel frame. In this regard, we can note the need for periodic revision (possibly once a year) of SVF structures.

3. In addition to technical solutions to ensure the maintainability of facades, devices for cleaning and washing translucent fences, the RD should provide requirements for embedded structural elements for the use of individual or group means of rescue and self-rescue. So, according to /22/ in buildings:

With a height of 20 floors, the evacuation time for a staircase is 15-18 minutes,

30 floors high – 25-30 min.

Insufficient reliability of smoke ventilation systems can make evacuation from high-rise buildings using stairs completely impossible. Therefore, when designing, it is necessary to provide means of rescue (used by firefighters) and self-rescue (used by people in danger), including one feature that must be taken into account - in the event of a fire, people who find themselves in the dangerous zone of the fire floor often only need to go down 1-2 floors below to be in relative safety, for which folding rescue ladders, rope descent devices, etc. can be used.

For rope descent devices, the difficulty lies in the lack of places on buildings for their fastening; this is also not included in the standards.

At the same time, the composition of constructive solutions for facades when such requirements will be met remains unclear.

For example, this component is not yet provided for in load calculations, but only its static component (according to SAMOSPAS LLC) will be at least 300 kgf. It would also be necessary to evaluate how applicable this is from the point of view of the architectural appearance of the facade and how to practically carry out periodic tests of such a system, as well as use it during fire and rescue exercises.

4. When the height of public buildings and structures is more than 50 m, and for residential buildings - more than 75 m in accordance with Article 17 of Federal Law No. 384 /23/, fire safety requirements should apparently be justified primarily by calculations, including calculation of the dynamics of fire hazards on the facades of buildings, which is used to justify the placement of air intake devices for smoke ventilation systems and measures to protect against the entry of combustion products into air pressurization systems.

It seems that the use of facade systems, especially glazed ones, will require changes to the existing methods of such calculations and (or) tests, especially in relation to SVF and glazed atriums, the height of which (according to standards) may be limited to more than 50 meters.

Conclusions:

1. B regulatory documents the necessary requirements for FS, including fire safety ones, are clearly not sufficiently reflected, including an assessment of the possibility of fire exposure from outside the building (option in connection with the threat of terrorist attacks, burning of materials stored near the building, installation structures, etc.).

2. To confirm the possibility of using a specific IAF system, it is necessary to provide a Technical Certificate, where, upon its annual renewal, appropriate changes and additions must be made in a timely manner based on new results of scientific and experimental research. At the same time, within the framework of Gosstroynadzor, strict quality control of the implementation of the required fire-fighting measures is necessary, the compliance of the actually used illegal armed forces and their elements with those that have passed fire tests and are approved for use.

18. Ventilated facade systems. “Stroyprofil”, 2005, No. 7(45). – P.30.

19. Kosachev A.A., Korolchenko A.Ya. Fire hazard of suspended facade systems. “Fire safety in construction”, 2011, August. – p.30-32.

20. Galashin A.E., Baskakova L.Yu. Fire-resistant translucent structures in a complex of measures for fire safety of buildings. “Fire safety in construction”, 2006, June. – P.29-31.

21. Goncharenko L.V. Fire resistant glass. “Fire safety in construction”, 2005, No. 8. – P.8-12.

22. Terebnev V.V. Fires in high-rise buildings: how to save people. “Fire safety in construction”, 2005, No. 12. – P.16-19.

TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CARD FOR INSTALLATION OF A VENTILATED FACADE WITH COMPOSITE PANELS COVERED

TK-23

Moscow 2006

The technological map was prepared in accordance with the requirements of the “Guidelines for the development of technological maps in construction”, prepared by the Central Research and Design-Experimental Institute of Organization, Mechanization and Technical Assistance to Construction (TsNIIOMTP), and based on the designs of ventilated facades of NP Stroy LLC.

A technological map has been developed for the installation of a ventilated facade using the example structural system FS-300. The technological map indicates the scope of its application, sets out the main provisions for the organization and technology of work when installing elements of a ventilated facade, provides requirements for the quality of work, safety precautions, labor protection and fire-fighting measures, determines the need for material and technical resources, calculates labor costs and Work schedule.

The technological map was developed by technical candidates. Sciences V.P. Volodin, Yu.L. Korytov.

1 GENERAL PART

Hinged ventilated facades are designed for insulation and cladding of external building envelopes with aluminum composite panels during new construction, reconstruction and major repairs existing buildings and structures.

The main elements of the FS-300 facade system are:

Support frame;

Thermal insulation and wind-hydroprotection;

Cladding panels;

Framing the completion facade cladding.

A fragment and elements of the FS-300 facade system are shown in figures , - . An explanation for the drawings is given below:

1 - load-bearing bracket - the main load-bearing element of the frame, intended for fastening the load-bearing control bracket;

2 - support bracket - additional element frame intended for fastening the support adjusting bracket;

3 - load-bearing regulatory bracket - the main (together with the load-bearing bracket) load-bearing element of the frame, intended for the “fixed” installation of the vertical guide (load-bearing profile);

4 - support control bracket - an additional (together with the support bracket) frame element intended for movable installation of a vertical guide (supporting profile);

5 - vertical guide - a long profile designed for attaching the facing panel to the frame;

6 - sliding bracket - fastening element designed to fix the cladding panel;

7 - blind rivet - a fastening element intended for fastening the load-bearing profile to the load-bearing control brackets;

8 - set screw - a fastening element designed to fix the position of the sliding brackets;

9 - locking screw - a fastening element designed for additional fixation of the upper sliding brackets of the panels to the vertical guide profiles in order to avoid shifting of the facing panels in the vertical plane;

Rice. 1.Fragment of the system facade FS-300

10 - locking bolt (complete with a nut and two washers) - a fastening element designed for installing the main and additional frame elements in the design position;

11 - thermal insulating gasket of the supporting bracket, intended for alignment work surface and eliminating “cold bridges”;

12 - thermal insulating gasket of the support bracket, designed to level the working surface and eliminate “cold bridges”;

13 - facing panels - aluminum composite panels assembled with fastening elements. They are installed using sliding brackets (6) in the “spacer” and are additionally fixed from horizontal shift with blind rivets (14) to the vertical guides (5).

Typical sheet sizes for the manufacture of cladding panels are 1250×4000 mm, 1500×4050 mm (ALuComp) and 1250×3200 mm (ALUCOBOND). In accordance with customer requirements, it is possible to vary the length and width of the panel, as well as the color of the facing layer;

15 - thermal insulation made of mineral wool slabs for facade insulation;

16 - wind-hydroprotective material - a vapor-permeable membrane that protects thermal insulation from moisture and possible weathering of insulation fibers;

17 - disc dowel for attaching thermal insulation and membrane to the wall of a building or structure.

Façade cladding frames are structural elements intended for the design of a parapet, plinth, window, stained-glass and door connections, etc. These include: perforated profiles for free access of air from below (in the plinth) and from above, window and door frames, folded brackets, strips, corner plates, etc.

2 AREA OF APPLICATION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL MAP

2.1 A standard technological map has been developed for the installation of the FS-300 system of suspended ventilated facades for cladding the walls of buildings and structures with aluminum composite panels.

2.2 The scope of work to be performed is taken to cover the facade of a public building with a height of 30 m and a width of 20 m.

2.3 The work covered by the technological map includes: installation and dismantling of facade lifts, installation of a ventilated facade system.

2.4 Work is performed in two shifts. There are 2 lines of installers working per shift, each on its own vertical grip, 2 people in each line. Two façade lifts are used.

2.5 When developing a standard technological map, it is accepted:

the walls of the building are reinforced concrete monolithic, flat;

the façade of the building has 35 window openings, each measuring 1500×1500 mm;

panel size: P1-1000×900 mm; P2-1000×700 mm; P3-1000×750 mm; P4-500×750 mm; U1 (angular) - H-1000 mm, B - 350×350×200 mm;

thermal insulation - mineral wool slabs with a synthetic binder, 120 mm thick;

the air gap between the thermal insulation and the inner wall of the facade panel is 40 mm.

At development of PPR this standard technological map is tied to the specific conditions of the object with clarification: specifications of the elements of the supporting frame, cladding panels and framing of the facade cladding; thermal insulation thickness; the size of the gap between the heat-insulating layer and the cladding; scope of work; labor cost calculations; volume of material and technical resources; work schedule.

3 ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORK EXECUTION

PREPARATORY WORK

3.1 Before starting installation work on the installation of a ventilated facade of the FS-300 system, the following preparatory work must be carried out:

Rice. 2. Construction site organization diagram

1 - construction site fencing; 2 - workshop; 3 - logistics warehouse; 4 - work zone; 5 - boundary of the zone dangerous for people when operating façade lifts; 6 - open storage area building structures and materials; 7 - lighting mast; 8 - facade lift

Inventory mobile buildings are installed at the construction site: an unheated material and technical warehouse for storing ventilated facade elements (composite sheets or ready-to-install panels, insulation, vapor-permeable film, structural elements of the load-bearing frame) and a workshop for the production of cladding panels and framing the completion of the façade cladding in construction conditions;

Inspect and assess the technical condition of façade lifts, mechanization equipment, tools, their completeness and readiness for work;

In accordance with the work project, facade lifts are installed on the building and put into operation in accordance with the Operation Manual (3851B.00.00.000 RE);

The location of beacon anchoring points for installation of load-bearing and support brackets is marked on the wall of the building.

3.2 The facing composite material is delivered to the construction site, as a rule, in the form of sheets cut to the design dimensions. In this case, cladding panels with fastenings are formed in a workshop at the construction site using hand tools, blind rivets and cassette assembly elements.

3.3 It is necessary to store sheets of composite material at the construction site on beams up to 10 cm thick laid on level ground, in increments of 0.5 m. If the installation of a ventilated facade is planned for more than 1 month, the sheets should be arranged with slats. The height of the stack of sheets should not exceed 1 m.

Lifting operations with packaged sheets of composite material should be carried out using textile tape slings (TU 3150-010-16979227) or other slings that prevent injury to the sheets.

It is not allowed to store the facing composite material together with aggressive chemicals.

3.4 If cladding composite material arrives at the construction site in the form of finished cladding panels with fastening, they are stacked in pairs, with their front surfaces facing each other so that adjacent pairs touch with their rear sides. The packs are placed on wooden supports, with a slight slope from the vertical. The panels are laid in two rows in height.

3.5 Marking of installation points for load-bearing and support brackets on the building wall is carried out in accordance with the technical documentation for the project for the installation of a ventilated facade.

On initial stage determine the beacon lines for marking the facade - the lower horizontal line of the mounting points for the brackets and the two outermost vertical lines along the facade of the building.

The extreme points of the horizontal line are determined using a level and marked with indelible paint. At the two extreme points, using a laser level and tape measure, determine and mark with paint all intermediate points for installing the brackets.

Using plumb lines lowered from the parapet of the building, vertical lines are determined at the extreme points of the horizontal line.

Using façade lifts, mark the installation points of load-bearing and support brackets on the outermost vertical lines with indelible paint.

MAIN WORK

3.6 When organizing installation work, the area of ​​the building’s façade is divided into vertical sections, within which work is carried out by different sections of installers from the first or second façade lifts (Fig. ). The width of the vertical grip is equal to the length of the working deck of the facade lift cradle (4 m), and the length of the vertical grip is equal to the working height of the building. The first and second links of installers working on the 1st facade lift, alternating in shifts, carry out sequential installation work on the 1st, 3rd and 5th vertical grips. The third and fourth sections of installers working on the 2nd façade lift, alternating in shifts, carry out sequential installation work on the 2nd and 4th vertical grips. The direction of work is from the basement of the building up to the parapet.

3.7 For the installation of a ventilated facade, one team of workers from two installers determined a replaceable grip equal to 4 m 2 of the facade.

3.8 Installation of the ventilated facade begins from the base of the building on the 1st and 2nd vertical sections simultaneously. Within the vertical grip, installation is carried out in the following technological sequence:

Rice. 3. Scheme of dividing the facade into vertical sections

Legend:

Direction of work

Vertical grips for the 1st and 2nd sections of installers working on the first facade lift

Vertical grips for the 3rd and 4th sections of installers working on the second facade lift

Part of the building on which the installation of a ventilated façade has been completed

Cladding panels:

P1 - 1000×900 mm;

P2 - 1000×700 mm;

P3 - 1000×750 mm;

P4 - 500×750 mm;

U1 (angular): H=1000 mm, H = 350×350×200 mm

Marking installation points for load-bearing and support brackets on the building wall;

Attaching sliding brackets to guide profiles;

Installation of cladding elements of a ventilated facade to the outer corner of the building.

3.9 Installation of the frame of the façade cladding of the plinth is carried out without the use of a façade lift from the ground surface (with a plinth height of up to 1 m). The parapet flashing is installed from the roof of the building at the final stage of each vertical section.

3.10 The installation points of the load-bearing and support brackets on the vertical grip are marked using beacon points marked on the outermost horizontal and vertical lines (see), using a tape measure, a level and a dye cord.

When marking anchor points for installing load-bearing and support brackets for subsequent vertical gripping, the beacons are the attachment points of the load-bearing and support brackets of the previous vertical grip.

3.11 To attach load-bearing and support brackets to the wall, holes are drilled at marked points with a diameter and depth corresponding to anchor dowels that have passed strength tests for this type of wall fencing.

If a hole is drilled by mistake in the wrong place and a new one needs to be drilled, then the latter must be at least one depth away from the wrong one drilled hole. If it is impossible to perform this condition you can use the method of fastening the brackets shown in Fig. 4.

Cleaning the holes from drilling waste (dust) is done with compressed air.

Rice. 4. Mounting point for load-bearing (support) brackets if it is impossible to attach them to the wall at the design drilling points

The dowel is inserted into the prepared hole and tapped with a mounting hammer.

Thermal insulation pads are placed under the brackets to level the working surface and eliminate “cold bridges”.

The brackets are attached to the wall with screws using an electric drill with adjustable rotation speed and appropriate screwing attachments.

3.12 Thermal insulation and wind-hydroprotection device consists of the following operations:

Hanging on the wall through the slots for the brackets of the insulation boards;

Hanging wind-hydroprotective membrane panels with an overlap of 100 mm on heat-insulating slabs and temporarily securing them;

Drilling holes in the wall for disc dowels through the insulation and wind-hydroprotective membrane in full according to the project and installing the dowels.

The distance from the dowels to the edges of the heat-insulating board must be at least 50 mm.

Installation of heat-insulating boards begins with the bottom row, which are installed on a starting perforated profile or base and mounted from bottom to top.

The slabs are hung in a checkerboard pattern horizontally next to each other so that there are no through gaps between the slabs. The permissible size of an unfilled seam is 2 mm.

Additional thermal insulation boards must be securely fastened to the wall surface.

To install additional thermal insulation boards, they must be trimmed using hand tools. Breaking insulation boards is prohibited.

During installation, transportation and storage, thermal insulation boards must be protected from moisture, contamination and mechanical damage.

Before starting the installation of heat-insulating boards, the replacement grip on which work will be carried out must be protected from atmospheric moisture.

3.13 The adjusting load-bearing and support brackets are attached to the load-bearing and support brackets, respectively. The position of these brackets is adjusted in such a way as to ensure alignment with the vertical level of deviation of wall irregularities. The brackets are secured using bolts with special stainless steel washers.

3.14 Attaching vertical guide profiles to the adjusting brackets is carried out in the following sequence. The profiles are installed in the grooves of the regulating load-bearing and support brackets. Then the profiles are fixed with rivets to the supporting brackets. The profile is installed freely in the support control brackets, which ensures its free vertical movement to compensate for temperature deformations.

In places where two successive profiles join vertically, to compensate for temperature deformations, it is recommended to maintain a gap in the range from 8 to 10 mm.

3.15 When arranging an abutment to the base, the perforated cover plate is fastened using an angle to the vertical guide profiles using blind rivets (Fig. ).

3.16 Installation of facing panels begins from the bottom row and proceeds from bottom to top (Fig. ).

Sliding brackets (9) are installed on the vertical guide profiles (4). The upper sliding bracket is installed in the design position (fixed using setscrew 10), and the lower one in the intermediate position (9). The panel is placed on the upper sliding brackets and, by moving the lower sliding brackets, is installed “in the spacer”. The upper sliding brackets of the panel are additionally secured with self-tapping screws against vertical shift. Against horizontal shear, the panels are also additionally secured to the supporting profile with rivets (11).

3.17 When installing facing panels at the junction of vertical guides (bearing profiles) (Fig.), two conditions must be met: the upper facing panel must close the gap between the supporting profiles; The design gap between the lower and upper facing panels must be accurately maintained. To fulfill the second condition, it is recommended to use a template made of a square wooden block. The length of the bar is equal to the width of the facing panel, and the edges are equal to the design value of the gap between the lower and upper facing panels.

Rice. 5. Connection to the base

Rice. 6. Installation of the facing panel

Rice. 7. Installation of facing panels at the junction of supporting profiles

Rice. 8. Mounting point for cladding panels on the outer corner of the building

3.18 The connection of the ventilated facade to the outer corner of the building is carried out using a corner cladding panel (Fig. 8).

Corner cladding panels are manufactured by the manufacturer or on site to the dimensions specified in the façade design.

The corner cladding panel is attached to the supporting frame using the above methods, and to the side wall of the building using the corners shown in Fig. 8. A prerequisite is the installation of anchor dowels to secure the corner cladding panel at a distance of no closer than 100 mm from the corner of the building.

3.19 Within the removable area, installation of a ventilated facade that does not have junctions and window frames is carried out in the following technological sequence:

Marking anchoring points for installing load-bearing and support brackets on the building wall;

Drilling holes for installing anchor dowels;

Fastening load-bearing and support brackets to the wall using anchor dowels;

Thermal insulation and wind protection device;

Fastening to the supporting and support brackets of the adjusting brackets using locking bolts;

Attachment to adjusting brackets of guide profiles;

Installation work is carried out in accordance with the requirements specified in paragraphs. - and pp. and this technological map.

3.20 Within the removable area, installation of a ventilated facade with a window frame is carried out in the following technological sequence:

Marking anchor points for installing load-bearing and support brackets, as well as anchor points for fastening elements window frame on the wall of a building;

Fastening the window frame substructure elements to the wall ();

Attaching load-bearing and support brackets to the wall;

Thermal insulation and wind protection device;

Attachment to load-bearing and support brackets of control brackets;

Attachment to adjusting brackets of guide profiles;

Fastening the window frame to the guide profiles with additional fastening to the frame profile (Fig. , , );

Installation of facing panels.

3.21 Within the removable area, installation of a ventilated facade adjacent to the parapet is carried out in the following technological sequence:

Marking anchoring points for installing load-bearing and support brackets to the building wall, as well as anchoring points for attaching the parapet ebb to the parapet;

Drilling holes for installing anchor dowels;

Fastening load-bearing and support brackets to the wall using anchor dowels;

Thermal insulation and wind protection device;

Fastening to the supporting and support brackets of the adjusting brackets using locking bolts;

Attachment to adjusting brackets of guide profiles;

Installation of facing panels;

Attaching the parapet ebb to the parapet and to the guide profiles ().

3.22 During breaks in work on a replaceable grip, the insulated part of the facade that is not protected from atmospheric precipitation is covered with a protective polyethylene film or in another way to prevent the insulation from getting wet.

4 REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY AND ACCEPTANCE OF WORK

4.1 The quality of the ventilated facade is ensured by ongoing monitoring of technological processes of preparatory and installation work, as well as during acceptance of work. Based on the results of current monitoring of technological processes, inspection reports are drawn up hidden work.

4.2 In the process of preparing installation work, check:

Readiness of the working surface of the building facade, structural elements of the facade, mechanization equipment and tools for installation work;

Material: galvanized steel (sheet 5 > 0.55 mm) according to GOST 14918-80

Rice. 9. General view of the window frame

Rice. 10. Connection to the window opening (bottom)

Horizontal section

Rice. 11. Adjacent to the window opening (from the side)

*Depending on the density of the building envelope material.

Rice. 12. Connection to the window opening (top)

Vertical section

Rice. 13. Junction to the parapet

The quality of the supporting frame elements (dimensions, absence of dents, bends and other defects of brackets, profiles and other elements);

Quality of insulation (slab sizes, absence of tears, dents and other defects);

Quality of facing panels (size, absence of scratches, dents, bends, breaks and other defects).

4.3 During installation work, the following is checked for compliance with the design:

Accuracy of façade markings;

Diameter, depth and cleanliness of holes for dowels;

Accuracy and strength of fastening of load-bearing and support brackets;

Correctness and strength of fastening of insulation slabs to the wall;

The position of the adjusting brackets that compensate for wall unevenness;

Accuracy of installation of supporting profiles and, in particular, gaps at the places where they are joined;

Flatness of facade panels and air gaps between them and insulation boards;

The correctness of the framing of the completion of the ventilated facade.

4.4 When accepting work, the ventilated façade as a whole is inspected and especially carefully the frames of the corners, windows, plinth and parapet of the building. Defects discovered during inspection are eliminated before the facility is put into operation.

4.5 Acceptance of the assembled facade is documented in an act with an assessment of the quality of work. Quality is assessed by the degree of compliance of the parameters and characteristics of the installed façade with those specified in technical documentation to the project. Attached to this act are certificates of inspection of hidden work (according to).

4.6 Controlled parameters, methods of their measurement and evaluation are given in table. 1.

Table 1

Controlled parameters

5 MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES

5.1 The need for basic materials and products is given in Table 2.

table 2

5.2 The need for mechanisms, equipment, tools, inventory and fixtures is given in Table 3.

Table 3

The façade is one of the first building structures to be affected during a fire. This is especially true for ventilated facades, air gap which creates a chimney effect. Therefore, the fire resistance of facade systems and materials is one of the most important indicators.

Facades must have fire hazard class K0 i.e. not fire hazardous.

How to determine the fire hazard class of facades?

Determination of the fire hazard class for ventilated facades is carried out only using fire tests of the integral structure, i.e. subsystem and facing material. The rules for conducting such tests are regulated according to the GOST 31251-2003 standard.

The presence of flammability group NG (non-flammable) or G1 (lowly flammable) in the façade cladding material does not guarantee class K0 for the entire façade system. The same applies to individual materials, from which the substructure, insulation and fasteners are made. Those. Ideally, both the substructure materials, the facing material and the insulation system should be non-flammable.

Nevertheless, there are also individual cases when the system has class K0, but contains a limited amount of low-flammable materials, group G1, for example. Typically, such exceptions are made when a non-standard architectural solution or technical and economic feasibility requires it.

What is the difference between fire hazard class and flammability group?

Fire hazard classes are divided into 4 categories:

• K0 - non-fire hazardous;
• K1 - low fire hazard;
• K2 - moderately fire-prone;
• K3 - fire hazard.

The flammability groups of materials are divided into the following:

• NG - completely non-flammable
• G1 - low flammable
• G2 - moderately flammable
• G3 - normally flammable
• G4 - non-flammable

The main difference between the fire hazard class and the flammability group is that the fire hazard class is assigned to the entire system as a whole, i.e. fasteners, insulation, subsystem and each of its elements, cladding. The flammability group is assigned to each structural element separately, including bolts, nuts, rivets, windproof membrane or thermal break.

Which façade systems have fire hazard class K0?

Today, almost 90% of facade systems on the market correspond to class K0, since this is one of the main requirements for obtaining a technical certificate. First of all, this applies to ventilated facades. Mainly comprehensive solutions systems including cladding made of porcelain stoneware, natural stone, ceramic panels, clinker, metal cassettes made of galvanized steel. Stainless or galvanized steel is used as a substructure material for K0 systems. Mineral wool as insulation.