How much does it cost to add a second floor to a house? How to make stairs to the second floor in a private house with your own hands - diagram and dimensions, how to correctly calculate the project. What is the relevance of the project?

You can turn to professionals for help, but keep in mind that they may not pay attention to minor defects during construction, which can subsequently lead to serious damage and subsequent repairs. A staircase to the second floor made independently will give you several advantages:

the result will meet expectations;
will help save money and nerves;
a staircase made by yourself will become a source of pride for you.

If you have limited funds for purchasing materials, you can buy cheaper analogues: instead of wood, use chipboard, which can be coated with varnish or paint.

In pursuit of savings, you can lose sight of quality. Although a cheap wooden staircase can also last for quite a long time, it will very soon begin to creak. To avoid this problem, the ladder must be assembled using silicone sealant, which is impossible to do without first painting the parts.

In this article we will talk about how to make a staircase to the second floor with your own hands from wood and metal, and also show photo and video instructions.

To make an interfloor staircase, concrete with tile or marble cladding, metal (a welding machine is required), and wood can be used. Last option the most practical and convenient. The wooden structure is lightweight, easy to install and has a beautiful appearance.

If you have a room with a ceiling height of 2.8 m, you should give preference to straight structures, or with a staircase turning by 25%. The flight of stairs is made with a length of 80 cm. This option allows you to use the space under the stairs for storing things. One cannot fail to note a minus: the free space on the upper and lower floors will be significantly reduced.

To save precious square meters perfect screw version stairs, but it is also not without its drawbacks:

the climb is too steep;
small width of stairs.

To install a spiral staircase you will need 3 m² free space and a lot of work.

Another option for constructing a staircase is possible, in which it is located along the surface of the wall. In this case, it is worth considering two marches and a turn. This way you will make it as compact and comfortable as possible for movement.

Calculation of the dimensions of the stairs. Measure the distance between the floors of the first and second floors along with the ceiling. This way you will determine the height of the structure. The step should have a height of 18–20 cm. Next, dividing the height of the stairs by the height of the steps, you will get the total number of steps.
Projection of dimensions onto the floor surface. To design the structure, it is necessary to determine the width of the steps (approximately 30 cm), after which their number must be multiplied by their width. As a result, you will get the projection size.
Manufacturing of staircase elements. To make a stringer you will need timber measuring 14×16, steps – 4 cm boards, risers – 2.5 cm boards. You will determine the length of the step yourself, remembering that the larger it is, the better.
Preliminary fitting. If everything fits during the preliminary fitting of parts, process each element grinder and assemble the structure. To fix the staircase parts together, coat all places where they come into contact with each other with glue (PVA or wood glue) and additionally secure with screws.
Stain and varnish coating. First, apply stain to the surface, and after waiting for it to dry, cover it with several layers of varnish.

As design solution You can consider the mortise steps, which are inserted into the grooves cut in the stringer:

Make markings on the stringer where the steps will be installed. Using a hacksaw and chisel, cut out the grooves.
Make several 9mm holes in the center of the groove.
Screw the turbo couplings into the holes made.
Install the step into the groove and tighten with bolts.

When purchasing planed wood, you must consider the following requirements:

there should be no dark spots on the surface;
The presence of cracks, chips, roughness and other defects is unacceptable.

Knots (diameter up to 1 cm) can only be present if the material is used to make steps or risers. Also pay attention to humidity; the large mass of the board indicates that you should refuse the purchase.

When making a structure without experience, you may encounter certain difficulties, but your desire and desire will help you achieve the desired result.

Now we invite you to familiarize yourself with the technology of making wooden stairs. First of all, it is necessary to make drawings with individual design details. To do this, take well-dried wood and transfer the appropriate dimensions to it. Several factors should be taken into account:

The strength and reliability of the staircase will entirely depend on the correct cutting of the stringers. Therefore, their production must be approached responsibly. Moreover, for the stringer it is necessary to select a solid board that does not have large knots in large quantities. The thickness of the board can be 45–50 mm.
The board for risers can be 15–20 mm thicker than what is allocated for them on the stringer, and the thickness of the riser is also taken into account. The treads themselves should have a perfectly flat surface with neatly rounded edges. The thickness of the board can be between 30–35 mm.
If you want to make a closed staircase with risers, then their manufacture must also be extremely careful. Its thickness should not be large, 15–20 mm is enough. In this case, the main load will go to the stringers. The risers themselves play the role of support.
As for balusters and handrails, it is recommended to purchase them ready-made with stationary fastenings.

If you have small children at home, then for safety reasons, install 2 balusters on each step. In all other cases, you can install one at a time.

When all the design blanks are ready, you can begin the most important stage of work - installation of the stairs. All subsequent work looks like this:

Stringers are installed at the selected location. To do this, attach a support beam to the floor; it is on it that the stringer will be attached. At the top, the fastening is carried out in a cut groove in the beam. In some cases, it is used for fastening metal support. In this case, an anchor bolt is used for fastening. When installing the stringer, be sure to check everything for a level or plumb line.
Before laying the tread fabric, you should screw the risers.

After this, treads are fixed with self-tapping screws on the stringers and on top of the risers in the direction from bottom to top.
After this, the balusters are installed.

So, you install support drains on top of the stairs and below. They will serve as the border of the handrails and also support the railing.

In addition, the support posts serve as decorative elements. Therefore, they are often made using wood cutting.

Balusters, in turn, can have different shapes, sizes and methods of fastening. Some, for example, are simply screwed on with self-tapping screws, others are mounted in pre-drilled holes. But in any case, the attachment point must be covered with a decorative plug. Further work as follows:

On top of the installed balusters, attach the railings to the outer support posts. Additionally, you can install 1 or 2 additional support posts in the middle.
When using two, three or more support posts, instead of balusters, several boards can be installed between the posts parallel to the slope of the stairs.
At the next stage, you can begin sanding using sandpaper or a sander. After this, the paint coating is applied.

The first layer acts as an antiseptic against rotting and mold/mildew. The structure must dry, after which you can begin the main painting.

The staircase is varnished on water based, hot wax or paint. You can also cover the wood with stain, which will slightly darken the structure. It all depends on your desire.

Thus, the wooden staircase is ready for use.

A staircase made of metal requires a lot of labor, plus not everyone has the skills to work with welding machine. And yet, if you are ready to carry out work of this kind, then you need to prepare the following set of tools:

Welding machine and electrodes for direct currentØ3.2 and 1.6 mm.
Welder protective mask.
Mittens.
Grinder and cutting discs 125×1.6 mm.
Sanding disc 125 mm.
Drill and set of drills for metal.
Metal table.
Clamp that can be adjusted from 0 to 800 mm in height.
Vise.
Pencil.
Square.
Roulette.
Metal paint.
White Spirit.
Primer.

Given all this, and also suitable material you can start installation work. As for the selection of material, this can be done according to the completed drawing. We invite you to familiarize yourself with the principle of manufacturing a metal staircase on two stringers.

It is worth immediately noting that the entire process consists of the following step-by-step actions:

Manufacturing of blanks.
Making fillies, i.e. step fastening units.
Welding the support corner.
Installation of the stringer.
Welding steps and railings.
Sanding and priming/painting.

All work should be done slowly, strictly adhering to all dimensions of the drawing. Otherwise, any small distortion will be problematic to correct; moreover, it will ruin appearance finished design. So, the work is carried out as follows:

It is necessary to make fastenings for steps (fillies) from the corners. In relation to each other, they should be mirror images.
You can make fillies from a corner. To do this, cut out the samples and join the corners together. The result should be L-shaped blanks with shelves down and inward. Depending on the number of steps, you make a pair of fillies. One of them will be left, the other will be right.
Between each pair of angles, weld brackets for attaching the step and crossbar. The crossbar is similarly made from a corner.
To increase strength, you can install small gussets at the bottom of the step towards the stringer.
Now take the square one profile pipe and make markings on it, or rather, on its edge. Using it you can weld the fillies to the stringer. Transfer exactly the same markings to another stringer. As a result, it will be possible to achieve the geometry of the entire structure.

If metal staircase has a width of more than 1.2 m, then you will need to install an additional stringer.

Next you need to attach the stringer. At the bottom it is welded to the support platform, and at the top it is fixed to the floor slab or to the wall with anchors. In each individual case, the fastening method may differ. Therefore, be guided by the features of your opening. During this process, it is important to stay level. Moreover, the two stringers must be strictly at the same level. Finally, all that remains is to weld the steps to the fillets. As an option, you can install wooden steps on the fillies. But for this you need to use fastening bolts.

The topmost step should be installed as close to the wall as possible (if the stringers are anchored to the wall). Next, weld the fence. At the same time, install it on the side so as not to reduce the width of the steps.

When arranging the railings, you can use forging or purchase prepared elements. Here again, it all depends on your personal taste and vision of the final result.

Once all the welding work is completed, it's time to grind all the weld joints. It is also necessary to remove all burrs and nicks. Using a wire brush, sweep away any particles. After this, the surface of the stairs is primed and painted in the desired color.

If the steps are wooden, then their installation is carried out after the paint has dried.

Finally, you can decorate the stairs. For example, cover the steps with bottom side tree. Fencing can also be made from stainless steel. Lay out the steps ceramic tiles. Due to this, a seemingly careless and bulky design will acquire beautiful outlines and will be an excellent addition to the interior of the house.

Although this entire process may seem straightforward, working with metal is very tedious. Unlike working with wood, when it is easy to correct defects and shortcomings, working with metal is much more problematic. However, the service life of the entire structure significantly exceeds its wooden counterpart.

If we talk about the attractiveness and bright element of the interior, then you can hardly find competitors for the spiral staircase. At correct construction she will serve long years. It can be made from wood or metal with forged elements. There are 4 main types of spiral staircases:

A design with wedge-shaped steps, the narrow side resting on a supporting central column, and the wide side resting on a wall or fabricated frame. In this case, spiral bowstrings are constructed on stringers.
A free-standing structure, remote from the walls, with cantilevered steps on a monolithic pillar placed in the center.
Design without a central support column. The support for the steps is curved bowstrings or stringers, which smoothly turn into railings. This option is very beautiful and sophisticated. However, it is very difficult to manufacture.
Design with a central support rod (asbestos-cement or steel pipeØ50 mm). This type of staircase is the most common.

As practice shows, the most convenient spiral staircases are with a span of 0.8–0.9 m wide. As a result, the diameter of the entire staircase design will reach up to 2 m, this taking into account the central support post and railings. If we talk about the shape of the staircase, it can be round, square, rectangular or oval.

If the traffic intensity in your house is low, then the total diameter of the stairs is sufficient to make it up to 1.5 m. In this case, the treads will have a width of up to 0.6 m.

It is also necessary to consider the ergonomics of the spiral staircase. The principle of the size and height of steps is the same as on ordinary straight stairs; we have already talked about such measurements above. But there are some features, namely a comfortable lifting height for a person. For example, we suggest you consider the option of a spiral staircase, 3 m high and 0.8 m wide.

The calculations are presented below:

The total diameter of the staircase with these dimensions is equal to twice the width of the flight, and the thickness of the support post is 20 cm. As a result, we get the following - D = 0.8 × 2 + 0.20 = 1.8 m.
The lifting radius is equal to half the width of the flight of stairs and support: Rn = 0.4 + 0.1 = 0.5 cm.
Now, by dividing the length of the movement trajectory by the depth of the tread, you can determine the number of steps in one turn: L = 2 π: 200 = 2 × 3.14 × 500: 200 = 17.2. As a result, there can be 17 steps in one flight of stairs.
It is also necessary to calculate the ergonomic height of the step. This must be done taking into account that a person can move freely at full height. Let's take as an example a height of 1.8 m, add operational 20 to this value and divide by the number of steps in one turn. The result is: h = 2000: 17 = 120 mm.

If the spiral staircase has a height of 3 m, then to determine the number of steps, do the following: n = 3000: 120 = 25. The result is 25 steps, 12 cm high.

In order for a spiral staircase to be durable and easy to use, it is important to follow the following rules:

On spiral staircase It is better not to install risers. This will increase the safety of the structure, and the foot will rest well on the step and will not slip off the step in a narrow place.
If the passage height is 2 m, then even a tall person can comfortably move along the stairs.
To install the support post, select a location that will support the weight of the entire structure and 2-3 people.

For steps, it is best to choose a durable type of wood, such as oak or beech. Although it is much easier to buy ready-made steps. For example, you buy a step rectangular shape, and cut out the required configuration from it. The thickness of the product can be 40 mm or 30 mm. If one step is divided diagonally, the result will be two steps at once. The edges of the workpiece must be rounded and sanded with a grinder. Then you can varnish or paint them. A special bushing should be attached to the step, which will hold it on the support post.

No matter how comfortable and spacious your home is, sooner or later it will become too small for a growing family, and now you are thinking that it would be nice to increase its area by adding a room on the second floor. The size of the plot does not always allow you to add one or more rooms to it, and is this really necessary? A suitable way out of this situation is to add a second floor.

The floor superstructure can be either a “regular” floor or an attic (attic floor)

It is much more profitable to build a second floor above the house, which will help you not need extra room. Moreover, use it as a basis for additional area already existing building faster, easier and cheaper than making new ones. After all, you already have half the house! Along with all communications and engineering networks connected to the main water supply, gas pipeline, electrical network, etc.

In addition, you don’t necessarily have to lead to the second floor, for example, gas pipe or plumbing if you plan to place an office, bedrooms or living room there!

The second floor superstructure can be either a “regular” floor or an attic (attic floor).

Be careful - excess weight!

How to build a second floor without overloading the foundation of the house?

To determine whether your home can handle another floor, you need to have it inspected. Technical expertise will determine the safety margin of load-bearing elements, foundation, attic floor and communications. You don’t want the house to sag right during construction or for the wiring and pipes in the walls to start to break?

Depending on the condition of the supporting structures and communications of the house, you can either simply “build up” an additional floor on it, or you will have to first strengthen its walls and foundation and only then begin construction work on the second floor.

To build a second floor, you need to have some knowledge in construction

For buildings whose walls and ceilings have a sufficient margin of safety (houses with thick stone or brick walls) it is possible to add a second floor without strengthening its structure and using any of the known house construction technologies.

It could be:

Masonry;
Construction using reinforced concrete structures (polystyrene concrete and other lightweight materials);
Second floor extension using wooden structures;
Construction of a superstructure using frame (frame-panel) technology.

In a house with a weak foundation, initially designed for only one main floor, add additional floors capital way possible only after reconstruction of the house.

Strengthen the walls and foundation so that they can withstand, for example, masonry, It's hard enough. If you do not have the time or opportunity to reconstruct the house, the second floor superstructure will have to be built either from lightweight frame structures or, to put it simply, “on stilts.”

External reinforcing structures

In order to relieve the load on the foundation and walls of a house during a superstructure, several technologies are used:

"Internal frame"

Additional supporting structures are installed inside the house along its contour. The layout when adding a second floor during reconstruction is linked to the old load-bearing walls and is consistent with the elements of the reinforcing frame inside the building (the columns are installed on their own foundations).

In this case, on existing structures only some of the load is transferred. The bulk of it comes from new load-bearing elements in the house.

"External frame"

Staircase with skylights to the second floor

The columns are installed along the contour of the building and rest on independent foundations. Between them and the walls of the house you can build balconies or loggias.

In essence, such a superstructure is a collection of columns and single-span beam-walls placed around the building: they simultaneously play the role of partitions and load-bearing structures. The built-on floor rests on its own “piles” and is not structurally connected in any way with the built-on house. In fact, it is not a superstructure of the second floor, but practically independent cottage, built over an old house. They are connected only by communications.

Frame (frame-panel) technologies

Modern industry offers quite a lot of durable and reliable structures for increasing the number of storeys, while they are light in weight and do not particularly burden the house. Therefore, the construction of the second floor in individual house Most often it is produced using frame technology.

Compared to reinforced concrete, frame structures:

They weigh a little;
Fireproof;
They have a low cost;
They allow construction to be carried out in any weather and at any time of the year.

However, if you are planning to build a second floor in a country house, you can easily do it on your own by making its elements yourself.

We are building the second floor

First of all, prepare the panels from which you will mount the end walls. This homemade panel is a frame made of wooden beams, which is covered with chipboard on both sides. The inside of the “sandwich” is filled with heat-insulating material (the thickness of the insulating layer is 16 mm).

Work order

Disassemble old roof: first the tiles are removed, then the rafter frame is disassembled. Before continuing work, you need to remove the beams and removed roofing material from the upper floor;
Using a crane or winch, lift the wall element onto the work site;
Install end walls. After installation, they are fastened together by longitudinal beams connected for reliability by vertical elements;
Now secure the rafters to the longitudinal beams. Where there will be windows, vertical ones are attached to the longitudinal beams;
Now it's time to sheathe the walls of the superstructure inside and out. Use the same chipboard sandwich panels with sealant as those from which you installed the end walls (then the walls will be plastered);
Attach sheathing and roofing sheets to the roof frame and insert windows;
Having finished arranging the room, you can start working on the interior, wiring communications and installing electrical equipment.

The final stage

If you wish, you can divide the built-in room into several rooms using plasterboard partitions. Because it's enough lightweight material, walls or partitions made of plasterboard will not significantly increase the overall weight of the superstructure.

And don't forget to do it in the overlap top floor stairwell! If your superstructure will serve as a full-fledged residential floor, the staircase is installed in the hallway or in the living room, and in the attic of the summer country house you can climb up from the veranda.

Having mastered the technology of frame-panel construction using the example of arranging such a superstructure, you can, if necessary, build a second floor above the house, using industrial frame structures and ready-made wall panels instead of wooden beams.

Construction of an attic floor

The construction of a second floor on a mansard-type building is considered the simplest and most common type of construction of this type. It is possible to carry out such construction work without moving out of the house that is subject to reconstruction. In order to make the second floor of the attic type, you can use semi-ready structures, which can be purchased in disassembled form.

For this type of construction work, various building materials are used, the most common of which are metal, wood and concrete. All these building materials can be used individually or in combination, if the supporting structure and the price ratio of building materials allows it. The superstructure of this type itself is considered quite economical.

If you compare the living space added to a house with a new building, then its cost will be half cheaper than the cost of building a new residential building with the same dimensions.

In addition, the construction of the second floor does not require the use of the same building materials that were used for the construction of the residential building itself, which makes it possible to use more cheap materials. As a rule, the height of the completed floor should be about 2.7 meters, taking into account the space for organizing the attic floor.

You can even make the second floor of the attic type from wooden building material, which is quite acceptable according to building codes.

The use of such an inexpensive and relatively lightweight building material significantly increases the possibilities of construction of this type. The only disadvantage of a wooden second floor is the fact that a structure made of lumber is not stable in operation and has a short service life compared to brick or concrete structures.

But with the help of special antiseptic solutions and simple drying oil, you can quite easily increase the service life of wooden structures, as well as increase the resistance of wooden building materials to atmospheric influences, which lead to rotting of lumber.

Prefabricated structures

The fairly large popularity of construction work on the second floor has led to the emergence of construction market prefabricated second-floor structures, which consist of individual prefabricated structures that are assembled directly on the construction site.

Such prefabricated structures can be made from different building materials, which gives you the opportunity to choose the right type structures of this type. The most common prefabricated structures are those that consist of wooden trusses and similar frames connected to each other using keyed connections.

This type of structures and connections allows not only to quickly and efficiently construct the second floor, but also to diversify the manufactured form of such a superstructure in the upper zone, which will help make a rather original and attractive design of the second floor.

Finished frames and trusses are sold disassembled, which helps reduce the cost of transporting these building elements and does not require heavy crane technology in order to raise such a farm to the top. All this affects not only the speed of construction, but also the savings in the construction budget.

After the structure of frames and trusses on the wooden second floor has been assembled and secured, you can begin to insulate it using mineral wool, as well as organize the sheathing along the wooden trusses and cover it with any chosen roofing material. Do not forget that on wooden attic floor You can make two-level rooms.

Considering the fact that the building will be equipped with a prefabricated structure strapping belt made of any building material, it becomes quite possible to individually layout the resulting internal space, starting from the angle of inclination of the wooden trusses.

As a rule, for such solutions special trusses are used, which are made using a combination of metal and wood. Such load-bearing structures have a fairly low weight, high strength and simple assembly, which directly affects the speed and cost of installation of this element of the supporting roof structure.

Ready-made disassembled trusses consist of an upper wooden belt made from a 4-centimeter thick board and a lower strapping belt made of a metal reinforced structure.

The two parts of the finished truss have a fairly simple connection, which is carried out using bolts and metal plates. Bottom part The finished structure is connected using a special tightening device, which is included in the truss structure kit. The lower chord of such trusses can be used as the basis for an interfloor floor, if such a floor is planned to be made of lumber.

In private construction, a huge number of options are used for using lumber to create attic-type structures.

Industrial-type technology involves the use of laminated bent wooden frames, which are hinged in 2-3 places. Similar truss structures, which are made of straight elements, have a higher manufacturability of assembly and installation.

By all indicators, glued structures are more reliable and practical, but at the same time they have a cost that is several times higher than the cost of simple wooden structures.

This leads to the fact that the use of such building elements is used only in mass construction, when at least 5 houses of a similar type can be reconstructed. Among the most common truss and frame structures, it is worth noting those that are made of metal.

The only disadvantage of metal frames and trusses is the fact that it is almost impossible to lift some elements of the finished structure manually, which leads to the use of heavy construction equipment, which negatively affects the construction budget.

Roof

Just like simple mansard roof, the construction of the second floor can be covered with almost any roofing material that will fit the organized type of sheathing.

Making such a sheathing is quite simple, given the two slopes roofing system. In addition, in order to make the lighting in the room more correct and attractive, you can equip the roof with special windows, which will not only supply more daylight, but also give the room an attractive appearance.

A spacious home that matches your personal ideal down to the last detail is a dream. It is impossible to buy such a house, you can only build it. Practice shows that it does not matter, construction will be carried out on two storey building with your own hands, or with the help of a construction crew, personal control at every stage of work cannot be avoided. By the end of construction, all homeowners thoroughly know technical points construction. But only those who have mastered the theoretical basis in advance receive the Dream House.

Step one - choosing a site

Sites without flaws on which to build two-storey house, are rare, in life you always have to look for a compromise. The location of the site is assessed from the point of view of whether it will be convenient to get there and how long the daily journey will take. The hilly terrain of the site may complicate construction. The construction of retaining walls and pile foundations increases the complexity and cost of the work.

It is preferable to have communications - electricity, gas pipeline, water supply, sewerage. If there is no centralized network, the cost of installation and maintenance of a well, power plant, solid fuel or electric boiler is calculated. The depth and quality of groundwater is taken into account. You can get rid of these complex issues in a simple way: buy a house in cottage village, for example, http://berezka4s.ru/houses/. In these types of housing, all the amenities of life have already been thought out. The truth is you have to pay for everything.

Step two - paperwork

Before starting construction work, construction documents must be properly completed. They are obtained in the following order:

Design permit - obtained from the local executive authority;

Architectural planning assignment - issued by the Department of Architecture;

Technical conditions of water and gas supply service providers, electrical networks;

House project - created individually or purchased ready-made http://proekt-sam.ru/;

Examination and approval of the project;

Construction permit.

Choice two-story project allows you to get a larger area of the house with equal area developments.

Step three - laying out the foundation

Before starting work, it is necessary to ensure the availability of water and electricity on the site. The external and internal contours of the foundation are marked on the site, carefully maintaining the accuracy of the angles. The optimal type of foundation is determined by the load it will have to withstand and the properties of the soil:

Tape;

Monolithic-slab;

Columnar;

Pile.

A strip foundation is suitable for building a two-story house from all types of materials. Its use is limited by swampy, unstable soils and shallow groundwater. To arrange the foundation, a trench is dug. Optimal depth strip foundation is 0.8 m per floor of the house, and with a two-story building it should be more than 1.6 m. A gravel-sand cushion 30 cm thick of equal layers of compacted sand and crushed stone is installed in the trench. Then formwork of a given width is installed. For ease of creating formwork, the width of the trench should be 50 cm greater than the width of the foundation.

It is advisable to create a belt from cement mortar 10cm thick. The formwork contains a reinforcing frame made of horizontal and vertical belts, fixed with knitting wire. Before concrete works install mortgages for subsequent laying of communications. The formwork is ready for pouring concrete. Filling must be done in one stage to avoid joining seams that reduce the strength of the structure. Before hardening, the concrete is compacted with a construction vibrator, eliminating air pockets. The formwork can be dismantled after the concrete has gained primary strength, after 5-7 days. The foundation is being waterproofed bitumen mastic, roll materials or sprayed compounds.

A columnar foundation is more economical, but is only suitable for objects made of lightweight materials - wooden or frame houses. Foundation pillars are constructed in places where the load is concentrated - corners of the house, intersections of walls, load-bearing walls. The distance between the pillars is 2-2.5 m. They are made of concrete, wood, brick or rubble-concrete mixture. Wood for poles is treated with antiseptic solutions. Along the contour of the foundation, a brick or concrete frame is made, with a height of ¼ of the span length.

Foundation in the form of a monolithic concrete slab used for shallow groundwater and the construction of heavy buildings on unstable soils. Rarely used in private buildings.

Pile foundations are suitable for construction in areas with difficult terrain or deformable soil. For such a foundation, piles are screwed or driven into the ground, and a monolithic connecting belt is formed around the perimeter, as when arranging a columnar foundation.

Step three - building walls

The technology for constructing walls depends on the material chosen. The materials used to build a two-story residential building are:

Wood – chopped or rounded log, wooden beam– sawn, planed, profiled or glued;

Brick – ceramic, clinker, silicate, facing;

Ceramic blocks;

Lightweight concrete blocks - gas and foam concrete;

Thermoblocks;

Limestone-shell rock;

Frame structures.

When deciding how to build a two-story house with your own hands, you should take into account that it is impossible to build wooden walls alone.

Regardless of the material chosen, compliance with angles, verticals and horizontals is monitored during the construction process. When building walls, voids are formed in the places of door and window openings, over which wooden, metal or reinforced concrete lintels are installed. The lintels are placed 20-25 cm into the wall. Once the required floor height is reached, a reinforced concrete or brick reinforced belt is constructed to take the weight of the floors and protect the wall material from damage.

Step three - interfloor and attic floors

The ceiling is made of wood, monolithic or slab reinforced concrete. Material to create wooden floor Beams impregnated with an antiseptic solution serve. The pitch of the beams is calculated taking into account the upcoming load to avoid surface deformation during operation. The space between the beams is filled with thermal insulation material, which performs the function of sound absorption in the interfloor ceilings. The distance between the beams is made using boards or panels. Reinforced concrete floor made from a monolithic reinforced concrete slab or prefabricated slabs.

Regardless of the material of the floors, they are equipped with technological openings for ventilation and smoke channels. An opening for stairs is provided in the interfloor ceiling. The staircase is attached to load-bearing walls and is designed as a single-flight or double-flight staircase. At small sizes premises that do not allow accommodation staircase, screw design is preferred. In this case, the location of the staircase opening in the ceiling may not be adjacent to the wall. If the project provides for a balcony, then the interfloor ceiling should extend beyond the external walls in appropriate places.

Step four - installation of the roof

When choosing how to build a two-story house, take into account that complex multi-level roofs increase the visual appeal of the property. Wooden elements structures are treated with an antiseptic before installation, and after - with antipyretic impregnations. It is attached with anchors to a reinforcing belt made around the perimeter of the walls of the house. wooden harness- Mauerlat to which the rafter system is fixed.

The pitch of the rafters and their cross-section are calculated at the design stage. Depending on the roofing material used, a sheathing of bars is installed (for slate or metal tiles) or continuous lathing made of moisture-resistant plywood (for bitumen shingles). Roofing material with preliminary waterproofing is mounted on the sheathing, if required by the technology. Snow barriers are installed on metal tiles. A drainage system is installed around the perimeter of the house.

Step five - arrangement of the blind area

To protect the foundation, it is necessary to level the soil with a slight (up to 5 cm) depression. Concrete is poured in a layer of about 8 cm with a slope in the direction from the wall within 3-5ᵒ. At the same time, a drainage system is installed in the blind area.

Five steps to the Dream House have been completed. Let this be just the beginning of the journey, and there will be difficulties ahead. interior work, but now you know exactly how to make a two-story house. If, of course, the article was read before construction.

The construction of modern housing, especially individual and low-rise housing, cannot ignore modern developments in the field of building materials. These include foam concrete, from which building blocks are made.

Advantages of foam blocks and production principles

Due to the fact that foam concrete has high performance properties, foam block houses are becoming increasingly popular. Foam concrete blocks belong to those materials from which a house can be built quickly, but at the same time it is aesthetically attractive and durable. The composition of the foam block is optimal for any type of construction.

Foam concrete blocks are quite cheap building material. The process of their manufacture does not involve the use of expensive components and equipment, as a result of which the technology becomes very economical.

Foam blocks are produced by mixing cement, sand and water. The blocks acquire a porous structure due to the addition of special chemical reagents. The use of simple block manufacturing technology significantly reduces the cost of building houses.

The price of a foam block house is much lower than that of a similar one made of brick or wood. In addition, such a house was built in more short time and significant savings are still possible when laying the foundation. Projects of houses made of foam blocks on 2 floors are especially popular at present, due to more rational use living space. The thermal conductivity of the foam block is quite low.

Ready-made projects of 2-story houses made of foam blocks are very diverse, and choosing any specific one is quite difficult.

Why do you need a foam block house project?

The project of a 2-storey house made of foam blocks is a plan that contains all the necessary information for construction. Or conducting a preliminary analysis of all space-planning solutions, in other words - a sketch.

Many people believe that to build a house from foam blocks, it is enough to look at similar solutions and then do everything with their own hands.

What is the relevance of the project?

The project of a 2-story house made of foam blocks is relevant due to design features material, consisting of the following:

Foam concrete blocks are a fairly fragile material, so some design measures are required to reduce concentrated loads. If these parameters are not taken into account, the service life will be sharply reduced.
The foam block has different characteristics and sizes. And for different projects used Various types foam concrete. If you do not consult with professional specialists, you can build a house that is not of the same quality.
The thermal conductivity of foam concrete blocks is also different, which leads to the fact that in one climatic region One type of insulation is used, while another may not need it at all.

Therefore, there is a need to constantly have with you during construction a project that is made specifically for foam concrete blocks.

What is a house project

Projects of 2-storey houses made of foam blocks can be executed in two ways:

Sketch, used to define the general concept and select a specific house layout. Most often it is a general plan and beautiful picture, where there are no dimensions or any marks.
Fully finished project , containing dimensions, special marks, as well as technical solutions for all construction issues.

The choice is determined by what stage the preparation for building a house is at.

Tip: This article demonstrates some projects of 2-story houses made of foam blocks, which you can familiarize yourself with. Well, they should be used with certain adjustments, based on your construction conditions.

Selecting a project based on number of storeys

The number of floors is a very important characteristic of a house built from foam blocks.

Attention: Determining the number of floors must be done on the actual initial stage, in order to more accurately determine the layout of the house and to more accurately calculate the required material.

One-story houses made of foam concrete blocks are not widespread in construction, and this is primarily due to the fact that the main deterrent factor is the building area.

When choosing designs for houses made of foam blocks - 2-story projects are used in great demand, which is based on the fact that such houses are more practical and compact. But it must be said that in some cases it is necessary to have an additional frame, the role of which is to redistribute the load.

We build a house from foam concrete blocks

The proposed instructions consider the option that the foundation has already been poured and leveled to zero. And the story about how to build a 2-story house from foam blocks begins directly with the laying of the first row.

When starting the process of laying blocks, the surface of the foundation must be covered with a layer of waterproofing. This can be done with roofing felt, waterproofing material or other material with a bitumen base.
For final horizontal alignment, the first row of blocks is placed on cement-sand mortar. The corner blocks are placed first, and they are guided by them, like beacons, when laying the rest.

Caution: These blocks must be carefully controlled for their verticality and horizontality, due to their angular location. Control is carried out using a building level and a plumb line. The blocks must be adjusted using a rubber mallet.

A cord is stretched from one corner block to another, along which they are guided when laying the blocks of the row.
All by next rows laid on special glue. The fact is that when using the same solution, the interblock seams turn out to be thick, which leads to the formation of cold bridges in the wall. The use of glue reduces the seams to 3 mm.
Begin laying the first and next rows also from the corners. There must be a dressing ranging from 8 to 15 cm. Everything else is done exactly the same as for the first row.

To compensate for deforming loads, foam concrete masonry must be reinforced. Every third or fourth row is reinforced with two reinforcement lines with a diameter of 8 mm. Jumpers over doors and windows must also be reinforced.

A very important point is the installation of interfloor ceilings. To create a reliable and strong support, a special armored belt is made.

It is a monolithic reinforced concrete strip running along both the external and load-bearing walls located inside the house. The same reinforced belt is also erected on top of the box, under the roof. The rafter structure will rest on it.

Completion of construction

After the walls are laid, the roofing structure is installed, according to the house design, window and door blocks. As for insulation, it is not necessary to do it from the inside, although it is possible. The fact is that internal insulation It will occupy, albeit a small, but still some part of the premises.

Most often, such a building is insulated from the outside, and the insulation is included in one or another version of the facade system. The most popular option is hinged ventilated facades, which allow walls to be insulated. It is possible to use plaster facade systems, also with insulation.

Conclusion

It is quite possible to build a 2-story house from foam concrete blocks on your own; you just need to be patient and strictly follow the chosen project and comply with all technologies. In the video presented in this article you will find additional information on this topic.

Before building a second floor in a private house, it is necessary to carry out a number of studies. If you did everything correctly, as a result you will get additional full rooms in your home.

The question of building a private home arises, sooner or later, for almost every homeowner. If your family is growing and there are no more rooms, very soon you will feel that the house has become crowded.

It's good if you can determine in advance. Building a house from scratch certainly has its advantages.

But if this is not possible, use what you have to make your home comfortable for the whole family.

If you are planning to add a second floor, be prepared for the fact that this work will take a fair amount of time and require a lot of effort. First of all, thoughtful and phased construction will provide you with a safe and comfortable home.

The construction of a multi-storey building is impossible without the use of construction equipment. A modern construction crane can significantly reduce the time spent on construction, so feel free to order it from mks-service.ru/.

But in the case of a superstructure, the use of construction equipment of this type is not necessary. But here it is simply necessary to analyze the future load and strengthen the existing foundation.

Construction of the second floor places a heavy load on the foundation. It is necessary to determine what the condition of the foundation in the house is and whether it needs to be strengthened before work.

Strengthening the foundation before building the second floor

If it does not involve a heavy load and is designed for only one floor, then a major reconstruction of the house is necessary.

You have two options: strengthen the existing first-floor walls and foundation so that you can build a full second floor out of brick or concrete, or choose a lightweight structure, such as a frame.

After reconstructing the house, you can choose one of the options for capital construction of the second floor:

Brickwork.
Reinforced concrete structures.
Wooden structures, log houses.

There are several ways to reduce the load on the foundation and supporting structures. For this purpose, for example, an additional supporting frame is used, located around the perimeter of the rooms.

The columns inside the house are installed on their own foundation. Thus, the load is distributed evenly both on the old load-bearing structures and on the new frame.

The main part of the load falls on the new supporting structures. Thus, the load on the existing foundation, which appears after the superstructure, mainly falls on the new foundation.

An external strengthening frame is also a completely valid option for lightening the load on the existing foundation. In this case, the columns on their own foundation are located around the perimeter of the house with outside.

They are placed at some distance from the house. In the future, the support can serve to create loggias or balconies on the second floor.

Structurally, the second floor will not rest on the existing foundation. The superstructure forms its own support in the form of pillars on a separate foundation. This reinforcement option itself is formed from columns and beam-walls.

You can also call the second floor with the external frame of the superstructure an independent house. It is connected to the old house exclusively by communications, but can exist separately from the ground floor.

Let's consider the third option, when instead of strengthening, lightweight frame structures are used in construction. They do not require reconstruction of the house, but also serve fully, making the second floor quite warm and reliable.

Frame technology construction involves finished design superstructure, which only remains to be assembled to obtain the second floor.

This technology has its advantages:

Easy to install and assemble.
Relative cheapness of the superstructure.
No need for strengthening load-bearing walls and the foundation of an old house.
Frame structures weigh little and are easy to assemble.
Such construction can be carried out in any weather, which cannot be said about the construction of additional supporting structures for the add-on.

It is better for you to make a choice based on the advice of professionals. Only by considering a specific building and options for its reconstruction can one determine which superstructure option will be optimal.

Remember that the construction of a second floor in a house is associated with certain risks, primarily for the safety of your family. That is why it is so important to carry out all work strictly following construction technology.

If you have any questions, please contact us and ask them there. Our specialists will help you understand the intricacies of building a second floor in a private house.