Whether it is an industrial building or a residential building, you need to carry out competent calculations and draw up a diagram of the heating system circuit. At this stage, experts recommend paying special attention to calculating the possible thermal load on the heating circuit, as well as the volume of fuel consumed and heat generated.

Thermal load: what is it?

This term refers to the amount of heat given off. A preliminary calculation of the thermal load will allow you to avoid unnecessary costs for the purchase of heating system components and their installation. Also, this calculation will help to correctly distribute the amount of heat generated economically and evenly throughout the building.

There are many nuances involved in these calculations. For example, the material from which the building is built, thermal insulation, region, etc. Experts try to take into account as many factors and characteristics as possible to obtain a more accurate result.

Calculation of heat load with errors and inaccuracies leads to inefficient operation of the heating system. It even happens that you have to redo sections of an already working structure, which inevitably leads to unplanned expenses. And housing and communal services organizations calculate the cost of services based on data on heat load.

Main Factors

An ideally calculated and designed heating system should maintain the set temperature in the room and compensate for the resulting heat losses. When calculating the heat load on the heating system in a building, you need to take into account:

Purpose of the building: residential or industrial.

Characteristics of the structural elements of the building. These are windows, walls, doors, roof and ventilation system.

Dimensions of the home. The larger it is, the more powerful the heating system should be. It is imperative to take into account the area of ​​window openings, doors, external walls and the volume of each internal room.

Availability of rooms special purpose(bath, sauna, etc.).

Degree of equipment with technical devices. That is, the availability of hot water supply, ventilation system, air conditioning and type of heating system.

For a separate room. For example, in rooms intended for storage, it is not necessary to maintain a temperature that is comfortable for humans.

Number of hot water supply points. The more there are, the more the system is loaded.

Area of ​​glazed surfaces. Rooms with French windows lose a significant amount of heat.

Additional terms and conditions. In residential buildings this may be the number of rooms, balconies and loggias and bathrooms. In industrial - the number of working days in a calendar year, shifts, technological chain of the production process, etc.

Climatic conditions of the region. When calculating heat loss, street temperatures are taken into account. If the differences are insignificant, then a small amount of energy will be spent on compensation. While at -40 o C outside the window it will require significant expenses.

Features of existing methods

The parameters included in the calculation of the thermal load are found in SNiPs and GOSTs. They also have special heat transfer coefficients. From the passports of the equipment included in the heating system, digital characteristics relating to a specific heating radiator, boiler, etc. are taken. And also traditionally:

Heat consumption, taken to the maximum per hour of operation of the heating system,

The maximum heat flow emanating from one radiator is

Total heat consumption in a certain period (most often a season); if hourly load calculation is required heating network, then the calculation must be carried out taking into account the temperature difference during the day.

The calculations made are compared with the heat transfer area of ​​the entire system. The indicator turns out to be quite accurate. Some deviations do happen. For example, for industrial buildings it will be necessary to take into account the reduction in thermal energy consumption on weekends and holidays, and in residential premises - at night.

Methods for calculating heating systems have several degrees of accuracy. To reduce the error to a minimum, it is necessary to use rather complex calculations. Less accurate schemes are used if the goal is not to optimize the costs of the heating system.

Basic calculation methods

Today, the calculation of the heat load for heating a building can be carried out using one of the following methods.

Three main

1. For calculations, aggregated indicators are taken.
2. The indicators of the structural elements of the building are taken as the basis. Here, the calculation of the internal volume of air used for heating will also be important.
3. All objects included in the heating system are calculated and summed up.

One example

There is also a fourth option. It has a fairly large error, because the indicators taken are very average, or there are not enough of them. This formula is Q from = q 0 * a * V H * (t EN - t NRO), where:

• q 0 - specific thermal characteristic of the building (most often determined by the coldest period),
• a - correction factor (depends on the region and is taken from ready-made tables),
• V H is the volume calculated along the external planes.

Example of a simple calculation

For a building with standard parameters (ceiling heights, room sizes and good thermal insulation characteristics) you can apply a simple ratio of parameters adjusted for a coefficient depending on the region.

Let's assume that a residential building is located in the Arkhangelsk region, and its area is 170 square meters. m. The heat load will be equal to 17 * 1.6 = 27.2 kW/h.

This definition of thermal loads does not take into account many important factors. For example, design features buildings, temperatures, number of walls, ratio of wall areas to window openings, etc. Therefore, such calculations are not suitable for serious heating system projects.

It depends on the material from which they are made. The most commonly used today are bimetallic, aluminum, steel, much less often cast iron radiators. Each of them has its own heat transfer (thermal power) indicator. Bimetallic radiators with a distance between the axes of 500 mm have an average of 180 - 190 W. Aluminum radiators have almost the same performance.

The heat transfer of the described radiators is calculated per section. Steel plate radiators are non-separable. Therefore, their heat transfer is determined based on the size of the entire device. For example, the thermal power of a double-row radiator with a width of 1,100 mm and a height of 200 mm will be 1,010 W, and panel radiator made of steel with a width of 500 mm and a height of 220 mm will amount to 1,644 W.

The calculation of a heating radiator by area includes the following basic parameters:

Ceiling height (standard - 2.7 m),

Thermal power (per sq. m - 100 W),

One outer wall.

These calculations show that for every 10 sq. m requires 1,000 W of thermal power. This result is divided by the thermal output of one section. The answer is the required number of radiator sections.

For the southern regions of our country, as well as for the northern ones, decreasing and increasing coefficients have been developed.

Average calculation and accurate

Taking into account the described factors, the average calculation is carried out according to the following scheme. If per 1 sq. m requires 100 W of heat flow, then a room of 20 sq. m should receive 2,000 watts. A radiator (popular bimetallic or aluminum) of eight sections produces about Divide 2,000 by 150, we get 13 sections. But this is a rather enlarged calculation of the thermal load.

The exact one looks a little scary. Nothing complicated really. Here's the formula:

Q t = 100 W/m 2 × S(room)m 2 × q 1 × q 2 × q 3 × q 4 × q 5 × q 6 × q 7, Where:

• q 1 - type of glazing (regular = 1.27, double = 1.0, triple = 0.85);
• q 2 - wall insulation (weak or absent = 1.27, wall laid with 2 bricks = 1.0, modern, high = 0.85);
• q 3 - the ratio of the total area of ​​window openings to the floor area (40% = 1.2, 30% = 1.1, 20% - 0.9, 10% = 0.8);
• q 4 - outside temperature(the minimum value is taken: -35 o C = 1.5, -25 o C = 1.3, -20 o C = 1.1, -15 o C = 0.9, -10 o C = 0.7);
• q 5 - number of external walls in the room (all four = 1.4, three = 1.3, corner room= 1.2, one = 1.2);
• q 6 - type of calculation room above the calculation room (cold attic = 1.0, warm attic = 0.9, heated residential room = 0.8);
• q 7 - ceiling height (4.5 m = 1.2, 4.0 m = 1.15, 3.5 m = 1.1, 3.0 m = 1.05, 2.5 m = 1.3).

Using any of the described methods, you can calculate the heat load of an apartment building.

Approximate calculation

The conditions are as follows. The minimum temperature in the cold season is -20 o C. Room 25 sq. m. m with triple glazing, double-glazed windows, ceiling height of 3.0 m, two-brick walls and an unheated attic. The calculation will be as follows:

Q = 100 W/m 2 × 25 m 2 × 0.85 × 1 × 0.8(12%) × 1.1 × 1.2 × 1 × 1.05.

The result, 2,356.20, is divided by 150. As a result, it turns out that 16 sections need to be installed in a room with the specified parameters.

If calculation in gigacalories is required

In the absence of a thermal energy meter on an open heating circuit, the calculation of the heat load for heating the building is calculated using the formula Q = V * (T 1 - T 2) / 1000, where:

• V - the amount of water consumed by the heating system, calculated in tons or m 3,
• T 1 - a number indicating the temperature of hot water, measured in o C and for calculations the temperature corresponding to a certain pressure in the system is taken. This indicator has its own name - enthalpy. If in practical terms we remove temperature indicators It is not possible, they resort to the average indicator. It is within 60-65 o C.
• T 2 - temperature cold water. It is quite difficult to measure it in the system, so constant indicators have been developed that depend on temperature regime on the street. For example, in one of the regions, in the cold season this indicator is taken equal to 5, in the summer - 15.
• 1,000 is the coefficient for obtaining the result immediately in gigacalories.

In the case of a closed circuit, the heat load (gcal/hour) is calculated differently:

Q from = α * q o * V * (t in - t n.r.) * (1 + K n.r.) * 0.000001, Where

The calculation of the heat load turns out to be somewhat enlarged, but this is the formula given in the technical literature.

Increasingly, in order to increase the efficiency of the heating system, they are resorting to buildings.

This work is carried out in the dark. For a more accurate result, you need to observe the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors: it should be at least 15 o. Lamps daylighting and the incandescent lamps turn off. It is advisable to remove carpets and furniture as much as possible; they knock down the device, causing some error.

The survey is carried out slowly and data is recorded carefully. The scheme is simple.

The first stage of work takes place indoors. The device is moved gradually from doors to windows, paying attention Special attention corners and other joints.

The second stage is an inspection of the external walls of the building with a thermal imager. The joints are still carefully examined, especially the connection with the roof.

The third stage is data processing. First, the device does this, then the readings are transferred to the computer, where the corresponding programs complete the processing and produce the result.

If the survey was carried out by a licensed organization, it will issue a report with mandatory recommendations based on the results of the work. If the work was carried out in person, then you need to rely on your knowledge and, possibly, the help of the Internet.

Creating an effective heating system for large buildings differs significantly from similar autonomous schemes for cottages. The difference lies in the complexity of distribution and control of coolant parameters. Therefore, you should take a responsible approach to choosing a heating system for buildings: types, types, calculations, surveys. All these nuances are taken into account at the design stage of the structure.

Heating requirements for residential and administrative buildings

It should immediately be noted that the heating project administrative building must be carried out by the relevant bureau. Experts evaluate the parameters of the future building and according to the requirements regulatory documents choose the optimal heat supply scheme.

Regardless of the selected types of building heating systems, they are subject to strict requirements. They are based on ensuring the safety of heat supply operation, as well as the efficiency of the system:

• Sanitary and hygienic. These include uniform temperature distribution in all areas of the house. To do this, a heat calculation for heating the building is first performed;
• Construction. The operation of heating devices should not deteriorate due to the characteristics of the structural elements of the building, both inside and outside it;
• Assembly. When choosing technological schemes installation, it is recommended to choose standardized units that can be quickly replaced with similar ones in case of failure;
• Operational. Maximum automation of heat supply operation. This is the primary task along with the thermotechnical calculation of the heating of the building.

In practice, proven design schemes are used, the choice of which depends on the type of heating. This is the determining factor for all subsequent stages of work on arranging the heating of an administrative or residential building.

When putting a new house into operation, residents have the right to demand copies of all technical documentation, including heating systems.

Types of building heating systems

How to choose the right type of heat supply for a building? First of all, the type of energy carrier is taken into account. Based on this, you can plan subsequent design stages.

There are certain types of building heating systems that differ in both operating principles and performance characteristics. The most common is water heating, since it has unique qualities and can be relatively easily adapted to any type of building. After calculating the amount of heat for heating the building, you can select the following types of heat supply:

• Autonomous water. Characterized by high inertia of air heating. However, along with this, it is the most popular type of building heating systems due to the wide variety of components and low maintenance costs;
• Central Water. In this case, water is the optimal type of coolant for its transportation over long distances - from the boiler room to consumers;
• Air. IN Lately it is used as common system climate control in homes. It is one of the most expensive, which affects the inspection of the building’s heating system;
• Electrical. Despite the low costs of the initial purchase of equipment, electric heating is the most expensive to maintain. If it is installed, heating calculations based on the volume of the building should be performed as accurately as possible in order to reduce planned costs.

What is recommended to choose for home heating – electric, water or air heating? First of all, you need to calculate the thermal energy for heating the building and other types design work. Based on the data obtained, the optimal heating scheme is selected.

For a private home, the best way to supply heat is to install gas equipment in conjunction with a water heating system.

Types of heat supply calculations for buildings

At the first stage, it is necessary to calculate the thermal energy for heating the building. The essence of these calculations is to determine the heat losses of the house, select the power of the equipment and thermal regime heating operation.

To perform these calculations correctly, you should know the building parameters and take into account climatic features region. Before the advent of specialized software systems, all calculations of the amount of heat for heating a building were performed manually. In this case, there was a high probability of error. Now, using modern methods calculations, you can obtain the following characteristics for drawing up a heating project for an administrative building:

• Optimal heat supply load depending on external factors– outside temperature and the required degree of air heating in each room of the house;
• Correct selection of components for heating equipment, minimizing the cost of its acquisition;
• Possibility to upgrade the heating supply in the future. Reconstruction of the building's heating system is carried out only after coordination of the old and new schemes.

When making a heating project for an administrative or residential building, you need to be guided by a certain calculation algorithm.

The characteristics of the heat supply system must comply with current regulations. A list of them can be obtained from the state architectural organization.

Calculation of heat losses of buildings

The defining indicator of a heating system is optimal quantity generated energy. It is also determined by heat losses in the building. Those. in fact, the work of the heat supply is designed to compensate for this phenomenon and maintain the temperature at a comfortable level.

To correctly calculate the heat needed to heat a building, you need to know the material used to make the outer walls. It is through them that most of the losses occur. The main characteristic is the thermal conductivity coefficient building materials– the amount of energy passing through 1 m² of wall.

The technology for calculating thermal energy for heating a building consists of the following steps:

1. Determination of material of manufacture and thermal conductivity coefficient.
2. Knowing the thickness of the wall, you can calculate the heat transfer resistance. This is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity.
3. Then several heating operating modes are selected. This is the difference between the temperature in the supply and return pipes.
4. Dividing the resulting value by the heat transfer resistance, we obtain heat losses per 1 m² of wall.

For this technique, you need to know that the wall consists not only of bricks or reinforced concrete blocks. When calculating the power of a heating boiler and the heat loss of a building, thermal insulation and other materials must be taken into account. The total transmission resistance coefficient of the wall should not be less than the normalized value.

Only after this can you begin to calculate the power of heating devices.

For all data obtained for calculating heating by building volume, it is recommended to add a correction factor of 1.1.

Calculation of the power of equipment for heating buildings

To calculate the optimal heating power, you should first decide on its type. Most often, difficulties arise when calculating water heating. To correctly calculate the power of a heating boiler and heat losses in a house, not only its area, but also its volume is taken into account.

The simplest option is to accept the ratio that heating 1 m³ of space will require 41 W of energy. However, such a calculation of the amount of heat for heating a building will not be entirely correct. It does not take into account heat losses, as well as the climatic features of a particular region. Therefore, it is best to use the method described above.

To calculate the heat supply by volume of the building, it is important to know the rated power of the boiler. To do this you need to know the following formula:

Where W– boiler power, S– area of ​​the house, TO- correction factor.

The latter is a reference value and depends on the region of residence. Data about it can be taken from the table.

This technology makes it possible to perform accurate thermotechnical calculations of the heating of a building. At the same time, the heat supply power is checked in relation to the heat losses in the building. In addition, the purpose of the premises is taken into account. For living rooms The temperature level should be between +18°C and +22°C. The minimum heating level for areas and utility rooms is +16°C.

The choice of heating operating mode is practically independent of these parameters. It will determine the future load on the system depending on weather conditions. For apartment buildings, the calculation of thermal energy for heating is done taking into account all the nuances and in accordance with regulatory technology. In autonomous heat supply, such actions do not need to be performed. It is important that the total thermal energy compensated for all heat losses in the house.

To reduce the cost of autonomous heating, it is recommended to use a low-temperature mode when calculating by building volume. But then the total area of ​​the radiators should be increased in order to increase thermal output.

Building heating system maintenance

After a correct thermotechnical calculation of the building’s heat supply, it is necessary to know the mandatory list of regulatory documents for its maintenance. You need to know this in order to timely monitor the operation of the system, as well as minimize the occurrence of emergency situations.

Drawing up an inspection report for the heating system of the building is carried out only by representatives of the responsible company. This takes into account the specifics of the heat supply, its type and current condition. During the inspection of the heating system of the building, the following document items must be completed:

1. Location of the house, its exact address.
2. Link to the heat supply agreement.
3. Number and location of heat supply devices - radiators and batteries.
4. Measuring the temperature in the premises.
5. Load change factor depending on current weather conditions.

To initiate an inspection of the heating system of your home, you must submit an application to the management company. It must indicate the reason - bad job heat supply, emergency or non-compliance of the current system parameters with standards.

According to current standards, during an accident, representatives of the management company must eliminate its consequences within a maximum of 6 hours. Also after this, a document is drawn up about the damage caused to the apartment owners due to the accident. If the reason is unsatisfactory condition, the management company must restore the apartments at its own expense or pay compensation.

Often, during the reconstruction of a building's heating system, it is necessary to replace some of its elements with more modern ones. Costs are determined by the fact of whose balance sheet the heating system is based on. The restoration of pipelines and other components not located in the apartments should be handled by the management company.

If the owner of the premises wants to replace old cast iron batteries with modern ones, the following actions should be taken:

1. IN management company a statement is drawn up indicating the apartment plan and the characteristics of future heating devices.
2. After 6 days, the management company is obliged to provide technical specifications.
3. According to them, equipment is selected.
4. Installation is carried out at the expense of the apartment owner. But representatives of the Criminal Code must be present.

For autonomous heat supply In a private home, you don’t need to do any of this. Responsibilities for arranging and maintaining heating at the proper level rest entirely with the owner of the house. Exceptions are technical projects of electrical and gas heating premises. For them, it is necessary to obtain the consent of the management company, as well as select and install equipment in accordance with the terms of the technical specifications.

The video describes the features of radiator heating:

When designing heating and ventilation of automobile service enterprises, the requirements of SNiP 2.04.05-86 and these VSN must be observed

Design air temperatures during the cold period in industrial buildings should be taken:

in rolling stock storage rooms - + 5С

in warehouses - + 10С

in other rooms - according to the requirements of Table 1 GOST 12.1.005-86

Category Ib includes work performed while sitting or involving walking and accompanied by some physical stress (a number of professions in communications enterprises, controllers, foremen).

Category IIa includes work associated with constant walking, moving small (up to 1 kg) products or objects in a standing or sitting position and requiring little physical stress (a number of professions in spinning and weaving, mechanical assembly shops).

Category IIb includes work associated with walking and moving loads weighing up to 10 kg and accompanied by moderate physical stress (a number of professions in mechanical engineering and metallurgy).

Category III includes work associated with constant movement, moving and carrying significant (more than 10 kg) weights and requiring significant physical effort (a number of professions involving manual operations in metallurgical, mechanical engineering, and mining enterprises).

Heating of storage rooms, maintenance and repair stations of rolling stock, as a rule, should be provided by air, combined with fresh ventilation.

Heating with local heating devices with a smooth surface without fins is allowed in car storage rooms in one-story buildings with a volume of up to 10,000 m 3 inclusive, as well as in car storage rooms in multi-storey buildings regardless of volume.

4.4. In storage rooms, maintenance and repair stations of rolling stock, emergency heating should be provided using:

Supply ventilation switched to recirculation during non-working hours;

Heating and recirculation units;

Air-thermal curtains;

Local heating devices with a smooth surface without ribbing.

4.5. The heat requirement for heating rolling stock entering the premises should be taken in the amount of 0.029 watts per hour per kg of mass in running order per one degree difference in the temperatures of the external and internal air.

4.6. External gates of storage rooms, maintenance and repair stations of rolling stock should be equipped with air-thermal curtains in areas with an average design outside air temperature of 15 °C, and lower under the following conditions:

When there are five or more entries or exits per hour per gate in the premises of rolling stock maintenance and repair posts;

When maintenance posts are located at a distance of 4 meters or less from the external gate;

When there are 20 or more entries and exits per hour per gate in the storage area for rolling stock, except for passenger cars owned by citizens;

When storing 50 or more passenger cars belonging to citizens in the premises.

Thermal air curtains must be switched on and off automatically.

4.7. To ensure the required air conditions in storage rooms, maintenance and repair stations of rolling stock, general supply and exhaust ventilation with mechanical drive should be provided, taking into account the operating mode of the enterprise and the amount of harmful emissions installed in the technological part of the project.

4.8. In rolling stock storage rooms, including ramps, air removal should be provided equally from the upper and lower zones of the room; The supply of fresh air to the room should, as a rule, be carried out concentrated along the passages.

4.10. In the premises of maintenance and repair stations of rolling stock, air removal by general ventilation systems should be provided from the upper and lower zones equally, taking into account the exhaust from inspection ditches, and the supply of supply air should be dispersed into the working area and into inspection ditches, as well as into pits connecting inspection ditches , and into tunnels provided for exit from travel ditches.

The temperature of the supply air into inspection ditches, pits and tunnels during the cold season should not be lower than +16 °C and not higher than +25 °C.

The amount of supply and exhaust air per cubic meter of volume of inspection ditches, pits and tunnels should be taken based on their tenfold air exchange

4.12. In industrial premises connected through doors and gates without a vestibule with storage rooms and maintenance and repair stations, the volume of supply air should be taken with a coefficient of 1.05. At the same time, in storage rooms and maintenance and repair stations, the volume of supply air should be correspondingly reduced.

4.13. In the premises of maintenance and repair stations of rolling stock at posts associated with the operation of vehicle engines, local suction should be provided.

The amount of air removed from operating engines, depending on their power, should be taken as follows:

up to 90 kW (120 hp) inclusive - 350 m 3 / h

St. 90 to 130 kW (120 to 180 hp) - 500 m 3 /h

St. 130 to 175 kW (180 to 240 hp) - 650 m 3 /h

St. 175 kW (240 hp) - 800 m 3 /h

The number of cars connected to the system of local suction with mechanical removal is not limited.

When placing no more than five posts for maintenance and repair of vehicles in a room, it is allowed to design local suction with natural removal for vehicles with a power of no more than 130 kW (180 hp)

The amount of engine exhaust gases escaping into the room should be taken as follows:

with hose suction - 10%

with open suction - 25%

4.16. Reception devices for supply ventilation systems must be located at a distance of at least 12 meters from the gate with the number of entries and exits of more than 10 cars per hour.

When the number of entries and exits is less than 10 cars per hour, the receiving devices of the supply ventilation systems can be located at a distance of at least one meter from the gate.

Air exchange in a car wash bay is calculated based on excess moisture. Air exchange in rooms with moisture release is determined by the formula, m3/hour: L=Lw,z+(W–1.2(dw,z–din)):1.2(dl–din), Lw,z - air flow rate removed local suction, m3/hour;

W - excess moisture in the room, g/hour;

tн - initial temperature of flowing water С;

tk - final temperature of flowing water С;

r – latent heat of evaporation, amounting to ~585 kcal/kg According to the technological process, 3 cars are washed within an hour. It takes 15 minutes to wash the car and 5 minutes to dry it. The amount of water used is 510 l/hour. The initial water temperature is +40С, the final temperature is +16С. For calculation, we assume that 10% of the water used in the technology remains on the surface of the car and on the floor. Air moisture content is determined using i – d diagrams. For supply air, we take the parameters for the most unfavorable period in terms of moisture content - the transition period: air temperature - + 8С, specific enthalpy - 22.5 kJ/kg. Based on this: W = 0.1 (510 x (40 - 16) : 585) = 2.092 kg/hour = 2092 g/hour. Lvl. =2092: 1.2 (9 –5.5) = 500 m3/h.

SNiP 2.01.57-85

ADAPTATION OF CAR WASHING AND CLEANING ROOMS FOR SPECIAL TREATMENT OF ROLLING STOCK

6.1. When designing the adaptation of new or reconstruction of existing motor transport enterprises, centralized vehicle maintenance bases, vehicle service stations, vehicle washing and cleaning posts should be provided with travel passes.

6.2. Special processing of rolling stock should be carried out on production lines and drive-through posts in car washing and cleaning rooms. At existing enterprises, dead-end car washing and cleaning stations should not be adapted for special processing of rolling stock. When designing special processing of rolling stock, it is necessary to take into account the sequence of operations:

control of contamination of rolling stock (if it is contaminated with radioactive substances);

cleaning and washing of external and internal surfaces of rolling stock (if it is contaminated with radioactive substances);

application of neutralizing substances to the surface of the rolling stock (during degassing and disinfection);

exposure (during disinfection) of applied substances to the surface of rolling stock;

washing off (removing) disinfectants;

re-monitoring the degree of contamination of the rolling stock radioactive substances and, if necessary, repeating decontamination;

lubrication of surfaces of parts and tools made of easily corrosive materials.

6.3. When specially processing rolling stock, at least two sequentially located work stations should be used.

The work station of the “clean” zone, intended for repeated control of contamination and for lubrication, may be located separately from the “dirty” zone in an adjacent room or outside the building - on the territory of the enterprise.

Work stations of the “dirty” and “clean” zones, located in the same room, should be separated by partitions with openings for the passage of cars. Openings must be equipped with waterproof curtains.

6.4. In one room it is allowed to place two or more parallel streams for special processing of rolling stock, while the posts of “dirty” zones of parallel streams must be isolated from one another by partitions or screens with a height of at least 2.4 m.

The distances between the sides of the rolling stock and the screens must be no less than: passenger cars - 1.2 m; trucks and buses - 1.5 m.

The distances between the end sides of the rolling stock, partitions, curtains or external gates should be taken in accordance with the standards.

6.5. At posts for special processing of rolling stock in the “dirty” area, it is necessary to install work tables with a metal or plastic coating, as well as metal containers with neutralizing solutions for special processing of components, parts and tools removed from vehicles.

In the “clean” area, provision should be made for the installation of work tables for re-inspection and lubrication of removed units, parts and tools.

6.6. Washing equipment and work tables located in the “dirty” and “clean” areas should be provided with a supply of cold and hot water, as well as compressed air, through a mixer.

The water temperature for washing rolling stock using mechanized installations is not standardized. When washing with a hose manually, the water temperature should be 20 - 40 °C.

6.7. Work stations in the “dirty” and “clean” zones for work in the lower part of the rolling stock must be equipped with inspection ditches, overpasses or lifts. The dimensions of the working area of ​​the inspection ditches should be taken in accordance with table. 6.

Table 6

Steps in the inspection ditch should be provided in the end part from the side of vehicle entrances to work stations without the construction of tunnels (passages).

6.8. The throughput capacity of the section for special processing of rolling stock is given in the mandatory Appendix 1.

Approximate layouts and equipment of work stations in a room for two parallel production lines and one drive-through station are given in the recommended Appendix 2.

6.9. In the same building with a room for special processing of rolling stock, it is necessary to provide separate rooms for storing special processing equipment and materials. The area of ​​the room should be taken depending on the throughput of the area for disinfection of the composition, but not less than 8 m 2. The entrance to the premises should be from a “clean” area. The room must be equipped with shelving.

6.10. Room for service personnel and the sanitary checkpoint, as a rule, should be located in the same building with special processing posts for rolling stock.

The room for service personnel must have an entrance from the “clean” area.

For sanitary checkpoints, it is allowed to adapt sanitary facilities (with two shower nets or more) located in other buildings of the enterprise.

6.11. The requirements for the sanitary checkpoint for servicing personnel, rolling stock drivers and accompanying persons, for the composition and size of its premises are similar to the requirements set out in section 3.

6.12. The finishing of walls and partitions, as well as the installation of floors in rooms for special processing of rolling stock, must comply with the requirements of technological design standards , as well as the requirements of paragraph. 1.5 real standards.

The floors of the special treatment rooms for rolling stock must have a slope of 0.02 towards the inspection ditches, the floors of which must have a slope towards the discharge of wastewater.

6.13. In special processing rooms for rolling stock, rooms for service personnel and in the warehouse for contaminated clothing, watering taps should be provided for washing floors.

6.14. Wastewater from premises adapted for special treatment of rolling stock must be supplied to treatment facilities for recycling water supply. Used in usual time When sanitizing transport, treatment facilities must be switched to a direct-flow scheme without changing the treatment scheme.

The residence time of wastewater in treatment facilities must be at least 30 minutes. After treatment, wastewater must be discharged into the domestic or storm sewer system.

Sediment or oils from treatment facilities should be exported to places agreed upon with the local sanitary and epidemiological station.

6.15. Supply and exhaust ventilation must provide an hourly air exchange rate of at least 10 in the “dirty” zone of production premises and sanitary passage. Supply air should be supplied only to the “clean” zone.

The exhaust should be concentrated from the upper part of the room, with 2/3 from the “dirty” zone and 1/3 of the volume of sucked air from the “clean” zone.

When the work stations of the “clean” zone are located separately from the “dirty” zone (outside the building - on the territory of the enterprise), supply air should be supplied to the work stations of the “dirty” zone.

The exhaust air volume should be 20% greater than the supply air volume.

ANNEX 1Mandatory

This mandatory appendix provides data to SNiP 2.01.57-85 “Adaptation of public utility facilities for sanitary treatment of people, special treatment of clothing and rolling stock of vehicles,” developed to replace SN 490-77.

3.2 Heating calculation

Calculation of heat for heating an industrial premises is calculated using the formula:

Q t = V * q * (t in – t n), (3.5)

where V is the estimated volume of the room; V =120 m³

q – specific rate fuel consumption per 1 m 3; q =2.5

t in – air temperature in the room; t in = 18ºС

t n – minimum outside air temperature. t n = -35ºС

Q t = 120 * 2.5 * (18 - (- 35)) = 15900 J/hour.

3.3 Calculation of ventilation

The required approximate air exchange in the premises can be determined through the air exchange rate using the formula:

where L is air exchange in the room;

V – volume of the room;

K – air exchange rate, K=3

L = 120 * 3 = 360 m 3 /hour.

We select a centrifugal fan of the VR series No. 2, electric motor type AOA-21-4.

n - rotation speed – 1.5 thousand rpm;

L in – fan capacity – 400 m 3 /hour;

Нв – pressure created by the fan – 25 kg/m2;

η in – coefficient useful action fan – 0.48;

η p - transmission efficiency – 0.8.

The choice of electric motor based on installed power is calculated using the formula:

N dv = (1.2/1.5) * ------- (3.7)

3600 * 102 * η in* η p

N dv = (1.2/1.5) * --------- = 0.091 kW

3600 * 102 * 0,48 * 0,8

We accept power N dv = 0.1 kW

Bibliography.

1. SNiP 2.04.05-86 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

SNiP 21 - 02 - 99* "Car parking"

VSN 01-89 "Car service enterprises" section 4.

GOST 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for air in the working area"

ONTP-01-91 "All-Union standards for technological design of automobile transport enterprises" Section 3.

SNiP 2.01.57-85ADAPTATION OF MUNICIPAL SERVICE FACILITIESPURPOSE FOR SANITARY TREATMENT OF PEOPLE,SPECIAL PROCESSING OF CLOTHING AND MOBILECOMPOSITION OF MOTOR TRANSPORT section 6.

GOST 12.1.005-88 section 1.

GENERAL SANITARY AND HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR IN THE WORKING AREA

SNiP 2.04.05-91*

SNiP 2.09.04-87*

SNiP 41-01-2003 section 7.

1. Sp 12.13130.2009 Determination of categories of premises, buildings and outdoor installations according to explosion and fire hazard (with Change n 1)

2. SNiP II-g.7-62 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Design standards

13. SNiP 23 – 05 – 95. Natural and artificial lighting. –M.: State Unitary Enterprise TsPP, 1999

L.1 Supply air flow L, m 3 / h, for the ventilation and air conditioning system should be determined by calculation and take the greater of the costs required to ensure:

a) sanitary and hygienic standards in accordance with L.2;

b) fire and explosion safety standards in accordance with L.Z.

L.2 Air flow should be determined separately for the warm and cold periods of the year and transition conditions, taking the larger of the values ​​obtained from formulas (L.1) - (L.7) (with a density of supply and exhaust air equal to 1.2 kg /m 3):

a) by excess sensible heat:

When simultaneously releasing several harmful substances having the effect of summation of action, air exchange should be determined by summing up the air flow rates calculated for each of these substances:

a) for excess moisture (water vapor):

c) according to the normalized air exchange rate:

d) according to the standardized specific flow rate of supply air:

In formulas (L.1) - (L.7):

L wz- consumption of air removed from the serviced or working area of ​​the premises by local suction systems and for technological needs, m 3 /h;

Q, Q hf - excess sensible and total heat flows into the room, W; c - heat capacity of air equal to 1.2 kJ/(m 3 ∙°C);

t wz. - temperature of the air removed by local suction systems in the serviced or work area premises and on technological needs, °C;

t 1 - temperature of air removed from the room outside the serviced or working area, °C;

t in- temperature of air supplied to the room, °C, determined in accordance with L.6;

W - excess moisture in the room, g/h;

d wz- moisture content of air removed from the serviced or working area of ​​the premises by local suction systems, and for technological needs, g/kg;

d 1 - moisture content of air removed from the premises outside the serviced or working area, g/kg;

d in- moisture content of air supplied to the room, g/kg;

I wz- specific enthalpy of air removed from the serviced or working area of ​​the premises by local suction systems, and for technological needs, kJ/kg;

I 1 - specific enthalpy of air removed from the room outside the serviced or working area, kJ/kg;

I in- specific enthalpy of air supplied to the room, kJ/kg, determined taking into account the temperature increase in accordance with L.6;

m ro- consumption of each of the harmful or explosive substances entering the air in the room, mg/h;

q wz , q 1 - concentration of a harmful or explosive substance in the air removed from the serviced or working area of ​​the room and beyond, respectively, mg/m 3 ;

q in- concentration of harmful or explosive substance in the air supplied to the room, mg/m3;

V R- volume of the room, m3; for rooms with a height of 6 m or more should be taken

A- area of ​​the room, m2;

N- number of people (visitors), workplaces, pieces of equipment;

n- normalized air exchange rate, h -1;

k- normalized supply air flow per 1 m 2 of room floor, m 3 / (h∙m 2);

m- standardized specific flow rate of supply air per 1 person, m 3 /h, per 1 workplace, per 1 visitor or piece of equipment.

Air parameters t wz , d wz , I wz should be taken equal to the design parameters in the serviced or working area of ​​the premises according to Section 5 of these standards, a q wz- equal to the maximum permissible concentration in the working area of ​​the room.

L.3 Air flow to ensure explosion and fire safety standards should be determined using formula (L.2).

Moreover, in formula (L.2) q wz And q 1 , should be replaced by 0.1 q g, mg/m 3 (where q g- lower concentration limit of flame propagation through gas, steam and dust-air mixtures).

L.4 Air flow L he, m 3 / h, for air heating not combined with ventilation, should be determined by the formula

Where Q he – heat flow for space heating, W

t he- the temperature of heated air, °C, supplied to the room is determined by calculation.

L.5 Air flow L mt from intermittently operating ventilation systems with rated capacity L d, m 3 / h, is based on n, min, interrupted by system operation for 1 hour according to the formula

b) with outside air cooled by circulating water through an adiabatic cycle, reducing its temperature by ∆t 1 °C:

d) with outside air cooled by circulating water (see subparagraph “b”) and local additional humidification (see subparagraph “c”):

Where R- total fan pressure, Pa;

t ext- outside air temperature, °C.

Based on the combination of convenience and cost-effectiveness criteria, probably no other system can compare with one running on natural gas. This determines the wide popularity of such a scheme - whenever possible, the owners country houses they choose her. And recently, owners of city apartments are increasingly striving to achieve complete autonomy in this matter by installing gas boilers. Yes, there will be significant initial costs and organizational hassle, but in return, homeowners get the opportunity to create the required level of comfort in their properties, and with minimal operating costs.

However, verbal assurances about the efficiency of gas are not enough for a prudent owner. heating equipment– I still want to know what kind of energy consumption you should be prepared for, so that, based on local tariffs, you can express the costs in monetary terms. This is the subject of this publication, which was initially planned to be called “gas consumption for heating a house - formulas and examples of calculations for a room of 100 m².” But still, the author considered this not entirely fair. Firstly, why only 100 square meters. And secondly, consumption will depend not only on the area, and one might even say that not so much on it, as on a number of factors predetermined by the specifics of each particular house.

Therefore, we will rather talk about the calculation method, which should be suitable for any residential building or apartment. The calculations look quite cumbersome, but don’t worry - we have done everything possible to make them easy for any homeowner, even if they have never done this before.

General principles for calculating heating power and energy consumption

Why are such calculations carried out at all?

The use of gas as an energy carrier for the operation of the heating system is advantageous from all sides. First of all, they are attracted by the quite affordable tariffs for “blue fuel” - they cannot be compared with the seemingly more convenient and safe electric one. In terms of cost, only available species can compete solid fuel, for example, if there are no special problems with the preparation or purchase of firewood. But in terms of operating costs - the need for regular delivery, organization proper storage and constant monitoring of the boiler load, solid fuel heating equipment is completely inferior to gas heating equipment connected to the network supply.

In a word, if it is possible to choose this particular method of heating your home, then there is hardly any doubt about the feasibility of the installation.

It is clear that when choosing a boiler one of key criteria is always its thermal power, that is, the ability to generate a certain amount of thermal energy. To put it simply, the purchased equipment according to its intended technical parameters must ensure the maintenance comfortable conditions living in any, even the most unfavorable conditions. This indicator is most often indicated in kilowatts, and, of course, is reflected in the cost of the boiler, its dimensions, and gas consumption. This means that the task when choosing is to purchase a model that fully meets the needs, but, at the same time, does not have unreasonably inflated characteristics - this is both disadvantageous for the owners and not very useful for the equipment itself.

It is important to understand one more point correctly. This is what the specified nameplate power is gas boiler always shows its maximum energy potential. With the right approach, it should, of course, slightly exceed the calculated data for the required heat input for a particular house. In this way, the same operational reserve is laid down, which may someday be needed under the most unfavorable conditions, for example, during extreme cold, unusual for the area of ​​residence. For example, if calculations show that for country house The need for thermal energy is, say, 9.2 kW, then it would be wiser to opt for a model with a thermal power of 11.6 kW.

Will this capacity be fully utilized? – it’s quite possible that not. But its supply does not look excessive.

Why is all this explained in such detail? But only so that the reader becomes clear with one thing important point. It would be completely wrong to calculate the gas consumption of a specific heating system based solely on the equipment’s nameplate characteristics. Yes, as a rule, the technical documentation accompanying the heating unit indicates the energy consumption per unit of time (m³/hour), but this is again a largely theoretical value. And if you try to get the desired consumption forecast by simply multiplying this passport parameter by the number of hours (and then days, weeks, months) of operation, then you can come to such indicators that it will become scary!..

Often, passports indicate a consumption range - the boundaries of minimum and maximum consumption are indicated. But this probably will not be of great help in calculating real needs.

But it is still very useful to know gas consumption as close to reality as possible. This will help, firstly, in planning the family budget. Well, secondly, the possession of such information should, wittingly or unwittingly, stimulate zealous owners to search for reserves for saving energy - it may be worth taking certain steps to reduce consumption to the possible minimum.

Determining the required thermal power for efficient heating of a house or apartment

So, the starting point for determining gas consumption for heating needs should still be the thermal power that is required for these purposes. Let's start our calculations with it.

If you look through the mass of publications on this topic posted on the Internet, you will most often find recommendations to calculate the required power based on the area of ​​the heated premises. Moreover, for this a constant is given: 100 watts per 1 square meter of area (or 1 kW per 10 m²).

Comfortable? - undoubtedly! Without any calculations, without even using a piece of paper and a pencil, you perform simple arithmetic operations in your head, for example, for a house with an area of ​​100 “squares” you need at least a 10-watt boiler.

Well, what about the accuracy of such calculations? Alas, in this matter everything is not so good...

Judge for yourself.

For example, will rooms of the same area, say, be equivalent in thermal energy requirements? Krasnodar region or regions of the Server Urals? Is there a difference between a room bordering on heated premises, that is, having only one external wall, and a corner one, and also facing the windward north side? Will a differentiated approach be required for rooms with one window or those with panoramic glazing? You can list a few more similar, quite obvious, by the way, points - in principle, we will deal with this practically when we move on to the calculations.

So, there is no doubt that the required amount of thermal energy for heating a room is influenced not only by its area - it is necessary to take into account a number of factors related to the characteristics of the region and the specific location of the building, and the specifics of a particular room. It is clear that rooms within even the same house can have significant differences. Thus, the most correct approach would be to calculate the need for thermal power for each room where heating devices will be installed, and then, summing them up, find general indicator for a house (apartment).

The proposed calculation algorithm does not claim to be a professional calculation, but has a sufficient degree of accuracy, proven by practice. To make the task extremely simple for our readers, we suggest using the online calculator below, the program of which has already included all the necessary dependencies and correction factors. For greater clarity, the text block below the calculator will show brief instructions for carrying out calculations.

Calculator for calculating the required thermal power for heating (for a specific room)

Many people think that heating industrial premises is no different from heating residential buildings. In fact, here it is necessary to take care of many aspects, for example, maintaining the appropriate temperature conditions, the level of dust in the air, as well as its humidity.

In addition, one should take into account the features technological process production, the height and size of the room, as well as the location of equipment in it. The selection, design and installation of a production heat supply system should begin after calculating the required power.

Heating calculation

To carry out a thermal calculation, before planning any industrial heating, you need to use the standard method.

Qt (kW/hour) =V*∆T *K/860

The heat loss coefficient, which is included in the calculation of the heating system for industrial premises, varies depending on the type of building and the level of its thermal insulation. The less thermal insulation, the higher the coefficient value.

Air heating

Most enterprises during the existence of the Soviet Union used a convection heating system industrial buildings. The difficulty in using this method is that warm air, according to the laws of physics, rises, while the part of the room located near the floor remains less heated.

Today, more efficient heating is provided by an air heating system for industrial premises.

Operating principle

Hot air, which is preheated in the heat generator through air ducts, is transferred to the heated part of the building. Distribution heads are used to distribute thermal energy throughout the space. In some cases, fans are installed, which can be replaced by portable equipment, including a heat gun.

Advantages

It is worth noting that such heating can be combined with various supply systems ventilation and air conditioning. This is what makes it possible to heat huge complexes, something that could not be achieved before.

This method is widely used in heating warehouse complexes, as well as indoor sports facilities. In addition, such a method in most cases is the only possible one, since it has the highest level fire safety.

Flaws

Naturally, there were some negative properties. For example, installing air heating will cost the owners of an enterprise a pretty penny.

Not only do the fans necessary for normal operation cost quite a lot, but they also consume huge amounts of electricity, since their productivity reaches about several thousand cubic meters per hour.

Infrared heating

Not every company is ready to spend a lot of money on an air heating system, so many prefer to use another method. Infrared industrial heating is becoming increasingly popular every day.

Principle of operation

An infrared burner operates on the principle of flameless combustion of air located on the porous part of the ceramic surface. The ceramic surface is distinguished by the fact that it is capable of emitting a whole spectrum of waves that are concentrated in the infrared region.

The peculiarity of these waves is their high degree of permeability, that is, they can freely pass through air currents in order to transfer their energy to a certain place. The stream of infrared radiation is directed to a predetermined area through various reflectors.

Therefore, heating industrial premises using such a burner allows for maximum comfort. In addition, this heating method makes it possible to heat both individual work areas and entire buildings.

Main advantages

On this moment it is the use of infrared heaters that is considered the most modern and progressive heating method industrial buildings thanks to the following positive characteristics:

• quick heating of the room;
• low energy intensity;
• high efficiency;
• compact equipment and easy installation.

By performing the correct calculation, you can install a powerful, economical and independent heating system for your enterprise that does not require constant maintenance.

Scope of application

It is worth noting that such equipment is used, among other things, for heating poultry houses, greenhouses, cafe terraces, auditoriums, shopping and sports halls, as well as various bitumen coatings for technological purposes.

The full effect of using an infrared burner can be felt in those rooms that have large volumes of cold air. The compactness and mobility of such equipment makes it possible to maintain the temperature at a certain level depending on the technological need and time of day.

Safety

Many people are concerned about the issue of safety, since they associate the word “radiation” with radiation and harmful influence on human health. In fact, the operation of infrared heaters is completely safe for both humans and equipment located in the room.