mixed ventilation system

emergency ventilation

supply and exhaust

air conditioning

Rice. 3. Industrial ventilation and air conditioning

A ventilation system in which the movement of air masses is carried out due to the resulting pressure difference between the outside and inside the building is called natural ventilation.

Unorganized natural ventilation - infiltration, or natural ventilation,- carried out by changing the air in the premises through leaks in fences and elements building structures due to the difference in pressure outside and inside the room.

Such air exchange depends on random factors - the strength and direction of the wind, the air temperature inside and outside the building, the type of fences and the quality of construction work.

For constant air exchange required by the conditions for maintaining clean air in the room, it is necessary organized ventilation. Organized natural ventilation can be exhaust without organized air flow (duct) and supply and exhaust with organized air flow (channel and non-channel aeration). Duct natural exhaust ventilation without organized air flow is widely used in residential and administrative buildings.

Aeration called organized natural general ventilation of premises as a result of the entry and removal of air through opening transoms of windows and lanterns. Air exchange in the room is regulated by varying degrees of opening of the transoms (depending on the outside temperature, wind speed and direction).

The main advantage of aeration is the ability to carry out large air exchanges without the expenditure of mechanical energy. The disadvantages of aeration include the fact that during the warm season, aeration activity can drop significantly due to an increase in the temperature of the outside air and the fact that the air entering the room is not cleaned or cooled.

Ventilation, with the help of which air is supplied to or removed from production premises through systems of ventilation ducts using special mechanical stimuli for this purpose, is called mechanical ventilation.

Mechanical ventilation has a number of advantages over natural ventilation:

large radius of action due to the significant pressure created by the fan;

the ability to change or maintain the required air exchange regardless of the outside temperature and wind speed;

subject the air introduced into the room to pre-cleaning, drying or humidification, heating or cooling;

organize optimal air distribution with air supply directly to workplaces;

catch harmful emissions directly at the places of their formation and prevent their spread throughout the entire volume of the room, as well as the ability to purify polluted air before releasing it into the atmosphere.

The disadvantages of mechanical ventilation include the significant cost of construction and operation and the need to take measures to combat noise.

Mechanical ventilation systems are divided into general, local, mixed, emergency and air conditioning systems.

General ventilation designed to assimilate excess heat, moisture and harmful substances throughout the entire working area of ​​the premises. It is used if harmful emissions enter directly into the air of the room; workplaces are not fixed, but are located throughout the room.

Typically, the volume of air supplied to a room during general ventilation is equal to the volume of air removed from the room.

By using local ventilation the necessary meteorological parameters are created at individual workplaces. For example, the capture of harmful substances directly at the source, ventilation of observation booths, etc. Local exhaust ventilation is most widely used. The main method of combating harmful secretions is to install and organize suction from shelters.

Mixed ventilation system is a combination of elements of local and general ventilation. Local system removes harmful substances from casings and covers of machines. However, some harmful substances penetrate into the room through leaks in shelters. This part is removed general ventilation.

Emergency ventilation is provided in those production premises where a sudden release into the air is possible large quantity harmful or explosive substances. The emergency ventilation system should turn on automatically when the maximum permissible concentration of harmful emissions is reached or when one of the general or local ventilation systems is stopped. The release of air from emergency systems must be carried out taking into account the possibility of maximum dispersion of harmful and explosive substances in the atmosphere.

To create optimal meteorological conditions in industrial premises, the most advanced type of industrial ventilation is used - air conditioning. Air conditioning is called its automatic processing in order to maintain predetermined meteorological conditions in production premises, regardless of changes in external conditions and indoor conditions. When air conditioning, the air temperature, its relative humidity and the rate of supply to the room are automatically adjusted depending on the time of year, external meteorological conditions and the nature of the technological process in the room. Such strictly defined air parameters are created in special installations, called air conditioners. In some cases, in addition to providing sanitary standards The air microclimate in air conditioners is subject to special treatment: ionization, deodorization, ozonation, etc.

An effective remedy ensuring proper cleanliness and acceptable parameters of the air microclimate of the working area is industrial ventilation.

Ventilation is an organized and regulated air exchange that ensures the removal of polluted air from a room and the supply of fresh air in its place.

By way of air movement There are natural and mechanical ventilation systems.

A ventilation system in which the movement of air masses is carried out due to the resulting pressure difference between the outside and inside the building is called natural ventilation.

When the wind acts on the surfaces of a building on the leeward side, excess pressure is formed, and on the windward side - a vacuum. The distribution of pressure over the surface of buildings and their magnitude depend on the direction and strength of the wind, as well as on the relative position of the buildings.

Unorganized natural ventilation- infiltration , or natural ventilation - is carried out by changing the air in the premises through leaks in fences and elements of building structures due to the difference in pressure outside and inside the room. Infiltration can be significant for residential buildings and reach 0.5 - 0.75 room volume per hour, and for industrial enterprises up to 1 - 1.5.

For constant air exchange required by the conditions for maintaining clean air in the room, it is necessary organized ventilation. Organized natural ventilation can be:

Exhaust without organized air flow (duct);

Supply and exhaust with organized air flow (duct and non-duct aeration).

Duct natural exhaust ventilation without organized air flow is widely used in residential and administrative buildings

Aeration is called organized natural general ventilation of premises as a result of the entry and removal of air through opening transoms of windows and lanterns.

As a method of ventilation, aeration has found wide application in industrial buildings, characterized by technological processes with large heat releases. The supply of outside air during the cold season is organized so that cold air does not enter the work area. To do this, outside air is supplied into the room through openings located at least 4.5 m from the floor. During the warm season, the influx of outside air is oriented through the lower tier of window openings.

When calculating aeration, the requirements of SNiP 2.04.05-91 are used.

The main advantage of aeration is the ability to carry out large air exchanges without the expenditure of mechanical energy.

To the disadvantages of aeration It should be noted that during the warm period of the year, the efficiency of aeration can drop significantly due to an increase in the temperature of the outside air and, in addition, the air entering the room is not cleaned or cooled.

Ventilation, by which air is supplied to or removed from production premises through systems of ventilation ducts using special mechanical stimuli, is called mechanical ventilation .

Mechanical ventilation has a number of advantages:

Large radius of action due to the significant pressure created by the fan;

The ability to change or maintain the required air exchange regardless of the outside temperature and wind speed;

Subject the air introduced into the room to pre-cleaning, drying or humidification, heating or cooling;

Organize optimal air distribution with air supply directly to workplaces;

Capture harmful emissions directly at the places of their formation and prevent their spread throughout the entire volume of the room, as well as the ability to purify polluted air before releasing it into the atmosphere.

Disadvantages of mechanical ventilation The significant cost of the structure and its operation and the need for noise control measures should be taken into account.

Mechanical ventilation systems are divided into:

1. General exchange.

2. Local.

3. Mixed.

4. Emergency.

5. Air conditioning systems.

General ventilation designed to assimilate excess heat, moisture and harmful substances throughout the entire working area of ​​the premises. It is used if harmful emissions enter directly into the air of the room; workplaces are not fixed, but are located throughout the room.

Based on the method of air supply and removal, four general ventilation schemes are distinguished:

Supply;

Exhaust;

Supply and exhaust;

Recirculation systems.

According to the supply system air is supplied to the room after it has been prepared in the supply chamber. This creates excess pressure in the room, due to which the air escapes outside through windows, doors or into other rooms. The supply system is used to ventilate rooms into which it is undesirable for polluted air from neighboring rooms or cold air from outside to enter.

Exhaust system designed to remove air from the room. At the same time, a reduced pressure is created in it and the air from neighboring rooms or outside air enters this room.

Supply and exhaust ventilation - the most common system in which air is supplied into the room by a supply system and removed by an exhaust system.

In some cases, to reduce operating costs for air heating, ventilation systems with partial recirculation are used. In them, the air sucked from the room by the exhaust system is mixed with the air coming from outside. The amount of fresh and secondary air is controlled by valves . The ventilation system with recirculation is allowed to be used only for those rooms in which there are no emissions of harmful substances.

In a normal microclimate and the absence of harmful emissions, the amount of air during general ventilation is taken depending on the volume of the room per worker.

Using local ventilation the necessary meteorological parameters are created at individual workplaces. Local exhaust ventilation is the most widely used. The main method of combating harmful secretions is to install and organize suction from shelters.

Local suction designs can be completely closed, semi-open or open.

Closed suctions are the most effective. These include casings and chambers that hermetically or tightly cover technological equipment .

If it is impossible to arrange such shelters, then use suction with partial shelter or open: exhaust hoods, suction panels, fume hoods, side suction, etc.

One of the simplest types of local suction is a fume hood. It serves to trap harmful substances that have a lower density than the surrounding air.

The required air exchange in local exhaust ventilation devices is calculated based on the localization conditions of impurities released from the source of formation.

Mixed ventilation system is a combination of elements of local and general ventilation. The local system removes harmful substances from machine covers and covers. However, some harmful substances penetrate into the room through leaks in shelters. This part is removed by general ventilation.

Emergency ventilation is provided in those production premises in which a sudden entry into the air of a large amount of harmful or explosive substances is possible.

To create optimal meteorological conditions in industrial premises, the most advanced type of industrial ventilation is used - air conditioning.

Air conditioning is called its automatic processing in order to maintain predetermined meteorological conditions in production premises, regardless of changes in external conditions and indoor conditions.

When air conditioning, the air temperature, its relative humidity and the rate of supply to the room are automatically adjusted depending on the time of year, external meteorological conditions and the nature of the technological process in the room.

Such strictly defined air parameters are created in special installations called air conditioners. In some cases, in addition to ensuring sanitary standards for the air microclimate, air conditioners undergo special treatment: ionization, deodorization, ozonation, etc.

Air conditioners can be:

1. Local (for servicing individual premises).

2. Central (for servicing several separate premises).

Air conditioning plays an essential role not only from the point of view of life safety, but also in many technological processes in which fluctuations in temperature and air humidity are not allowed (especially in radio electronics). Therefore, air conditioning units have been increasingly used in industrial enterprises in recent years.

Plan.

Theoretical part.

1. Ventilation and air conditioning. Classification ventilation systems………………………………………………………..3

2. Principles and methods of increasing the sustainability of the functioning of facilities in emergencies. Ways to increase personnel security……………6

3. Labor Code of the Russian Federation and general provisions of labor protection legislation………………………………………………………………………………………10

4. Calculation of the percentage of additional payments for work in harmful and dangerous

working conditions……………………………………………………………………...12

Practical part.

5. Task No. 10…………………………….…………………………14

6. Problem No. 20……………………………………………………………….15

References…………………………………………………………….16

1.Ventilation and air conditioning. Classification of ventilation systems.

An effective means of ensuring acceptable air microclimate in the working area is industrial ventilation. Ventilation is an organized and controlled air exchange that ensures the removal of air from a room and the supply of fresh air in its place.

Based on the method of air movement, natural and mechanical ventilation systems are distinguished.

Natural ventilation. This is a ventilation system in which the movement of air masses is carried out due to the resulting pressure difference outside and inside the building. The pressure difference is caused by the difference in the densities of the external and internal air and the wind pressure acting on the building. When exposed to wind, excess pressure is generated on the surfaces of the building on the leeward side. On the windward side there is a vacuum. Natural ventilation is realized in the form of infiltration and aeration.

Unorganized natural ventilation - infiltration, is carried out by changing the air in rooms through leaks in fences and elements of building structures due to the difference in pressure outside and inside the room. Such air exchange depends on random factors - the strength and direction of the wind, the air temperature inside and outside the building, the type of fences and the quality of construction work. Infiltration can be significant for residential buildings and reach 0.5....0.75 room volume per hour, for industrial enterprises up to 1.5.

Aeration is the organized natural general ventilation of rooms as a result of the entry and removal of air through opening transoms of windows and lanterns. Air exchange in the room is regulated by varying degrees of opening of the transoms (depending on the outside temperature, wind speed and direction). As a method of ventilation, aeration has found wide application in industrial buildings characterized by technological processes with large heat releases (rolling shops, foundries, forges). The flow of outside air into the workshop during the cold season is organized so that cold air does not enter the work area. To do this, outside air is supplied into the room through openings located at least 4.5 m from the floor; during the warm period, the influx of outside air is introduced through the lower 5 window openings - at a height of 1.5 ... .2 m.

The main advantage of aeration is the ability to carry out large air exchanges without the expenditure of mechanical energy. The disadvantages of aeration include the fact that in the warm season the efficiency of aeration can drop significantly due to an increase in the temperature of the outside air and the fact that the air entering the room is not cleaned or cooled. Mechanical ventilation is ventilation by which air is supplied to or removed from production premises through systems of ventilation ducts using special mechanical stimuli.

Mechanical ventilation has a number of advantages over natural ventilation: large radius of action; the ability to change or maintain the required air exchange regardless of the outside temperature and wind speed; subject the air introduced into the room to pre-cleaning, drying or humidification, heating or cooling; organize optimal air distribution with air supply directly to workplaces; catch harmful emissions directly at the places where they form and prevent their spread throughout the entire room; purify polluted air before releasing it into the atmosphere. The disadvantages of mechanical ventilation include the significant cost of its construction and operation, as well as the need to take measures to reduce noise. Mechanical ventilation systems are divided into general, local, emergency, mixed and air conditioning systems.

The general exchange system is a ventilation system that is designed to supply clean air into the room, assimilate excess heat, moisture, and harmful substances in the room. In the latter case, it is used if harmful emissions enter directly into the air of the room, and the workplaces are not fixed and are located throughout the room.

The exhaust system is designed to remove air from the room. At the same time, a reduced pressure is created in it, and the air from neighboring rooms or outside air enters this room. It is advisable to use an exhaust system if harmful emissions in a given room should not spread to neighboring ones, for example, for chemical and bacteriological laboratories.

Suction panels are used to remove harmful emissions carried away by convective currents during manual operations such as electric welding, soldering, gas welding, metal cutting, etc.

Fume hoods are the most effective device compared to other suction systems, since they almost completely cover the source of the release of harmful substances. Only the service openings remain uncovered in the cabinets, through which air from the room enters the cabinet. The shape of the opening is chosen depending on the nature of the technological operations.

A mixed ventilation system is a combination of elements of local and general ventilation. The local system removes harmful substances from machine covers and covers. However, some harmful substances penetrate into the room through leaks in shelters. This part is removed by general ventilation.

Emergency ventilation is provided in those production areas where a sudden release of a large amount of harmful or explosive substances into the air is possible. Conditioning. To create optimal meteorological conditions in industrial and residential premises, in salons transport systems The most advanced type of ventilation is air conditioning. Air conditioning is the automatic treatment of air in order to maintain predetermined meteorological conditions in rooms, regardless of changes in external conditions and indoor conditions. When air conditioning, the air temperature, its relative humidity and the rate of supply to the room are automatically adjusted depending on the time of year, external meteorological conditions and the nature of the technological process in the room. Such air parameters are created in special installations called air conditioners. In some cases, in addition to ensuring sanitary standards, the air microclimate in air conditioners is subject to special treatment: ionization, deodorization, ozonation, etc.

Air conditioners can be local (to serve individual rooms) and central (to serve several rooms). The outside air is cleaned of dust in the filter and enters the chamber, where it is mixed with the air from the room. Having passed through the pre-temperature treatment stage, the air enters the chamber. Where it undergoes special treatment (air washing with water, ensuring the specified parameters regarding humidity, and air purification). During temperature treatment in winter, the air is heated partly due to the temperature of the water. In summer the air cools.

Air conditioning plays a significant role not only from the point of view of life safety, but also in many technological processes in which fluctuations in air temperature and humidity are not allowed. Therefore, air conditioning installations have found increasing use in recent years.

2.Principles and methods of increasing the sustainability of the functioning of objects in emergency situations.

Ways to improve personnel protection.

The sustainability of objects in emergency situations is determined by their ability to perform their functions in these conditions, as well as their adaptability to recovery in the event of damage. In emergency situations industrial enterprises must retain the ability to produce products, and transport, communications, power lines and other objects that do not produce material assets - the normal performance of their tasks.

In order for the facility to remain stable in emergency situations. They carry out a set of engineering, technical, organizational and other measures aimed at protecting personnel from the effects of dangerous and harmful factors that arise during the development of an emergency situation, as well as the population living near the facility. It is necessary to take into account the possibility of secondary formation of toxic, fire, explosive systems, etc.

In addition, an analysis of the vulnerability of the object and its elements in emergency situations is carried out. Measures are being developed to increase the stability of the facility and prepare it for restoration in the event of damage.

In order to protect workers at those enterprises where explosive, toxic and radioactive substances are used in the production process, shelters are built, and a special work schedule is developed for personnel in conditions of contamination with harmful substances. A system must be prepared to alert personnel and the population living near the facility about an emergency situation that has arisen there. The facility personnel must be able to perform specific work to eliminate the consequences of an emergency in the affected area. The stability of a facility’s operation in emergency conditions is influenced by the following factors:

Area of ​​location of the object;

Internal planning and development of the facility territory;

Specifics of the technological process (substances used, energy characteristics of the equipment, its fire and explosion hazard, etc.);

Reliability of the production management system.

The location of the facility determines the magnitude and likelihood of impact damaging factors natural nature (earthquake, floods, hurricanes, landslides, etc.). Important has duplication of transport routes and energy supply systems. So, if the enterprise is located near a navigable river, in the event of destruction of railways or pipelines, the delivery of raw materials or the removal of finished products is carried out by water transport. The meteorological conditions of the area (amount of precipitation, direction of prevailing winds, minimum and maximum air temperatures, terrain) can have a significant impact on the consequences of emergency situations.

The internal layout and building density of the site have a significant impact on the likelihood of fire spreading, destruction that can be caused by a shock wave formed during an explosion, on the size of the lesion when toxic substances are released into the environment, etc. It is also necessary to take into account the nature of the development surrounding the site, yes, presence nearby of this object hazardous enterprises, in particular chemical ones, can aggravate the consequences of an emergency occurring at the site.

It is necessary to study in detail the specifics of the technological process, assess the possibility of equipment explosion, the main causes of fires, and the amount of potent, toxic and radioactive substances used in the process. To increase the sustainability of an object in an emergency, it is necessary to consider the possibility of changing technology, reducing production capacity, as well as switching it to the production of other products. It is also necessary to develop a way to quickly and safely stop production in emergency situations.

Let us now consider ways to increase the stability of the functioning of the most important types of technical systems and objects.

Water supply systems are a large complex of buildings and structures located at considerable distances from each other. In emergency situations, as a rule, all elements of this system cannot be disabled at the same time. When designing a water supply system, it is necessary to provide for measures to protect them in emergency situations. It is advisable to place critical elements below the surface of the earth, which increases their stability. For a city it is necessary to have two or three sources of water supply, and for industrial highways - at least two or three inputs from city highways. It should be possible to repair these systems without stopping them and turning off the water supply to other consumers.

The drainage system for contaminated (waste) water (sewage system) is very important. As a result, conditions are created for the development of diseases and epidemics. The accumulation of wastewater on the site makes it difficult to carry out emergency rescue and restoration work. Increasing the stability of the sewerage system is achieved by creating a backup network of pipes through which contaminated water can be drained in the event of a failure of the main system. A scheme for emergency release of wastewater directly into water bodies must be developed. Pumps used to pump contaminated water are equipped with reliable power supplies.

In different emergencies, power supply systems may suffer various destructions and damages. Their most vulnerable parts are ground structures(power plants, substations, transformer stations), as well as overhead power lines. IN modern conditions various automatic devices, capable of almost instantly disconnecting damaged electrical sources, maintaining the functionality of the system as a whole.

To increase its stability, first of all, it is advisable to replace overhead power lines with cable (underground) networks, use backup networks to power consumers, and provide autonomous backup power sources for the facility (mobile power generators).

It is very important to ensure the stability of the gas supply system, since if it is destroyed or damaged, fires or explosions may occur, as well as the release of gas into the environment, which significantly complicates emergency rescue and restoration work.

The main measures to increase the sustainability of gas supply systems are as follows:

construction of underground bypass gas pipelines (pools) ensuring gas supply in emergency conditions;

the use of devices that enable equipment to operate at reduced pressure in gas pipelines;

Creation of emergency reserves of alternative fuels (coal, fuel oil) at enterprises;

providing gas supply to the facility from several sources;

creation of underground gas storage facilities high pressure;

use of disconnecting devices installed on the distribution network on looped gas supply systems.

As a result of an emergency, the heat supply system of a settlement or enterprise may be seriously damaged, which creates difficulties for their functioning, especially during the cold period. Thus, the destruction of pipelines with hot water or steam can lead to their flooding and make it difficult to localize and eliminate the accident.

The main way to increase the stability of the internal equipment of heating networks is their duplication. It is also necessary to ensure the possibility of disconnecting damaged sections of heating networks without disrupting the rhythm of heat supply to consumers, as well as to create backup heat supply systems.

As a result of exposure to a shock wave. Arising from explosions of various origins, underground communications can be seriously damaged, including underground passages and transport structures (overpasses, overpasses, bridges, etc.).

The main means of increasing the stability of the considered structures from the effects of a shock wave is to increase the strength and rigidity of the structures.

Particular attention should be paid to the stability of warehouses and storage facilities for toxic and explosive substances in emergency situations. This is achieved by transferring these materials for storage to underground warehouses, storing a minimum amount of toxic, fire and explosive substances, as well as the non-stop use of these substances upon arrival at the site, bypassing the warehouse.

To increase the sustainability of the operation of facilities in emergencies, it is necessary to pay attention to the protection of workers and employees. For this purpose, shelters and shelters are built at the facilities to protect personnel; a warning system is created and maintained in constant readiness for workers and employees of the facility, as well as the population living near the facility, about the occurrence of an emergency. Personnel servicing the facility must be aware of its operating mode in the event of an emergency, and also be able to perform specific work to eliminate hotspots.

3. Labor codec of the Russian Federation and general provisions on labor protection

Labor protection as one of the institutions of labor law includes the following groups of norms:

State regulatory requirements for labor protection;

Organization of labor protection;

Ensuring the rights of workers to labor protection;

Rules for the investigation and recording of industrial accidents;

Standards establishing liability for violation of labor protection requirements.

Article 210 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides a fairly extensive list of main areas public policy in the field of labor protection:

1. ensuring the priority of preserving the life and health of workers;

2. adoption and implementation of federal laws and other regulations Russian Federation on labor protection, as well as federal target, sectoral target and territorial target programs for improving labor conditions and safety;

3. public administration labor protection;

4. state supervision and control over compliance with labor protection requirements;

5. promoting public control over compliance with the rights and legitimate interests of workers in the field of labor protection;

6. investigation and recording of industrial accidents and occupational diseases;

7. protection of the legitimate interests of workers affected by industrial accidents and occupational diseases, as well as members of their families on the basis of compulsory social insurance of workers against industrial accidents and occupational diseases;

8. establishing compensation for hard work and work that is harmful and (or) hazardous conditions labor, unavoidable in modern technical level production and labor organization;

9. coordination of activities in the field of labor protection and environmental protection natural environment and other types of economic and social activities;

10. dissemination of advanced domestic and foreign experience in improving working conditions and safety;

11. state participation in financing labor protection measures;

12. training and advanced training of labor protection specialists;

13. organization of state statistical reporting on working conditions, as well as industrial injuries, occupational morbidity and their material consequences;

14. ensuring the functioning of a unified information system labor protection;

15. international cooperation in the field of labor protection;

16. carrying out an effective tax policy that stimulates the creation safe conditions labor, production of personal and collective protective equipment for workers;

17. establishing a procedure for providing workers with personal and collective protective equipment, as well as sanitary and household premises and devices, medical and preventive means at the expense of employers.

Labor protection requirements are mandatory for fulfillment by individuals and legal entities when carrying out any types of activities, including the design, construction and operation of facilities, the design of machines, mechanisms and other equipment, the development technological processes, organization of production and labor.

A fairly wide range of responsibilities for ensuring safe conditions and labor protection in the organization is assigned by Article 212 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation to the employer. He is obliged to provide:

Safety of workers during the operation of buildings, structures, equipment, implementation of technological processes, as well as tools, raw materials and supplies used in production;

Application of personal and collective protective equipment for workers;

Working conditions at each workplace that meet labor safety requirements;

Work and rest schedule for employees in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

Purchasing and issuing special clothing and footwear and other equipment at one’s own expense personal protection, in accordance with the standards established for employees engaged in work with harmful or dangerous working conditions;

Education safe methods and methods of performing work on labor protection and first aid at work, instruction on labor protection, on-the-job training and testing of knowledge of labor protection requirements;

Organizing control over the state of labor protection conditions in the workplace, as well as over the correct use of individual and collective protective equipment by employees;

Carrying out certification of workplaces according to working conditions with subsequent certification of work on labor protection in the organization; preventing employees from performing their job duties without undergoing mandatory medical examinations, as well as in the case of medical contraindications;

Investigation and recording of industrial accidents and occupational diseases;

Familiarization of workers with labor protection rules, etc.

4. Calculation of the percentage of additional payments for work in harmful and dangerous working conditions

Working conditions are a combination of factors in the production environment and

labor process that affects health and performance

person in the process of work.

One of the reasons for increasing wages is work associated with difficult and harmful working conditions. Most often as a measure

compensation for work in such conditions, additional payments for conditions apply

labor. Harmful working conditions are characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker and (or) his offspring. Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, severity and intensity of the labor process were approved by the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia on July 12, 1994 R 2.2.013-94.

A harmful production factor is a factor whose impact on a worker under certain conditions can lead to illness or decreased performance. Depending on the level and duration of exposure, a harmful production factor can become dangerous (GOST 12.002-80).

The mechanism for establishing increased pay for workers engaged in heavy work, work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, compared to payment for work with normal working conditions, includes the following elements:

List of relevant works; - certification of jobs; - determination of specific amounts of increased pay.

The list of heavy work, work with harmful or dangerous or other special working conditions was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 25, 2000 No. 162 and includes 456 types of work, professions, positions.

When certifying a workplace, which is carried out in accordance with the Regulations on the procedure for certifying workplaces according to working conditions, approved by Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated March 14, 1997 No. 12, all hazardous and harmful production factors present in the workplace are subject to assessment. An assessment of the actual state of working conditions in the workplace consists of assessments of the degree of harmfulness and danger, the degree of injury safety: the provision of workers with personal protective equipment, the effectiveness of these means. In cases where the actual values ​​of dangerous and harmful production factors exceed existing standards or requirements for injury safety, and the provision of workers with personal protective equipment does not meet existing standards, working conditions in such a workplace are harmful and (or) dangerous.

The results of assessing the actual state of working conditions at the workplace are entered into the Workplace Certification Card, in which the organization’s certification commission provides an opinion on the results of the certification. Based on the results of certification of workplaces, taking into account the opinion of the representative body of employees by the employer, the collective agreement fixes a general assessment of working conditions at each workplace and sets the amount of increased pay. The employment contract reflects the specific amount of additional payment (as a percentage) to the employee’s tariff rate (salary).

Every employee, if he is engaged in heavy work and work with harmful or dangerous working conditions, has the right to compensation, established by law of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, collective agreement, employment contract.

The allowance for work in heavy work, work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions is established in accordance with the norms of Art. 147 Labor Code of the Russian Federation. The Government of the Russian Federation has established that the amount of compensatory additional payments for working conditions is determined by enterprises independently, but not lower than those established by the relevant decisions of the Government. Clause 1.6 of the Model Regulations on the assessment of working conditions in workplaces and the procedure for applying sectoral lists of work for which additional payments to workers for working conditions can be established, approved by the Decree of the State Labor Committee of the USSR 03.10.1986 No. 387/22-78, established an additional payment to the salary for work in difficult and harmful working conditions in the amount of 4 to 12%, and for work in especially difficult and especially harmful working conditions - from 16 to 24%.

In some cases, legislation establishes a different procedure for increasing wages due to its harmfulness and severity. So, in accordance with Art. 20 Federal Law of June 20, 1996 No. 81-FZ “On state regulation in the field of coal mining and use, on the features social protection employees of coal industry organizations”, the minimum wages for workers engaged in heavy and hazardous work and work with hazardous working conditions in the mining and processing of coal are established by a tripartite agreement of authorized representatives of organizations, trade unions of coal industry workers and the Government of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the minimum wages for each profession of these workers must exceed the established salaries for the corresponding professions for normal working conditions by at least 10%. An increase in official salaries in connection with hazardous to health and especially difficult working conditions in the amount of 15 to 60% is provided for healthcare workers, medical scientific institutions, and social protection organizations. In accordance with the Federal Law “On the Prevention of the Spread of Tuberculosis in the Russian Federation” dated June 18, 2001, medical, veterinary and other workers directly involved in the provision of anti-tuberculosis care, as well as workers in the production and storage of livestock products, are entitled to additional payment in the amount of at least 25% of official salary.

Practical part.

Problem No. 10

From the workshop, which is located on the ground floor of the building and has longitudinal passages between production lines, N people must be evacuated in case of fire.

Determine the minimum width of aisles with a uniform flow of people. Dimensions of the workshop in terms of A and B m. The speed of the flow of people is assumed to be V.

N, people – 600

V, m/min – 15

Solution:

Approximate width of all passages "in"

where N is the number of people,

c – the minimum permissible width of movement of one flow of people (can be taken c = 0.6 m);

Average throughput one stream (can be taken = 25 km/min);

t - maximum evacuation time.

where L is determined graphically (L=0.5A+0.5V)

taking into account the number of passages n, we find the width of each passage - “in”

– width of all passages

– width of each passage

Problem No. 20

The illumination of the workplace through the windows, measured using a lux meter, was E, lux when illuminated from outside E ad, lux.

Determine the natural light factor and check whether the lighting conditions comply with the requirements of SNiP 23-05-095.

E, lux – 150

E nar, lux – 9000

Visual work category – IV

Location – Tyumen

Solution:

CFU is the ratio of natural illumination created at a certain point on a given plane inside a room by the light of the sky to the simultaneous value of external horizontal illumination created by the light of a completely open sky, expressed as a percentage.

This indicator complies with the requirements of SNiP 23-05-95.

List of used literature:

1.Arustamov E.A. Life safety. - M.: Dashkov and K, 2001.

2. Life safety / Ed. S.V. Belova. - M.: Higher School, 2002. -357 p.

Z.Marinchenko A.V. Life safety. - M.: Dashkov and K, 2006.-360 p.

4. Posherstnik N.V., Meisik M.S. Wage in modern conditions.

M.-SPb.: Publishing house "Gerda", 2004. - 768 p.

5.Labor Law / Ed. A.K. Isaeva. - M.: OMEGA-L, 2005. - 424 p.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

KRASNODON MINING TECHNIQUE

Abstract on the subject “SAFETY

TECHNOLOGICAL

PROCESSES AND PRODUCTION"

on the topic: “INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION »

Student of group 1EP-06

Uryupov Oleg

Checked by: Drokina T.M.

Krasnodon 2010

Ventilation is a complex of interconnected devices and processes for creating the required air exchange in industrial premises. The main purpose of ventilation is to remove contaminated or overheated air from the work area and supply clean air, resulting in work area necessary favorable conditions air environment. One of the main tasks that arises when installing ventilation is determining the air exchange, i.e. the amount ventilation air necessary to ensure an optimal sanitary and hygienic level of the indoor air environment.

Depending on the method of air movement in industrial premises, ventilation is divided into natural and artificial (mechanical).

The use of ventilation must be justified by calculations that take into account temperature, air humidity, release of harmful substances, and excess heat generation. If there are no harmful emissions in the room, then ventilation should provide an air exchange of at least 30 m 3 / h for each worker (for rooms with a volume of up to 20 m 3 per worker). When harmful substances are released into the air of the work area, the necessary air exchange is determined based on the conditions of their dilution to the maximum permissible concentration, and in the presence of thermal excess - from the conditions for maintaining the permissible temperature in the work area.

Natural ventilation production premises is carried out due to the temperature difference in the room from the outside air (thermal pressure) or the action of wind (wind pressure). Natural ventilation can be organized or unorganized.

With unorganized natural ventilation air exchange is carried out by displacing internal thermal air with external cold air through windows, vents, transoms and doors. Organized natural ventilation, or aeration, provides air exchange in pre-calculated volumes and adjustable in accordance with meteorological conditions. Channelless aeration is carried out using openings in the walls and ceiling and is recommended in large rooms with significant excess heat. To obtain the calculated air exchange, ventilation openings in the walls, as well as in the roof of the building (aeration skylights) are equipped with transoms that open and close from the floor of the room. By manipulating the transoms, you can regulate the air exchange when changing outside temperature air or wind speed (Fig. 4.1). The area of ​​ventilation openings and skylights is calculated depending on the required air exchange.

Rice. 4.1. Scheme of natural ventilation of the building: A- when there is no wind; b- in the wind; 1 - exhaust and supply openings; 2 - fuel generating unit

In small production premises, as well as in premises located in multi-storey buildings industrial buildings, channel aeration is used, in which contaminated air is removed through ventilation ducts in the walls. To enhance the exhaust, deflectors are installed at the exit from the ducts on the roof of the building - devices that create draft when the wind blows on them. In this case, the wind flow, hitting the deflector and flowing around it, creates a vacuum around most of its perimeter, which ensures air suction from the channel. The most widely used deflectors are the TsAGI type (Fig. 4.2), which are a cylindrical shell mounted above the exhaust pipe. To improve air suction by wind pressure, the pipe ends in a smooth expansion - a diffuser. A cap is provided to prevent rain from entering the deflector.

Rice. 4.2. TsAGI type deflector diagram: 1 - diffuser; 2 - cone; 3 - legs holding the cap and shell; 4 - shell; 5 - cap

Calculation of the deflector comes down to determining the diameter of its pipe. Approximate diameter of the pipe d TsAGI type deflector can be calculated using the formula:

,

Where L- volume of ventilation air, m 3 / h; - air speed in the pipe, m/s.

The air speed (m/s) in the pipe, taking into account only the pressure created by the action of the wind, is found using the formula

,

where is wind speed, m/s; - the sum of the local resistance coefficients of the exhaust air duct in its absence e = 0.5 (at the entrance to the branch pipe); l - length of the branch pipe or exhaust air duct, m.

Taking into account the pressure created by the wind and thermal pressure, the air speed in the nozzle is calculated using the formula

,

Where - thermal pressure Pa; here is the height of the deflector, m; - density, respectively, of outdoor air and indoor air, kg/m3.

The speed of air movement in the pipe is approximately 0.2...0.4 wind speed, i.e. . If the deflector is installed without exhaust pipe directly in the ceiling, then the air speed is slightly higher.

Aeration is used for ventilation of large industrial premises. Natural air exchange is carried out through windows, skylights using heat and wind pressure (Fig. 4.3). Thermal pressure, as a result of which air enters and leaves the room, is formed due to the temperature difference between the external and internal air and is regulated by varying degrees of opening of the transoms and lanterns. The difference between these pressures at the same level is called internal excess pressure. It can be both positive and negative.

Rice. 4.3. Building aeration scheme

At negative value(exceeding external pressure over internal) air enters the room, and when positive value(internal pressure exceeds external pressure) air leaves the room. At = 0 there will be no air movement through the holes in the outer fence. The neutral zone in the room (where = 0) can only exist under the influence of excess heat alone; when there is wind with excess heat, it sharply shifts upward and disappears. The distances of the neutral zone from the middle of the exhaust and supply openings are inversely proportional to the squares of the areas of the openings. At , where are the areas, respectively, of the inlet and outlet openings, m 2 ; -height of the level of equal pressures, respectively, from the inlet to the outlet, m.

Air flow G, which flows through a hole having an area F, calculated by the formula:

Where G- massive second consumption air, t/s; m is the flow coefficient depending on the outflow conditions; r - air density in the initial state, kg/m3; - pressure difference inside and outside the room in a given hole, Pa.

The approximate amount of air leaving the room through 1 m2 of opening area, taking into account only thermal pressure and provided that the areas of the holes in the walls and lanterns are equal and the flow coefficient m = 0.6, can be determined using a simplified formula:

Where L- amount of air, m 3 / h; N- distance between the centers of the lower and upper holes, m; - temperature difference: average (altitude) indoors and outdoor, ° C.

Aeration using wind pressure is based on the fact that excess pressure occurs on the windward surfaces of the building, and rarefaction occurs on the windward sides. Wind pressure on the surface of the fence is found by the formula:

Where k- aerodynamic coefficient, showing what proportion of the dynamic wind pressure is converted into pressure in a given section of the fence or roof. This coefficient can be taken on average equal to + 0.6 for the windward side, and -0.3 for the leeward side.

Natural ventilation is cheap and easy to operate. Its main disadvantage is that the supply air is introduced into the room without preliminary cleaning and heating, and the exhaust air is not cleaned and pollutes the atmosphere. Natural ventilation is applicable where there are no large emissions of harmful substances into the work area.

Artificial (mechanical) ventilation eliminates the shortcomings of natural ventilation. With mechanical ventilation, air exchange is carried out due to the air pressure created by fans (axial and centrifugal); air in winter time It is heated, cooled in the summer and, in addition, cleaned of contaminants (dust and harmful vapors and gases). Mechanical ventilation can be supply, exhaust, supply and exhaust, and according to the place of action - general and local.

At supply ventilation system(Fig. 4.4, A) air is taken from the outside using a fan through a heater, where the air is heated and, if necessary, humidified, and then supplied to the room. The amount of air supplied is controlled by valves or dampers installed in the branches. Polluted air comes out unpurified through doors, windows, lanterns and cracks.

At exhaust system ventilation(Fig. 4.4, b) polluted and overheated air is removed from the room through a network of air ducts using a fan. Polluted air is cleaned before being released into the atmosphere. Clean air is sucked in through windows, doors, and structural leaks.

Supply and exhaust ventilation system(Fig. 4.4, V) consists of two separate systems - supply and exhaust, which simultaneously supply clean air into the room and remove polluted air from it. Supply ventilation systems also replace air removed by local suction and spent on technological needs: fire processes, compressor units, pneumatic transport, etc.

To determine the required air exchange, it is necessary to have the following initial data: the amount of harmful emissions (heat, moisture, gases and vapors) in 1 hour, the maximum permissible amount (MAC) of harmful substances in 1 m 3 of air supplied to the room.

Rice. 4.4. Scheme of supply, exhaust and supply and exhaust mechanical ventilation: A- supply; 6 - exhaust; V- supply and exhaust; 1 - air intake for intake of clean air; 2 - air ducts; 3 - filter for air purification from dust; 4 - air heaters; 5 - fans; 6 - air distribution devices (nozzles); 7 - exhaust pipes for releasing exhaust air into the atmosphere; 8 - devices for cleaning exhaust air; 9 - air intake openings for exhaust air; 10 - valves for regulating the amount of fresh secondary recirculation and exhaust air; 11 - a room served by supply and exhaust ventilation; 12 - air duct for the recirculation system

For rooms with the release of harmful substances, the required air exchange L, m 3 / h, is determined from the condition of the balance of harmful substances entering it and diluting them to acceptable concentrations. Balance conditions are expressed by the formula:

Where G- rate of release of harmful substances from technological installation, mg/h; Getc- rate of entry of harmful substances with air flow into the work area, mg/h; G beat- the rate of removal of harmful substances diluted to permissible concentrations from the work area, mg/h.

Replacing in expression Getc And G beat by the product and , where and are, respectively, the concentrations (mg/m 3) of harmful substances in the supply and removed air, a and the volume of supply and removed air in m 3 per 1 hour, we obtain

To maintain normal pressure in the working area, the equality must be satisfied, then

The necessary air exchange, based on the content of water vapor in the air, is determined by the formula:

,

where is the amount of removed or supply air indoors, m 3 /h; GP- mass of water vapor released in the room, g/h; - moisture content of removed air, g/kg, dry air; - moisture content of supply air, g/kg, dry air; r - density of supply air, kg/m3.

where are the masses (g) of water vapor and dry air, respectively. It must be borne in mind that the values ​​and are taken from the tables physical characteristics air depending on the value of the standardized relative humidity exhaust air.

To determine the volume of ventilation air based on excess heat, it is necessary to know the amount of heat entering the room from various sources (heat gain), , and the amount of heat spent to compensate for losses through the building enclosures and other purposes, , difference and expresses the amount of heat that goes into heating the air in the room and which must be taken into account when calculating air exchange.

The air exchange required to remove excess heat is calculated using the formula:

where is the excess amount of heat, J/s, is the temperature of the removed air, ° K; - supply air temperature, ° K; WITH- specific heat capacity of air, J/(kg×K); r - air density at 293° K, kg/m3.

Local ventilation Is there an exhaust or supply? Exhaust ventilation is used when pollution can be captured directly at the point of its origin. For this purpose, fume hoods, umbrellas, curtains, side suction at bathtubs, casings, suction at machine tools, etc. are used. TO supply ventilation include air showers, curtains, oases.

Fume hoods work with natural or mechanical exhaust. To remove excess heat from a cabinet or harmful impurities naturally requires the presence of a lifting force, which occurs when the temperature of the air in the cabinet exceeds the temperature of the air in the room. The exhaust air must have sufficient energy to overcome aerodynamic resistance on the way from the entrance to the cabinet to the point of release into the atmosphere.

Volumetric flow rate of air removed from the fume hood during natural exhaust (Fig. 4.5), (m 3 / h)

Where h- height of the open cabinet opening, m; Q- amount of heat generated in the cabinet, kcal/h; F - area of ​​the open (working) opening of the cabinet, m2.

Rice. 4.5. Scheme of a fume hood with natural exhaust: 1 - level zero pressure; 2 - diagram of pressure distribution in the working hole; T 1- room air temperature; T 2 - gas temperature inside the cabinet

Required exhaust pipe height (m)

,

where is the sum of all resistances of a straight pipe along the path of air movement; d- straight pipe diameter, m (preset).

With mechanical extraction

Where v- average suction speed in sections of an open opening, m/s.

Onboard suctions arranged near production baths for removal of harmful vapors and gases that are released from bath solutions. For bath widths up to 0.7 m, single-sided suction units are installed on one of its longitudinal sides. When the bath width is more than 0.7 m (up to 1 m), double-sided suction is used (Fig. 4.6).

The volumetric flow rate of air sucked from hot baths by single- and double-sided suction units is found using the formula:

,

Where L- volumetric air flow, m 3 / h, k 3 - safety factor equal to 1.5...1.75, for baths with particularly harmful solutions 1.75...2; kT- coefficient for taking into account air leaks from the ends of the bath, depending on the ratio of the width of the bath IN to its length l; for single-sided simple suction ; for double-sided - ; WITH- dimensionless characteristic equal to 0.35 for single-sided suction and 0.5 for double-sided suction; j is the angle between the suction boundaries (Fig. 4.7); (in calculations it has a value of 3.14); T in And T p- absolute temperatures, respectively, in the bath and air in the room, °K; g=9.81 m/s 2 .

Exhaust hoods used when the released harmful vapors and gases are lighter than the surrounding air and its mobility in the room is insignificant. Umbrellas can be either with natural or mechanical exhaust.

Rice. 4.6. Double-sided bath suction

With natural exhaust the initial volumetric air flow rate in the thermal jet rising above the source is determined by the formula:

,

Where Q- amount of convective heat, W; F- horizontal projection area of ​​the surface of the heat source, m 2 ; N- distance from the heat source to the edge of the umbrella, m.

With mechanical extraction the aerodynamic characteristic of the umbrella includes the speed along the axis of the umbrella, which depends on the angle of its opening; with increasing opening angle, the axial speed increases compared to the average. At an opening angle of 90°, the axial speed is l.65 v (v- average speed, m/s), with an opening angle of 60°, the speed along the axis and across the entire cross section is equal v.

In general, the flow rate of air removed by the umbrella is

Where v- average speed of air movement in the intake opening of the umbrella, m/s; when removing heat and moisture, the speed can be taken as 0.15...0.25 m/s; F- design cross-sectional area of ​​the umbrella, m2.

The receiving hole of the umbrella is located above the heat source; it must correspond to the configuration of the umbrella, and the dimensions are somewhat larger than the dimensions of the heat source in plan. Umbrellas are installed at a height of 1.7...1.9 m above the floor.

To remove dust from various machines, dust collection devices are used in the form of protective and dust removal casings, funnels, etc.

Rice. 4.7. The angle between the boundaries of the suction torch for different bath locations: A- near the wall (); b- next to the bathroom without suction (); V- separately (); 1 - bath with suction; 2 - bath without suction.

In calculations, take p = 3.14

Air volume flow L(m 3 / h), removed from sharpening, grinding and roughening machines, is calculated depending on the diameter of the circle dTop(mm), namely:

at< 250 мм L = 2,

at 250...600 mm L= 1,8 ;

at > 600 mm L = 1,6.

The air flow rate (m 3 /h) removed by the funnel is determined by the formula:

,

Where V H- initial speed of the exhaust torch (m/s), equal to speed transportation of dust in the air duct, accepted for heavy emery dust 14...16 m/s and for light mineral dust 10...12 m/s; l- working length of the exhaust torch, m; k- coefficient depending on the shape and aspect ratio of the funnel: for a round hole k= 7.7 for rectangular with aspect ratio from 1:1 to 1:3 k = 9,1; Vk- the required final speed of the exhaust torch at the circle, taken equal to 2 m/s.

LITERATURE

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