DIY Tesla coil - diagram and calculation of a simple DIY electrical decoration. Tesla generator - an ideal source of energy Tesla coil connection diagram 12 volts

The Tesla coil is a resonant transformer. It was invented by Nikola Tesla in 1896, which is why it is named after him. Its features include the ability to produce high voltage, characterized by high frequency.

The coil is used to organize entertainment events, Tesla shows. Tesla's invention was subsequently improved by the Soviet radio engineer Vladimir Ilyich Brovin. Thanks to him, we have almost the same device, but running on one transistor.

The latter is also known as the Brovin kachera. To implement it, you need to stock up on: enameled thin (0.2 mm) PETV-2 wire; copper wire (2.2 mm) with PVC insulation; a tube containing silicone sealant; a plate (20x11 cm) of foil PCB; resistors 2.2K, 500R; 1mF capacitor; two 3-volt LEDs; radiator 10x6x1 cm; voltage regulator L7812CV (also suitable for KR142EN8B); 12 volt computer fan; two Banana connectors; a piece (13 cm) of an 8 mm copper tube; transistors KT819, KT805 or imported MJE13006...13009.

The Tesla coil has two windings: the primary is wound with 2.2 mm copper wire and consists of 2.5 turns; secondary – 0.2 mm, and the number of turns – 350.

The secondary winding is wound onto the frame - an 11-centimeter section of the lower part of the tube from silicone sealant. Winding is done in the middle part of the frame, departing from the ends by 2 cm. The coil is wound into one wire, placing the turns one to one as closely as possible. The ends of the wire are passed through the holes (pre-arranged) inside the tube. On top, for reliability, the coil is coated several times with nitro varnish.

A metal rod with a sharply sharpened upper end is inserted into the center of the piston. Solder the output end of the wire of the upper winding to it. The piston is then inserted into top part tubes. A hole is drilled in the bottom of the latter, through which the second output of the winding is brought out and an LED is inserted.

A transistor is glued to the radiator, and a fan is installed next to it for additional airflow. The output of the secondary winding and a resistor (2.2k) are connected to its collector, the second end of which is connected to the “plus” of the power supply.

The primary winding is placed between the resistor (2.2k) and the emitter of the transistor. The output of the latter is connected to the negative side of the battery. Between the “plus” and “minus”, in front of the part of the circuit described above, a capacitor (1mF) is placed in parallel.

The Tesla coil shows the best results at a voltage of 30 V. The power supply in the circuit is 12 V, since the fan operates from this value. To increase the voltage on the primary winding of the coil, the following is placed in front of the entire circuit described above: in parallel, a voltage regulator KR142EN8B (an imported L7812CV can be used); a circuit with a fan and two circuits with LEDs are taken away from it, with the output to “minus” of blue color. One is placed inside the tube, the second is located below. They will give the device a more modern look.

All components are placed on the surface of corrugated cardboard, a piece of MDF, and connected to each other. The voltage regulator is glued to the same heatsink as the transistor, but this is done through heat-conducting gaskets and insulating washers.

The primary winding is wound in the same direction as the secondary. It must move along the latter - this is done by selecting its position to guarantee the ignition of a neon lamp brought to the top of the pointed rod. Afterwards, the primary coil is fixed in such a place.

In 1997, I became interested in the Tesla coil and decided to build my own. Unfortunately, I lost interest in it before I could launch it. A few years later I found my old spool, re-calculated it a bit and continued building. And again I abandoned her. In 2007, a friend showed me his reel, reminding me of my unfinished projects. I found my old spool again, counted everything and this time completed the project.

Tesla Coil- This is a resonant transformer. These are basically LC circuits tuned to one resonant frequency.

A high voltage transformer is used to charge the capacitor.

As soon as the capacitor reaches a sufficient charge level, it is discharged into the spark gap and a spark occurs there. Happening short circuit primary winding transformer and oscillations begin in it.

Since the capacitance of the capacitor is fixed, the circuit is adjusted by changing the resistance of the primary winding, changing the point of connection to it. At correct setting, very high voltage will be at the top of the secondary winding, resulting in impressive discharges in the air. Unlike traditional transformers, the turns ratio between the primary and secondary windings has little effect on the voltage.

Construction stages

Designing and building a Tesla coil is quite easy. This seems like a difficult task for a beginner (I found it difficult too), but you can get a working coil by following the instructions in this article and doing a little math. Of course, if you want a very powerful coil, there is no way other than studying the theory and doing a lot of calculations.

Here are the basic steps to get started:

1. Selecting a power source. The transformers used in neon signs are probably best for beginners since they are relatively cheap. I recommend transformers with an output voltage of at least 4 kV.
2. Making a spark gap. It could be as simple as two screws a couple of millimeters apart, but I recommend using a little more force. The quality of the arrester greatly influences the performance of the coil.
3. Calculation of capacitor capacity. Using the formula below, calculate the resonant capacitance for the transformer. The capacitor value should be about 1.5 times this value. Probably the best and most effective solution There will be an assembly of capacitors. If you don't want to spend money, you can try making a capacitor yourself, but it may not work and its capacity is difficult to determine.
4. Manufacturing of the secondary winding. Use 900-1000 turns of enamel copper wire 0.3-0.6mm. The height of the coil is usually equal to 5 times its diameter. PVC drainpipe may not be the best, but available material for the reel. A hollow metal ball is attached to the top of the secondary winding, and its Bottom part grounded. For this, it is advisable to use a separate grounding, because When using common house grounding, there is a chance of damaging other electrical appliances.
5. Manufacturing of the primary winding. The primary winding can be made of thick cable, or better yet, copper tubing. The thicker the tube, the less resistive losses. A 6mm tube is sufficient for most reels. Remember that thick pipes are much more difficult to bend and copper will crack if it is bent too many times. Depending on the size of the secondary winding, 5 to 15 turns at 3 to 5 mm pitches should be sufficient.
6. Connect all the components, set up the coil, and you're done!

Before you start making a Tesla coil, it is strongly recommended that you familiarize yourself with the safety rules and working with high voltages!

Also note that transformer protection circuits were not mentioned. They have not been used and there are no problems so far. The key word here is yet.

Details

The coil was made mainly from those parts that were available.
These were:
4kV 35mA transformer from neon sign.
0.3mm copper wire.
0.33μF 275V capacitors.
I had to buy a 75mm drain PVC pipe and 5 meters of 6mm copper tube.

Secondary winding

The secondary winding is covered with plastic insulation on top and bottom to prevent breakdown

The secondary winding was the first component manufactured. I wound about 900 turns of wire around drain pipe height about 37cm. The length of the wire used was approximately 209 meters.

Inductance and capacitance of the secondary winding and metal sphere(or toroid) can be calculated using formulas that can be found on other sites. Having these data, you can calculate the resonant frequency of the secondary winding:
L = [(2πf) 2 C] -1

When using a sphere with a diameter of 14cm, resonant frequency coil is approximately 452 kHz.

Metal sphere or toroid

The first attempt was to make a metal sphere by wrapping a plastic ball in foil. I couldn't smooth out the foil on the ball well enough, so I decided to make a toroid. I made a small toroid by wrapping aluminum tape around a corrugated pipe rolled into a circle. I couldn't get a very smooth toroid, but it works better than a sphere because of its shape and the larger size. To support the toroid, a plywood disk was placed under it.

Primary winding

The primary winding consists of copper tubes 6 mm in diameter, wound in a spiral around the secondary. Inner diameter windings 17cm, outer 29cm. The primary winding contains 6 turns with a distance of 3 mm between them. Due to the large distance between the primary and secondary windings, they may be loosely coupled.
The primary winding together with the capacitor is an LC oscillator. The required inductance can be calculated using the following formula:
L = [(2πf) 2 C] -1
C is the capacitance of the capacitors, F is the resonant frequency of the secondary winding.

But this formula and calculators based on it give only an approximate value. The correct coil size must be determined by experimentation, so it is better to make it too large than too small. My coil consists of 6 turns and is connected on the 4th turn.

Capacitors

Assembly of 24 capacitors with a 10 MΩ quenching resistor on each

Since I had a large number of small capacitors, I decided to collect them into one large one. The value of capacitors can be calculated using the following formula:
C = I ⁄ (2πfU)

The capacitor value for my transformer is 27.8 nF. The actual value should be slightly more or less than this, since the rapid rise in voltage due to resonance can damage the transformer and/or capacitors. Quenching resistors provide some protection against this.

My capacitor assembly consists of three assemblies with 24 capacitors each. The voltage in each assembly is 6600 V, the total capacity of all assemblies is 41.3 nF.

Each capacitor has its own 10 MΩ quenching resistor. This is important because individual capacitors can retain a charge for a very long time after the power has been turned off. As you can see from the picture below, Rated voltage capacitor is too low, even for a 4 kV transformer. To work well and safely it must be at least 8 or 12 kV.

Arrester

My arrester is just two screws with a metal ball in the middle.
The distance is adjusted so that the arrester will spark only when it is the only one connected to the transformer. Increasing the distance between them can theoretically increase the spark length, but there is a risk of destroying the transformer. For larger coil it is necessary to build an air-cooled arrester.

The idea of ​​generating “fuel-free” electricity at home is extremely interesting. Any mention of current technology instantly attracts the attention of people who want to receive the intoxicating possibilities of energy independence free of charge. To draw correct conclusions on this topic, it is necessary to study theory and practice.

The generator can be assembled without much difficulty in any garage

How to create a perpetual generator

The first thing that comes to mind when mentioning such devices is the inventions of Tesla. This person cannot be called a dreamer. On the contrary, he is known for his projects that were successfully implemented in practice:

• He created the first transformers and generators operating on high-frequency currents. In fact, he founded the corresponding direction of electrical RF equipment. Some of the results of his experiments are still used in safety regulations.
• Tesla created a theory on the basis of which designs appeared electric machines multiphase type. Many modern electric motors are based on his developments.
• Many researchers rightly believe that Tesla also invented the transmission of information over a distance using radio waves.
• His ideas were implemented in the patents of the famous Edison, according to historians.
• The giant towers, power generators that Tesla built, were used for many experiments that were fantastic even by modern standards. They created an aurora at the latitude of New York and caused vibrations comparable in strength to powerful natural earthquakes.
• The Tunguska meteorite, they say, was in fact the result of an experiment by the inventor.
• The small black box that Tesla installed in a production car with an electric motor provided full power for many hours without batteries or wires.

Experiments in the Tunguska region

Only some of the inventions are listed here. But even brief descriptions Some of them suggest that Tesla created a “perpetual” motion machine with his own hands. However, the inventor himself used not spells and miracles for calculations, but quite materialistic formulas. It should be noted, however, that they described a theory of the ether, which is not recognized by modern science.

To check in practice you can use standard schemes devices.

If you use an oscilloscope to measure the oscillations that a “classical” Tesla coil produces, interesting conclusions will be drawn.

Voltage oscillograms at different types inductive coupling

Strong inductive coupling is ensured in a standard way. To do this, a core made of transformer iron or other suitable material. The right side of the figure shows the corresponding vibrations and the results of measurements on the primary and secondary coils. The correlation of processes is clearly visible.

Now you need to pay attention to left side drawing. After applying a short-term pulse to the primary winding, the oscillations gradually die out. However, a different process was recorded on the second coil. The oscillations here have a clearly expressed inertial nature. They do not fade out for some time without external replenishment of energy. Tesla believed that this effect explains the presence of ether, a medium with unique properties.

The following situations are cited as direct evidence of this theory:

• Self-charging of capacitors not connected to an energy source.
• A significant change in the normal parameters of power plants, which is caused by reactive power.
• The appearance of corona discharges on a coil that is not connected to the network when it is placed on long distance from a working similar device.

The last of the processes occurs without additional energy expenditure, so we should consider it more carefully. Below is circuit diagram Tesla coils, which can be assembled without much difficulty with your own hands at home.

Schematic diagram of Tesla coils

The following list shows the main product parameters and features that must be taken into account during the installation process:

• For large structure The primary winding will need a copper tube with a diameter of about 8 mm. This coil consists of 7-9 turns, laid with a spiral expansion towards the top.
• The secondary winding can be made on a frame made of a polymer pipe (diameter from 90 to 110 mm). PTFE works well. This material has excellent insulating characteristics and maintains the integrity of the product structure over a wide temperature range. The conductor is selected to make 900-1100 turns.
• A third winding is placed inside the pipe. To assemble it correctly, use stranded wire in a thick shell. The cross-sectional area of ​​the conductor should be 15-20 mm 2. The amount of voltage at the output will depend on the number of turns.
• To fine-tune the resonance, all windings are tuned to the same frequency using capacitors.

Practical implementation of projects

The example given in the previous paragraph describes only part of the device. There is no exact indication electrical quantities, formulas

You can make a similar design with your own hands. But you will have to look for circuits of the exciting generator, perform numerous experiments on relative position blocks in space, select frequencies and resonances.

They say that luck smiled on someone. But it is impossible to find complete data or credible evidence in the public domain. Therefore, only real products that you can actually make at home yourself will be considered below.

The following figure shows the principle electrical diagram. It is assembled from inexpensive standard parts that can be purchased at any specialized store. Their denominations and designations are indicated in the drawing. Difficulties may arise when searching for a lamp that is not currently commercially available. To replace, you can use 6P369S. But you need to understand that this vacuum device is designed for less power. Since there are few elements, it is permissible to use a simple wall-mounted installation, without making a special board.

Electrical circuit of the generator

The transformer indicated in the figure is a Tesla coil. It is wound on a dielectric tube, guided by the data from the following table.

Number of turns depending on winding and conductor diameter

Loose wires high voltage coil installed vertically.

To ensure the aesthetics of the design, you can make a special case with your own hands. It is also useful for securely fixing the block to flat surface and subsequent experiments.

One of the generator design options

After connecting the device to the network, if everything is done correctly and the elements are in good condition, you will be able to admire the coronary glow.

Given in previous section a three-coil circuit can be used in conjunction with this device for experiments to create a personal source of free electricity.

Coronary radiation over the coil

If it is preferable to work with new components, it is worth considering the following scheme:

Field-effect transistor generator circuit

The main parameters of the elements are shown in the drawing. Assembly explanations and important additions are listed in the following table.

Explanations and additions to the assembly of a field-effect transistor generator

Skeptics who deny the very possibility of using “free” energy, as well as those people who do not have basic skills to work with electrical equipment, can make the following installation with their own hands:

Unlimited source of free energy

Let the reader not be confused by the lack of many details, formulas and explanations. Everything ingenious is simple, isn’t it? Here is a schematic diagram of one of Tesla's inventions, which has survived to this day without distortion or correction. This installation generates current from sunlight without special batteries and converters.

The fact is that in the radiation flux of the star closest to Earth there are particles with positive charges. When hitting a surface metal plate there is a process of charge accumulation in electrolytic capacitor, which is connected with a “minus” to a standard ground electrode. To increase efficiency, the energy receiver is installed as high as possible. Aluminum will do foil for baking food in the oven. With your own hands, using available tools, you can make a base for securing it and raise the device to a greater height.

But don't rush to the store. The performance of such a system is minimal (below is a table with information on the device).

Exact experimental data

On a sunny day after 10 o'clock measuring device showed 8 volts at the capacitor terminals. Within a few seconds in this mode, the discharge was completely spent.

Obvious conclusions and important additions

Despite the fact that a simple solution has not yet been presented to the public, it cannot be said that the electromagnetic generator of the great inventor Tesla does not exist. Doesn't accept ether theory modern science. The current systems of economics, production, and politics will be destroyed by free or very cheap energy sources. Of course, there are many opponents of their appearance.

A transformer that increases voltage and frequency many times is called a Tesla transformer. Energy saving and fluorescent lamps, picture tubes of old TVs, charging batteries from a distance and much more were created thanks to the operating principle of this device. Let’s not exclude its use for entertainment purposes, because the “Tesla transformer” is capable of creating beautiful purple discharges - streamers reminiscent of lightning (Fig. 1). During operation, an electromagnetic field is generated that can affect electronic devices and even on the human body, and during discharges in the air a chemical process occurs with the release of ozone. To make a Tesla transformer with your own hands, you do not need to have extensive knowledge in the field of electronics, just follow this article.

Components and operating principle

All Tesla transformers, due to a similar operating principle, consist of identical blocks:

1. Power supply.
2. Primary circuit.

The power supply provides the primary circuit with voltage of the required magnitude and type. The primary circuit creates high-frequency oscillations that generate resonant oscillations in the secondary circuit. As a result, a current of high voltage and frequency is formed on the secondary winding, which tends to create electrical circuit through the air - a streamer is formed.

The choice of primary circuit determines the type of Tesla coil, power source and size of the streamer. Let's focus on the semiconductor type. It features a simple circuit with available parts, and low supply voltage.

Selection of materials and parts

We will search and select parts for each of the above structural units:

After winding, we insulate the secondary coil with paint, varnish or other dielectric. This will prevent the streamer from getting into it.

Terminal – additional capacity of the secondary circuit, connected in series. For small streamers it is not necessary. It is enough to bring the end of the coil up 0.5–5 cm.

After we have collected all the necessary parts for the Tesla coil, we begin to assemble the structure with our own hands.

Design and assembly

We do the assembly according to the simplest scheme in Figure 4.

We install the power supply separately. Parts can be assembled wall-mounted, the main thing is to avoid short circuits between the contacts.

When connecting a transistor, it is important not to mix up the contacts (Fig. 5).

To do this, we check the diagram. We tightly screw the radiator to the transistor body.

Assemble the circuit on a dielectric substrate: a piece of plywood, a plastic tray, wooden box etc. We separate the circuit from the coils with a dielectric plate or board, with a miniature hole for the wires.

We secure the primary winding so as to prevent it from falling and touching the secondary winding. In the center of the primary winding we leave space for the secondary coil, taking into account the fact that the optimal distance between them is 1 cm. It is not necessary to use a frame - a reliable fastening is enough.

Install and secure secondary winding. Let's do necessary connections according to the diagram. You can see the operation of the manufactured Tesla transformer in the video below.

Switching on, checking and adjusting

Remove before turning on electronic devices away from the test site to prevent their damage. Remember electrical safety! To launch successfully, perform the following steps in order:

1. We set the variable resistor to the middle position. When applying power, make sure there is no damage.
2. Visually check the presence of the streamer. If it is missing, we bring a fluorescent light bulb or incandescent lamp to the secondary coil. The glow of the lamp confirms the functionality of the “Tesla transformer” and the presence of an electromagnetic field.
3. If the device does not work, first of all we swap the leads of the primary coil, and only then we check the transistor for breakdown.
4. When you turn it on for the first time, monitor the temperature of the transistor; if necessary, connect additional cooling.

Distinctive features of the powerful Tesla transformer are high voltage, large dimensions of the device and the method of producing resonant oscillations. Let's talk a little about how it works and how to make a Tesla spark-type transformer.

The primary circuit operates at AC voltage. When turned on, the capacitor charges. As soon as the capacitor is charged to the maximum, a breakdown of the spark gap occurs - a device of two conductors with a spark gap filled with air or gas. After the breakdown, it forms series circuit of a capacitor and a primary coil, called an LC circuit. It is this circuit that creates high-frequency oscillations, which create resonant oscillations and enormous voltage in the secondary circuit (Fig. 6).

If the necessary parts are available, powerful transformer You can assemble a Tesla with your own hands, even at home. To do this, it is enough to make changes to the low-power circuit:

1. Increase the diameters of the coils and the cross-section of the wire by 1.1 - 2.5 times.
2. Add a toroid-shaped terminal.
3. Change the DC voltage source to an alternating one with a high boost factor that produces a voltage of 3–5 kV.
4. Change the primary circuit according to the diagram in Figure 6.
5. Add reliable grounding.

Tesla spark transformers can reach power up to 4.5 kW, therefore creating streamers large sizes. The best effect is obtained when the frequencies of both circuits are equal. This can be realized by calculating parts in special programs - vsTesla, inca and others. You can download one of the Russian-language programs from the link: http://ntesla.at.ua/_fr/1/6977608.zip.

In 1891, Nikola Tesla developed a transformer (coil) with which he experimented with high-voltage electrical discharges. The device Tesla developed consisted of a power supply, a capacitor, primary and secondary coils arranged so that voltage peaks alternate between them, and two electrodes separated by a distance. The device received the name of its inventor.
The principles discovered by Tesla with this device are now used in various areas, ranging from particle accelerators to televisions and toys.

Tesla transformer can be made with his own hands. This article is devoted to addressing this issue.

First you need to decide on the size of the transformer. You can build a large device if your budget allows. Please be aware that this device generates shocks high voltage(create micro-lightning), which heat and expand the surrounding air (create micro-thunder). Created electric fields may damage others electrical devices. Therefore, it is not worth building and running a Tesla transformer at home; It's safer to do this in a remote location, such as a garage or shed.

The size of the transformer will depend on the distance between the electrodes (on the size of the resulting spark), which in turn will depend on the power consumption.

Components and assembly of the Tesla transformer circuit

1. We will need a transformer or generator with a voltage of 5-15 kV and a current of 30-100 milliamps. The experiment will fail if these parameters are not met.
2. The current source must be connected to the capacitor. The capacitance parameter of the capacitor is important, i.e. ability to hold electric charge. The unit of capacitance is the farad - F. It is defined as 1 ampere-second (or coulomb) per 1 volt. Typically, capacitance is measured in small units - μF (one millionth of a farad) or pF (one trillionth of a farad). For a voltage of 5 kV, the capacitor should have a rating of 2200 pF.

It's even better to connect several capacitors in series. In this case, each capacitor will retain part of the charge, the total retained charge will increase multiple.

3. The capacitor(s) is connected to a spark plug - a gap of air between the contacts of which an electrical breakdown occurs. In order for the contacts to withstand the heat generated by the spark during the discharge, their required diameter must be 6 mm. minimum. A spark plug is necessary to excite resonant oscillations in the circuit.
4. Primary coil. Made from thick copper wire or tubes with a diameter of 2.5-6 mm, which is twisted into a spiral in one plane in the amount of 4-6 turns
5. The primary coil is connected to the arrester. The capacitor and primary coil must form a primary circuit that is in resonance with the secondary coil.
6. The primary coil must be well insulated from the secondary.
7. Secondary coil. Made from thin enameled copper wire (up to 0.6 mm). The wire is wound onto a polymer tube with an empty core. The height of the tube should be 5-6 times its diameter. 1000 turns should be carefully wound onto the tube. The secondary coil can be placed inside the primary coil.
8. The secondary coil at one end must be grounded separately from other devices. It is best to ground directly “to the ground”. The second wire of the secondary coil is connected to the torus (lightning emitter).
9. The torus can be made from ordinary ventilation corrugation. It is placed above the secondary coil.
10. The secondary coil and the torus form the secondary circuit.
11. We turn on the supply generator (transformer). Tesla transformer works.

Excellent video explaining how the Tesla transformer works

Precautionary measures

Be careful: the voltage accumulated in the Tesla transformer is very high and, in the event of a breakdown, leads to guaranteed death. The current strength is also very high, far exceeding the value safe for life.

There is no practical use of the Tesla transformer. This experimental setup, confirming our knowledge of the physics of electricity.

From an aesthetic point of view, the effects generated by the Tesla transformer are amazing and beautiful. They largely depend on how correctly it is assembled, whether the current is sufficient, and whether the circuits resonate correctly. The effects may include a glow or discharges formed on the second coil, or they may include full-fledged lightning piercing the air from the torus. The resulting glow is shifted to the ultraviolet range of the spectrum.

A high-frequency field is formed around the Tesla transformer. Therefore, for example, when placing in this field energy saving light bulbs, it starts to glow. The same field leads to the formation large quantity ozone.