Safety precautions when handling electricity. Basic rules for using household appliances and tools, household chemicals, personal computers presentation for a lesson on life safety (grade 5) on the topic Rules for the safe use of household

Careless operation electrical appliances can lead to fire, burns and even death. To prevent this from happening, in Everyday life must be observed simple rules safe handling with electrical appliances.

1. Use electrical appliances following the safety rules specified in the factory instructions, carry out their repairs in a timely manner. Entrust work on carrying out and repairing electrical appliances exclusively to professionals.

2. Do not turn on at the same time a large number of electrical appliances. This may lead to network congestion. Also, avoid plugging many electrical appliances into one outlet, as overload may cause it to catch fire.

3. Do not use electrical devices while in water. Do not insert the plug of an electrical appliance into a socket or touch operating electrical appliances with wet hands or a damp cloth. It is advisable to use a hairdryer and corded electric razor outside the bathroom.

4. Stick to the firing order electrical devices to the network: connect the cord first to the device, and only then to the network. Shutdown occurs in reverse order. Do not remove the plug from the network by pulling the cord.

5. Do not hang things to dry on electric heating devices or electrical wiring.

6. Cooking on electric stove, do not check the degree of heating of the burner by touching it with your palm.

7. Do not hook electrical cords onto water or gas pipes, for heating radiators.

8. It is unsafe to use electrical appliances with damaged cord insulation.

9. Do not touch the heated vessel or water when the heater is on.

10. Do not leave electrical household appliances plugged in for a long time. Plugged-in hair curling irons and irons should never be left unattended, as flammable items can quickly catch fire if in direct contact with them. An electric stove, iron and kettle must be used in conjunction with special fireproof stands.

11. Do not place electric heaters near flammable items, such as clothes, curtains, blankets, etc. Do not leave switched on heaters without supervision, do not allow them to overheat. Do not use tiles with an open spiral for heating.

12. Do not touch a water tap or any other metal utility or building structure while holding an electrical appliance that is turned on. Do not fill the kettle with water while it is plugged in.

13. When leaving home, do not forget to turn off electrical appliances and lights.

14. If you witness an electrical appliance catch fire, find a way to turn off the power and only then extinguish the fire by covering the fire with earth or sand. Do not pour water on burning electrical appliances..

By not following the rules for the safe use of electrical appliances, you are putting your life in danger, because even a short stay under the influence electric current a force of 100 mA leads to cardiac arrest. But if you follow these simple safety rules in everyday life, then trouble will bypass your home.

When a person touches live electrical appliances and electrical wires, a current flows through certain parts of the body. The degree of electric shock is determined by the strength of the current. The degree of damage depends on the voltage and largely on the resistance of the human body and insulation resistance. The higher the voltage and the lower the resistance, the greater the current and the stronger the damaging effect of the electric current. The resistance of the human body decreases when working in a humid atmosphere. It is especially dangerous when a worker wet shoes, clothes, hands, etc.

There are the following main types of electric shock to the body:

Electrical injury. It is expressed in disorders of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, which lead to spasms of the diaphragm, heart muscle, convulsions, and loss of consciousness.

Electric shock. It is the stimulation of living tissues by current passing through the body.

Electric shock. Consists of a disorder of the central nervous system under the influence of current. Disruption of the functions of the circulatory system, metabolism and even neuropsychic disorders occur.

Electrical burns. This is a type of electrical injury that occurs when in contact with live parts or when exposed to an electric arc. The most severe case is when an electric arc occurs between the live part of an electrical appliance and the human body. In this case, burns of internal organs may occur.

Electrical signs. Formed when particles of conductor materials are carried away by current. At the same time, the skin thickens, and particles of material (metal) are deposited in its pores.

At the same current strength, other factors should be taken into account:

Type of current. Up to voltage of about 300 V D.C. safer than variable. Above 300V DC becomes more dangerous.

Duration of current exposure. The longer the human body is under voltage, the more changes occur in the body, in particular, the skin resistance decreases and, consequently, the current strength increases. Skin resistance becomes minimal if it is damaged or moisturized.

Current path in the human body. If current passes the shortest route and does not affect vital organs (for example, along the palm of the hand), then the damage will be minimal. If the current passes, for example, from one hand to the other and affects spinal cord, heart, respiratory organs, etc. – the defeat becomes maximum.

Current frequency. Frequency alternating current in electrical networks is 50 Hz. With increasing frequency damaging factor decreases slowly and slightly. A current with a frequency of more than 50 kHz is practically harmless, but the power of such a current should be small. Such currents only cause heating of internal organs. This phenomenon is used in physiotherapy.

In chemical laboratories, the safe voltage for life does not exceed 12 V.

Safety precautions when working with electrical appliances.

The laboratory must have a common switch to turn on and off the intralaboratory network.

Factory-made instruments should be used in the laboratory. When operating them, you must be guided by the manufacturer's passport and instructions.

Electrical devices in the laboratory must be grounded. The integrity of the grounding is checked by a laboratory assistant.

Do not use faulty devices, devices with damaged insulation, or loose plugs.

Electrical appliances (especially electric heating ones) should not be left unattended.

All electric heating devices, regardless of power, must have sufficient thermal insulation from all sides.

Handle plugs with wet hands.

Expose electrical appliances and wires to moisture.

First aid for electric shock.

Disconnect the victim from power. To do this, turn off the general switch or this installation. If this is not possible, then use dry clothes, a stick, etc. to cut off the power to the victim.

If the victim is conscious, he must be kept at rest until the doctor arrives. In case of unconsciousness, provide first aid (lay him down, unbutton clothes, create an influx of fresh air, give it a sniff ammonia, spray with water and warm the body, perform artificial respiration).

Why do you need to know the rules for using electrical appliances?

Electrical appliances are our faithful friends and helpers. Although they are not living, but iron, they must be handled with care and caution. Electric current, without which no device will work, can be very dangerous. In order not to suffer due to improper handling of electricity, we will get acquainted with the basic rules for using electrical appliances that everyone should know.

Rule one:

Don't plug it into a socket foreign objects!

As you already know, the socket is intended for connecting electrical appliances to the network, and not at all for your fingers. However, it is dangerous to insert not only your fingers into the socket, but also foreign objects, especially metal ones: nails, wire, knitting needles, hairpins. These objects are good conductors of electric current! The current through them, like a bridge, will instantly transfer to your hand and hit you as if you had stuck your finger into the socket.

Rule two:

Do not touch exposed wires with your hands!

The wires through which electric current flows to the devices have insulation protection. This means that the metal wire where the electricity flows is placed inside another wire, plastic, rubber, with a fabric winding. Rubber, plastic, and fabric are insulators through which current does not pass and cannot harm anyone. But it happens that the insulating sheath of the wire is damaged, and the dangerous metal wire is exposed. It is very dangerous. If you touch the exposed wire of a switched-on device, you may receive an electric shock.

Therefore, before connecting the device to the network, check whether the metal wires. If yes, then never use such a device until it is repaired!

Rule three:

Do not touch switched on devices with wet hands!

Remember that water is a conductor of electricity. She, like metal objects, is a bridge through which electricity moves to a person. If you touch a switched-on electrical appliance with wet hands, you risk receiving an electric shock.

Remember:

Before turning on, turning off or doing anything else with an electrical appliance, you must wipe your hands dry!

Remember, young friend:

Tok doesn't like wet hands.

Before turning on the device.

We need to wipe our hands!

Rule four:

Do not wipe electrical appliances when they are turned on with a damp cloth!

Water in a damp cloth serves as the same conductor for electric current as water on wet hands. If you want, for example, to wipe the TV while it’s on, first turn off the device and then wipe off the dust from it.

Rule five:

Do not use electrical appliances touching water!

As you already know, water is an excellent conductor-bridge for electric current, so never touch water and a switched-on electrical appliance at the same time!

You cannot hold one hand under running water and turn on the electric stove or washing machine with the other. Never use electrical appliances while lying in the bathroom!

Rule six:

Do not leave switched on electrical appliances unattended!

When leaving home, always check that the lights are off and that the TV, tape recorder, electric heater, iron and other electrical appliances are turned off. Electrical appliances left unattended often cause fires.

Rule seven:

Do not fall asleep with the TV, tape recorder, electric heater or other household electrical appliances on!

Rule eight:

Do not plug more than three electrical appliances into one outlet!

Rule nine:

Do not wrap electric lamps with flammable materials (cloth, paper, oilcloth, etc.).

How to behave in case of fire of electrical appliances.

We hope that all the appliances in your home are in perfect working order and will never catch fire. But, unfortunately, due to various reasons electrical appliances may ignite and cause a fire. In order to avoid getting into a dangerous situation, you need to know the basic rules of behavior in case of fire of electrical appliances.

Rule one:

If the device catches fire and your parents are at home, you need to immediately inform them about what happened!

Rule two:

If you are alone, then you need to remember the basic rule:

Under no circumstances should you extinguish the appliance with water while it is plugged in!

First you need to turn off the device, that is, remove the plug from the socket, and only then

fill with water. If there is no water nearby, you can cover the device with a blanket and fall asleep

sand, earth.

Rule three:

If you see that you cannot cope with the fire, then you need to leave the apartment or house and call adults.

To call the firefighters, you need to dial 01.

Rule four:

If you can’t leave the house and you don’t have a phone, then you need to look out the window and attract people’s attention.

It is necessary to shout loudly and persistently: Fire! Fire! Dial 01!

Information for adults! How to help a child who has suffered an electric shock.

Sadly, our children do not always listen to us and sometimes act in their own way. To prevent your child from being harmed by electricity, it is necessary to take measures in advance.

All sockets must be equipped with special current-proof plugs.

Try to hide all electrical wires so that it is difficult for children to reach them.

If a child nevertheless sticks a finger or an object into the socket and receives an electric shock, it is necessary to push or pull the child by the edge of his clothing or belt. For safety, you need to stand on a dry board, rubber mat, stack of newspapers or books. You need to wrap your hand in a dry cloth or wear a rubber glove.

If a child grabs a bare wire, you must immediately disconnect the device from the network. If for some reason this cannot be done, then you should cut the wire with an ax with a dry wooden handle or use wire cutters with well-insulated handles. You can push the wire away with a dry stick.

After the current has stopped, it is necessary to place the child on flat surface, cover him and call a doctor immediately.

DEAR FRIENDS!

We hope that our children will never find themselves in such situations, and that electric current, without which no electrical appliance can operate, will not harm anyone!

What electrical devices do you know that are used in home management farms? What is their purpose?
From what documents can you learn about the purpose of electrical appliances?
What safety rules should be followed when using electrical appliances?

It is difficult to imagine our life without reliable helpers - electrical appliances. They are used to bake bread and prepare food, store food and clean the room. Without electrical appliances, we would not be able to quickly transmit and receive information, for example, get acquainted with technical achievements, sports and cinema news, and weather forecasts. They help process a variety of materials, illuminate rooms and streets, and perform many other functions. useful works. Look at Figure 183 and explain what electrical appliances are shown on it and what they are intended for. What do they have in common and what are the differences? What similar devices does your family use?

Rice. 183. Use of electrical appliances in everyday life

Yes! What all household electrical appliances have in common is that they operate by electrical energy. Devices that operate using electrical energy and are used in everyday life to facilitate the performance of certain work, creation comfortable conditions for work and rest are called household electrical appliances.

During labor training lessons and in the future in everyday life, you will use, and maybe already use, a variety of similar electrical devices. To do this, you need to know the purpose of such devices, the principle of their operation and, most importantly, the rules for their safe use. Regardless of its purpose, every household electrical appliance has an element that consumes electrical energy to operate its working part. For example, in electric drill Electrical energy drives a motor on the shaft of which a drill is fixed, in an electric jigsaw - a nail file, in a meat grinder - knives, in a washing machine - a drum with laundry, etc. Since such devices operate using consumed electrical energy, they are all called consumers .

Depending on their purpose, principle of operation and design, household electrical appliances are divided into types and types. The most common types according to the principle of operation are the following: electric lighting, electric heating, electromechanical.

Each type can have several types. For example: the type of device is electric lighting, and its types: floor lamp, sconce, chandelier, desk lamp. Another group is heating electric appliances, and their types are: electric stove, electric iron, electric coffee maker, etc.

Electromechanical ones include electric meat grinders, Food processors, sewing and washing machines, screwdrivers, electric drills and much more (Fig. 184). Long-term use of household electrical appliances may cause different types problems. The most common ones include: self-unscrewing of clamping screws, with the help of which the conductive cores of electrical sockets, plugs, and sockets are secured; broken wires; failure of electrical and mechanical parts of devices, etc. As a result, sparking may occur, heating of wires, melting of insulation can occur, resulting in a fire, failure of electrical devices (Fig. 185).

Rice. 184. Types of household electrical appliances

Rice. 185. Possible faults electrical equipment

The use of faulty electrical appliances can lead to electric shock and, as a result, serious health consequences. To prevent this, you must comply following rules safe work:

Before using an electrical appliance, carefully read the instructions that come with each electrical appliance.
Use electrical appliances only with permission and in the presence of adults.
It is prohibited to touch the levers, buttons of equipment located in the workshop and turn them on.
It is impossible to check the presence of voltage in electrical circuit, touching exposed wires with your fingers.
In case of any minor effects of electric current on the body (tingling, warming) and if a sign of damage to the electrical wiring is detected, the smell of the melting insulating sheath of wires, or the appearance of smoke, it is necessary to turn off the source of electric current and immediately notify the teacher, and when performing work at home, adult family members.
When using electrical appliances, it is necessary to ensure that the current-carrying wires are not taut or twisted.
To prevent electric shock to a person, when connecting electrical appliances to the electrical network, it is forbidden to hold your hand on the metal pipes water heating, the wall of a building, the body of another person (Fig. 186).
Do not hold or pull electrical plug from the outlet using a cord (Fig. 187).
To avoid electric shock, do not touch bare wires with your hands or carry out any work while consumers are connected to the electrical network or other power sources (Fig. 188).
If another person has been electrocuted, you must place a rubber mat or dry wood stand under your feet and with one hand pull the victim by the collar or other part of dry clothing away from the electrical conductive network (Fig. 189).
In case of falling into a fall zone electrical wires it is necessary to urgently get out of it, not by jumping, but in small steps, moving the soles of the feet without taking them off the road, as shown in Figure 190.

Rice. 186. Possible cases electric shock to a person

Rice. 187. Incorrectly pulling the plug out of the socket

Rice. 189. Method of releasing the victim

Rice. 190. Exit from the zone of falling electric wire

New terms

electrical engineering, sources of electrical energy, consumers of electrical energy, household electrical appliances.

Basic Concepts

Sconce – Wall Light or lamp holder.
Chandelier – hanging lamp having multiple light sources.
Floor lamp– lamp on a high stand.

Fixing the material

What types and types of household electrical appliances are divided into?
What are the similarities and differences between the types and types of electrical appliances?
What safety rules must be followed when using household electrical appliances?

Test tasks

1. Why is it necessary to save electrical energy?

household appliances

natural resources

2. What household appliances operate using electrical energy?

3. Using faulty electrical appliances can lead to

4. Why should you not touch exposed wires?

Devices that operate using electrical energy and are used in everyday life to facilitate the performance of certain jobs and create comfortable conditions for work and rest are called household electrical appliances.

During labor training lessons and in the future in everyday life, you will use, or maybe already use, a variety of similar electrical devices. To do this, you need to know the purpose of such devices, the principle of their operation and, most importantly, the rules for their safe use.

Regardless of its purpose, every household electrical appliance has an element that consumes electrical energy to operate its working part. For example: in an electric drill, electric energy drives a motor on the shaft of which a drill is fixed, in an electric jigsaw - a nail file, in a meat grinder - knives, in a washing machine - a drum with laundry, etc. Since such devices work due to the consumed electrical energy, they are all called consumers.

Depending on their purpose, principle of operation and design, household electrical appliances are divided into types and types .

The most common types based on their operating principle are the following: electric lighting, electric heating, electromechanical.

Each type may have several species. For example: device type electric lighting devices, and its types: floor lamp, sconce, chandelier, table lamp. Another group - heating electrical appliances, and their types: electric stove, electric iron, electric coffee maker, etc.

TO electromechanical include electric meat grinders, food processors, sewing and washing machines, screwdrivers, electric drills and much more (Fig. 184).

When using household electrical appliances for a long time, various types of problems may occur. The most common include: self-unscrewing of clamping screws, with the help of which the conductive conductors of electrical sockets, plugs, and sockets are secured; broken wires; failure of electrical and mechanical parts of devices, etc. As a result, sparking may occur, heating of wires, melting of insulation can occur, resulting in a fire, failure of electrical devices (Fig. 185).

The use of faulty electrical appliances can lead to electric shock and, as a result, serious health consequences.

To prevent this, the following safety rules must be observed:

1. Before using an electrical appliance, carefully study the instructions that come with each electrical appliance.

2. Use electrical appliances only with permission and in the presence of adults.

3. It is prohibited to touch the levers and buttons of equipment located in the workshop and turn them on.

4. Do not check the presence of voltage in the electrical circuit by touching bare wires with your fingers.

5. In case of any minor effects of electric current on the body (tingling, warming) and if a sign of damage to the electrical wiring, the smell of the melting insulating sheath of wires, or the appearance of smoke is detected, it is necessary to turn off the source of electric current and immediately notify the teacher, and when performing work at home - to adult family members.

6. When using electrical appliances, you must ensure that the current-carrying wires are not tightly stretched or twisted. Material from the site

Rice. 189. Method of releasing the victim

7. To prevent electric shock to a person, when connecting electrical appliances to the electrical network, it is prohibited to hold your hand on metal water heating pipes, the wall of a building, or the body of another person (Fig. 186).

8. It is prohibited to hold or pull out the electrical plug from the socket using the cord (Fig. 187).

9. To avoid electric shock, do not touch bare wires with your hands or carry out any work while consumers are connected to an electric current network or other power sources (Fig. 188).

10. If another person has been electrocuted, it is necessary to place a rubber mat or dry wood stand under your feet and with one hand pull the victim by the collar or other part of dry clothing from the electrical conductive network (Fig. 189).

11. If you get into a falling zone of electrical wires, you must urgently get out of it, not jumping, but in small steps, moving your feet without taking them off the road, as shown in Figure 190.

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