Rats are considered the most numerous species of rodents living near humans. According to the latest research, there are two rats for every person living on our planet. These small animals are dangerous due to the possible transmission of pathogens that cause the most severe infections for humans. In addition, even several adult individuals can cause significant damage to property - rodents damage furniture, walls, chew wires from household appliances. To completely get rid of these unwanted guests, you need to choose an effective means or method of destroying them.

What methods of exterminating rats are there?

The spread of black, as well as gray rats, is observed everywhere. These representatives of the animal world settle where they can constantly get food and eat suitable conditions to breed their numerous offspring. There is a tendency for the number of mice and rats to increase within the city. Rodents thrive in basements, household waste sites, near garbage chutes and garbage cans. There is no need to think that residents upper floors protected from these unpleasant animals - black rats can climb up to the fifth floor, and sometimes higher.

Each of these methods of dealing with rats has its own main advantages and disadvantages. Physical methods They only help if only a few individuals are found in an apartment or house. It is impossible to use traps against tens and hundreds of rats; in this case, a positive result may not be expected.

Traditional methods are based on many years of experience and ingenuity. Most often, such methods and means of safe rodent control are used in own homes, where there are numerous outbuildings. It is not always possible to destroy mice and rats moving around city apartments and basements using these methods.

Modern chemical production produces rodenticides of two groups - poisons of synthetic and natural origin. Synthetic poison is quite cheap and therefore buying it is not difficult. The forms of release of chemical poisons are varied. These can be powders with one active ingredient or with additional components in the form of talc and starch. Rodenticides are often produced in the form of aerosols, suspensions, pastes, briquettes, and sugar-flour dry mixtures.

Chemicals used to control rats

To quickly combat rats, you can buy quite a lot of products. Experts advise choosing them based on where the poison will be decomposed. Many chemicals can affect humans even if they are inhaled, so they are used for rat control only in non-residential premises– basements, garages, warehouses. The purpose of the room must also be taken into account. If it stores food products, then you need to make sure that poisons will not come into contact with the rodenticide.

“Rats appeared at our dacha last summer. At first it was one small rat and it did not bother us at all, but towards the end of the summer these unpleasant rodents began to appear more and more. They decided to poison them on their own, which is why they purchased Rat Poison. I spread the poison at home and in the cellar, and saw the corpses of rats about a week later. Our neighbors also poisoned these creatures. Everything is quiet at the moment, I hope they won’t appear again, and in the spring I’ll put poison in the basement again” - Marina, 39 years old.

When purchasing any product against domestic rodents, you must always pay attention to its expiration date and the sealing of the packaging. To avoid harm to yourself and your pets, you must also follow safety precautions.

Rules for using rat poison

The effectiveness of exterminating rodents that have settled in the house is achieved not only through the choice of the best remedy, but also due to him correct application. Experts advise adhering to the following recommendations when exterminating rodents yourself:

1. Ready-made baits must be laid out using gloves or tweezers. Rats may be put off by the smell of a person, and then the purchase will not have the desired effect.
2. To avoid poisoning of pets, it is necessary to purchase only recommended products and place them in inaccessible places.
3. If the rat population is large enough, then it is necessary to increase the bait decomposition points.
4. The remaining poison and rodent corpses are disposed of by burning or burying in the ground, the depth must be at least 50 cm.
5. In case of accidental ingestion of poison into the human body, you must immediately call an ambulance.
6. It is safer to use products that cause mummification of animals in apartments and houses. If a rodent dies in the house after consuming such bait, then unpleasant odor there won't be any from his corpse.

If you are not sure that you can carry out pest control according to all the rules, then it is best to call specialists. Companies professionally engaged in the extermination of rodents use the safest and most effective means and guarantee their effectiveness.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydK3m5dYMoo

Rodents cause great damage to crops.

Rodents damage a huge number of crops and wild plants. They select freshly sown seeds from the ground, damage seedlings and seedlings, and they cause especially great damage to the ripening crop, as well as when it is stored in heaps, stacks, during threshing and in sheds.

In barns, barnyards, poultry houses, rabbit hutches, residential buildings mice and rats, living next to humans, eat supplies of all types of food and fodder, pollute and spoil them with their excrement. By gnawing on vegetables and fruits, they speed up their spoilage. Rats, getting into poultry houses, eat eggs, chickens, young rabbits in cages, and even harm piglets by gnawing off their tails and areas of skin.

Rodents are carriers of dangerous diseases

Rodents are also distributors of various helminthic diseases in humans and domestic animals. The causative agent of the disease can enter the human body through food, wounds, and scratches on the skin. Infections also occur with dust when sifting grain or flour, or rearranging stacks that were previously inhabited by sick rodents.

The more rodents there are, the more often there are contacts between them, during which sick animals infect healthy ones and an epizootic of some infection breaks out among them, which is transmitted to domestic animals and humans through sick rodents or food and water contaminated by them.

Therefore, you need to constantly fight rodents, destroying them in a variety of ways and preventing them from reproducing. It is impossible to completely destroy rodents in rural areas, but it is quite possible to clear a building or reduce their numbers for a short time.

What are the main representatives of rodents? There are several groups of pests:

Rodents that damage crops during cultivation: Common vole, Eastern European vole, Social vole, Water vole, Field mouse, Wood mouse, Yellow-throated mouse.

Rodents that damage agricultural crops during storage: Gray rat, House mouse.

Rodents of sanitary and epidemiological importance - synanthropic species and species found in premises (residential buildings, children's and medical institutions, food enterprises) and warehouses during seasonal migrations: Gray rat, Black rat, House mouse, Gray hamster, Djungarian hamster, Bank vole, Common vole, East European vole, Field mouse, etc.

Rodent control methods

The oldest methods of rodent control were mechanical (traps and traps) and biological (attracting natural enemies - cats and dogs against mice and rats). However, measures that can cope with rodents at home could not be used in field (agricultural) conditions and large rooms storages. To preserve crops from pests, people began to use various toxic substances to destroy them. One of the first was arsenic, which did not gain a foothold as a rodenticide, since it had a clear negative effect on other animals and humans. Later, other arsenic compounds that were part of poisoned baits began to be used: arsenite and calcium arsenate.

Currently, the simplest, cheapest and most effective method of poisoned baits is used, that is, food, feed or water mixed in a certain proportion with poisons - rodenticides

Rodenticides- (zoocides) (from French rattus - rat and lat. caedo - I kill, from Greek zoon - animal, living sex and lat. Saesio - I kill) - chemical compounds used to destroy harmful rodents.

Depending on the speed of action (degree of toxicity) of the rodenticide, there are:

Acute agents: cause the death of 100% of rodents over a period of time from several minutes to several days - α-naphthylthiocarbamide, zinc phosphide, fumigants.

Means of subacute and chronic action: enough for a long time accumulate in the body and cause an effect only after reaching a certain concentration. The effect takes up to several weeks.

Chronic rodenticides (anticoagulants) are the most effective and safe for people.

Based on their chemical structure, rodenticides are:

Organic origin

o blood anticoagulants

 first generation anticoagulants (warfarin, indanedione series: ethylphenacin, diphacinone, triphenacin, chlorfcinone, tetraphenacin)

 second generation anticoagulants (coumarin series: bromadiolone, flocumafen, brodifacoum)

o thiourea derivatives (ratside)

Inorganic origin (zinc phosphide).

Basic drugs and their characteristics

Acute poisons

Alpha-Naphthylthiourea (Krysid)

Physical and chemical properties

α-Naphthylthiourea is a gray crystalline powder.

It is sparingly soluble in water, cold alcohol, and ether. Good enough - in boiling alcohol.

The technical product is a dark gray, crystalline, easily dusty powder, poorly soluble in water. Decomposes when exposed to alkalis

Toxicity"Rat" for harmful animals

Lethal doses:

Gray rat – 25-30 mg/kg

Alexandrite rat 75-450 mg/kg

House mouse 59-60 mg/kg

The death of animals occurs within the first 24 hours from the moment of eating the drug. It has the strongest effect on the circulatory system of the lungs, causing swelling, which leads to asphyxia.

Application

For the purposes of medical, sanitary and household deratization : a rodenticide based on α-naphthylthiocarbamide is used to kill rats (black and gray) and house mice in objects of various categories.

Zinc phosphide

Physicochemical characteristics

Zinc phosphide is a black or dark gray powder with a faint garlic odor; insoluble in alcohol, water; soluble in weak acids (with decomposition and formation of explosive hydrogen phosphide), slightly soluble in oils and alkalis. The substance is stable, practically does not decompose under the influence of moisture and light. The technical product contains 70-80% zinc, 18-24% phosphorus and up to 6% insoluble sediment.

Molecular weight 258;

Density 4.55 g/cm³ (13°C);

Bulk density 2-2.3 g/cm³;

Melting point 420°C;

Boiling point 1100°C. Mechanism of action

When a drug based on zinc phosphide enters the body, it decomposes in the stomach with the formation of highly toxic hydrogen phosphide, which determines the toxicity of the drug.

Zn3P2 + 6НCl → 3ZnCl2 + 2РН3

Data on lethal doses for rodents vary: for example, according to some data, for rats the lethal dose is 15-20 mg (75-150 mg/kg of rat weight), for house mice 3-5 mg, and for gophers 4-6 mg.

According to other literary sources, a lethal dose active substance LD50 is 47.5 mg per 1 kg of weight for the gray rat and 50 mg per 1 kg of weight for the house mouse.

According to another source, the lethal dose for a rat is considered to be 15-30 mg/kg, for a mouse 3-5 mg/kg.

Zinc phosphide is a highly toxic substance with selective toxicity. After a few hours or within 2-3 days, the death of the rodents occurs.

Garden strawberries, or strawberries, as we used to call them, are one of the earliest fragrant berries, which summer generously bestows upon us. How happy we are about this harvest! In order for the “berry boom” to repeat every year, we need to take care of the berry bushes in the summer (after the end of fruiting). The laying of flower buds, from which ovaries will form in the spring and berries in the summer, begins approximately 30 days after the end of fruiting.

Among the variety of species and hybrids of philodendrons, there are many plants, both gigantic and compact. But not a single species competes in unpretentiousness with the main modest one - the blushing philodendron. True, his modesty does not concern the appearance of the plant. Blushing stems and cuttings, huge leaves, long shoots, forming, although a very large, but also strikingly elegant silhouette, look very elegant. Philodendron blushing requires only one thing - at least minimal care.

Thick chickpea soup with vegetables and egg is a simple recipe for a hearty first course, inspired by oriental cuisine. Similar thick soups are prepared in India, Morocco, and other countries South-East Asia. The tone is set by spices and seasonings - garlic, chili, ginger and a bouquet of spicy spices, which can be assembled to your taste. It is better to fry vegetables and spices in clarified butter (ghee) or mix olive oil and butter, it's certainly not the same, but it tastes similar.

Plum - well, who isn’t familiar with it?! She is loved by many gardeners. And all because it has an impressive list of varieties, it’s surprising excellent harvests, pleases with its diversity in terms of ripening and a huge selection of color, shape and taste of fruits. Yes, in some places it feels better, in others it feels worse, but almost no summer resident gives up the pleasure of growing it on his plot. Today it can be found not only in the south, in middle lane, but also in the Urals and Siberia.

Many decorative and fruit crops, except for drought-resistant ones, they suffer from the scorching sun, and conifers in the winter-spring period suffer from sunlight, enhanced by reflection from the snow. In this article we will tell you about a unique preparation for protecting plants from sunburn and drought - Sunshet Agrosuccess. The problem is relevant for most regions of Russia. In February and early March Sun rays become more active, and the plants are not yet ready for new conditions.

“Every vegetable has its time,” and every plant has its optimal time for landing. Anyone who has dealt with planting is well aware that the hot season for planting is spring and autumn. This is due to several factors: in the spring the plants have not yet begun to grow rapidly, there is no sweltering heat and precipitation often falls. However, no matter how hard we try, circumstances often develop such that planting has to be carried out in the midst of summer.

Chili con carne translated from Spanish- chili with meat. This is a Texas and Mexican dish whose main ingredients are chili peppers and shredded beef. In addition to the main products there are onions, carrots, tomatoes, and beans. This red lentil chili recipe is delicious! The dish is fiery, scalding, very filling and amazingly tasty! You can make a big pot, put it in containers and freeze - you'll have a delicious dinner for a whole week.

Cucumber is one of my favorites garden crops our summer residents. However, not all and not always gardeners manage to really get good harvest. And although growing cucumbers requires regular attention and care, there is little secret, which will significantly increase their productivity. We are talking about pinching cucumbers. Why, how and when to pinch cucumbers, we will tell you in the article. An important point agricultural technology of cucumbers is their formation, or type of growth.

Now every gardener has the opportunity to grow absolutely environmentally friendly, healthy fruits and vegetables in their own garden. Atlant microbiological fertilizer will help with this. It contains helper bacteria that settle in the root system area and begin to work for the benefit of the plant, allowing it to actively grow, remain healthy and produce high yields. Typically, many microorganisms coexist around the root system of plants.

Summer is associated with beautiful flowers. Both in the garden and in the rooms you want to admire the luxurious inflorescences and touching flowers. And for this it is not at all necessary to use cut bouquets. The assortment of the best indoor plants includes many beautifully flowering species. They are in the summer when they get the most bright lighting and optimal daylight hours, they can outshine any bouquet. Short-lived or just annual crops also look like living bouquets.

Pie with sardines and potatoes - quick, tasty, simple! This pie can be baked on weekends, on weekdays, and even modestly. festive table it will also decorate. In principle, any canned fish - natural with the addition of oil - is suitable for the filling. With pink salmon or salmon the taste will be a little different, with saury, sardines or mackerel it’s so delicious! The potatoes are placed in the pie raw, so they need to be cut very thin so that they have time to bake. You can use a vegetable cutter.

Summer is in full swing. Planting in gardens and vegetable gardens is mostly completed, but worries have not diminished, because the hottest months of the year are on the calendar. The temperature scale of the thermometer often exceeds +30 °C, preventing our plants from growing and developing. How can we help them cope with the heat? The tips we will share in this article will be useful for both country and city residents. After all indoor plants During this period it is also difficult. In hot weather, plants need watering.

For many gardeners, slugs are a real nightmare. Although you might think, what’s wrong with these, at first glance, peaceful, sedentary creatures? But in fact, they can cause significant harm to your plants and crops. Not only do slugs persistently eat leaves, flowers and fruits in spring and summer, but with the onset of cold weather, these land mollusks move into the cellar and there they continue to destroy what you have so carefully grown and collected.

Spelled horns with beef - quick dish for dinner or lunch. IN Lately spelt (spelt wheat) becomes popular among supporters proper nutrition and not only. This tasty cereal is used to prepare porridges, soups, spelled and pasta. In this recipe for spelled cones, we will prepare healthy navy-style pasta with a sauce made from vegetables and lean ground beef. The recipe is suitable for those who watch their figure and like to cook healthy food at home.

Summer is a wonderful time of year! There is so much you can do at your dacha in a few warm months - work, relax, and invite friends to a barbecue. But as soon as the heat of the day subsides, our small but real enemies immediately appear - mosquitoes. IN rainy summer or after a strong river flood there are especially many of them and the attacks of small bloodsuckers become simply unbearable. Mosquitoes produce unpleasant squeaks and bites that cause severe itching.

The incredible blooms on your favorite cacti and succulents always seem even more delectable because of the amazing hardiness of the plants themselves. Luxurious bells and dazzling stars remind you that nature has many miracles in store. And although many indoor succulents need special conditions wintering, they still remain crops that require minimal care and are suitable for everyone. Let's take a closer look at the most spectacular of them.

2.2.3. Chemical method

The chemical method is the main method of exterminating rodents in our country and abroad. Most rodenticides are intestinal poisons, because are integral part food poisoned baits, poisonous coatings or used to pollinate burrows and water. When these substances enter the gastrointestinal tract in certain concentrations, they cause death only in rodents and at the same time are practically not dangerous to humans and domestic animals.

They are also used to control rats and mice. gaseous substances(sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, chlorine, chloropicrin, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen phosphorous, ethylene oxide, methyl bromide). They belong to different classes and have different mechanism actions. The advantage of their use is that the gases have a high penetrating ability and, at sufficient concentrations, cause 100% death of animals. However, there is no residual effect and the site can be repopulated with rodents immediately after the gas is removed. In addition, the toxicity of the gases is equally high for other warm-blooded animals, including humans, resulting in a dramatic increase in the cost of ensuring the safety of non-target species. These disadvantages significantly reduce the possibilities of using gases. Currently, aeration is rarely used and only for the treatment of special objects - ships, wagons, elevators, and less often - refrigerators.

All rodenticides are combined into two large groups, each of which is characterized by the specific action of its constituent drugs on the animal’s body: these are fast (acute) and delayed (cumulative) action drugs.

Poisons acute action- substances related to various groups organic and inorganic compounds, characterized by a diverse mechanism of action. Typically, the effect of these poisons is manifested in inhibition of the process of digestion of food in the stomach for up to two days or more, i.e. until the animal dies or recovers. The result of exposure depends on the amount of poison absorbed by the animal.

For a long period of time, effective acute poisons in baits (90% or more) were sodium fluoroacetate, thiosemicarbazide, glyfluorine, phosphorus, thallium sulfate, zinc phosphide, ratsid, etc. They represented the most promising group of drugs. Less effective (50 - 80%) were preparations of arsenic, barium carbonate and red sea onion; strychnine, which was very poorly eaten, gave only 10% effectiveness. Subsequently, all of the listed poisons were removed as the most dangerous to human health and target animals, except for zinc phosphide and ratsid. Currently, these drugs are joined new drug- aminostigmine.

Quick-acting poisons after rodents eat poisoned bait cause their death within 24 hours - 3 days. In most cases, symptoms of poisoning by these poisons begin to appear from the very first hour after entering the body. However, the rapid development of the poisoning process also makes rodents wary of bait containing poison. Subsequently, the rodents begin to refuse the bait. In order to avoid this, you should limit the use of acute poisons to 1-2 times a year.

Of the group of acute poisons, the most widespread is zinc phosphide - substance according to appearance It is a dark gray powder with a garlic odor. The toxicity of zinc phosphide is associated with the formation of phosphine in the body as a result of its decomposition into acidic environment gastric juice which, entering the stomach of a rodent, reacts with hydrochloric acid. Phosphine penetrates the blood, brain and acts on the respiratory center, causing the death of the rodent.

Zinc phosphide decomposes in an acidic environment, so it is not recommended for use with rye bread, sour dough and other quickly souring products. Poisoned zinc phosphide baits should not be used as long-term points of poisoning (LPP), since zinc phosphide quickly interacts with hydrogen ions in the air and its activity decreases. Zinc phosphide is most effective in the fight against house mice.

Table 4

Toxicity of zinc phosphide to various animals and humans when ingested.

Another acute poison is ratsid, which is effective for all types of rodents. Due to the clearly expressed electoral action It was from gray rats that it got its name. Available in powder (98%) and 10% gel form.

This drug is a dark gray, crystalline, easily dusty powder with a molecular weight of 202.3, poorly soluble in water (0.6 l). Decomposes when exposed to alkalis. This drug was first obtained in the USA by Richter in 1944, and based on published data, it was synthesized in Russia in 1946.

The most important advantage of the rat is its speed of action - rats, as a rule, die within the first two days after taking the bait and its selectivity - increased toxicity towards the gray rat.

The disadvantage of ratsid in powder form is its high volatility.

Table 5.

Toxicity of "Rat" for various animals.

Rasid-gel is a preparation of semi-liquid consistency, the content of the active substance ("pure ratsid") in the gel is reduced by an order of magnitude, i.e. to 10%, which makes it correspondingly less dangerous and much more convenient to handle. There is no spraying of powdered poison and involuntary pollution of the environment.The gel has an unattractive color and can be easily removed if it gets on any surface.

The gel form of the drug “Krysid” allows you to easily dose it, transport it in a tight container and avoid accidental losses. The optimal dose of DV is a concentration of 1% (10% of the gel in the bait), at which 70% of the animals die within two days.

Animals that die from rats first stop breathing and then their heart. At autopsy, inflammatory changes are observed in the lungs.

Aminostigmine/ N, N - dimethyl - (2- N, N - dimethylaminomethylpyridyl-3) carbamate dichloride / is a new highly effective means of combating mouse-like rodents.

It is used in practice in the form of a ready-made bait (trade name AMUS), which is a food base (confectionery waste), poison (0.4%), attractant and dye.

LD50 of AMUS bait for mice is 120 mg/kg live weight, gray rats - 300-400 mg/kg) and black rats 260 mg/kg. House mice are the most sensitive to poison. In its action, aminostigmine (AMUS) is a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. According to the degree of impact on the human body, AMUS belongs to hazard class 4. The maximum therapeutic daily dose is 20 mg, which is equivalent to 4000 mg of AMUS bait, and the lethal dose for humans is 100 times higher. As a result of the action of aminostigmine, severe toxicosis appears (immobilization, muscle fibrillation, tremors, etc.). Atropine serves as an antidote.

To the poisons cumulative action These include substances that can accumulate in small concentrations in the animal’s body and subsequently cause its death. These include: blood anticoagulants, vitamins D, chemosterilants and substances that reduce metabolism.

In contrast to acute poisons (zinc phosphide, ratsid), when small amounts of such poisons enter the rodent’s body once, the symptoms of poisoning practically do not appear. Rodents do not associate painful manifestations with the use of bait; they repeatedly eat it in almost the same quantities as products without poison. This explains the lack of alertness to these drugs. Blood anticoagulants are the most common in deratization.

Blood anticoagulants- these are substances of the oxycoumarin and indadionic series. All of them are very similar in structure, mechanism of action and deratization effect. Their discovery provided a fundamental turn in the war against rodents. The history of their appearance begins from the moment when research was carried out aimed at elucidating the causes of death of dairy cattle from internal hemorrhages in North America. It has been found that feeding moldy legume hay often leads to this. It was later determined that such hay was influenced by certain mold-causing fungi. Chemical substance- Coumarin is converted into a drug that prevents blood clotting. As a result of its identification, synthesis and study, medicine received a remedy for the treatment of thrombosis, and then for the fight against rodents .

The mechanism of action of anticoagulants is to stop the normal formation of blood clotting factors - coagulation, which is based on integrated system various metabolic processes. Prothrombin, the inactive form of thrombin proteinase, is one of the important initiators of blood clotting. It is synthesized in the liver from various precursors. This synthesis requires vitamin K1, which acts as a coenzyme for carboxylase.

Anticoagulants have a chemical structure similar to that of vitamin K1 and act as antagonists to the latter. There is a competitive inhibition of the activity of vitamin K1. As a result, prothrombin formation does not occur, and the blood loses its ability to clot. Most rats or mice poisoned with an anticoagulant die from internal bleeding, and some also from bleeding wounds (rats quite often become involved in territorial fighting, during which they are injured).

The effect of anticoagulants occurs with some time delay, and rodents die, as a rule, 3-8 days after they first eat the bait. Moreover, the speed of action of anticoagulants is very different and varies from 2-3 days to 12-15 days. It depends on the condition of the animal, the amount and toxicity of the absorbed anticoagulant.

Animals exhibit increased lethargy and die in the absence of any signs of pain. Due to the delayed onset of this action, rats are unable to make a connection between the signs of poisoning and the bait. The phenomenon of fear of bait, observed with fast-acting (acute) poisons, is absent after the use of an anticoagulant.

One of the special properties of the anticoagulant is that its effectiveness increases with repeated consumption of the bait. Within 5 days of eating bait with poison, its average lethal dose decreases from 16.5 mg/kg (acute) to 0.3 mg/kg. Thus, the method of repeated dosing potentiates the activity of the drug. Because rats return to feeding areas where there is good food containing bait, the anticoagulant becomes more and more potent each time the rats eat the bait.

The multiple dose effect increases the potency of rodenticides while at the same time reducing the risk of accidental poisoning of non-target species and wildlife. Since vitamin K1 acts as an antagonist to the anticoagulant, any accidental poisoning with the latter can be cured by administering vitamin K1 intravenously or intramuscularly. Vitamin K1 is an antidote to anticoagulants.

Along with this positive aspect, anticoagulants of the 1st and 2nd generations discovered a very unpleasant property - the ability to quite quickly form clearly expressed resistance to poisons in rodents. Since anticoagulants are the brainchild of Western technologies, they encountered this phenomenon primarily in the West. The specialized literature of the 70-80s is replete with reports of the presence of resistant populations of rodents in the USA, Great Britain, Scotland and other countries. The presence of resistance can be detected using the developed method (Appendix 7).

Moreover, it turns out that rodents sometimes develop resistance to several anticoagulants. As a result, the fight against this phenomenon becomes significantly more complicated and the need for repeated treatments arises. They are carried out either with a more powerful anticoagulant (for example, 2nd generation) or with acute poisons (zinc phosphide). The use of the latter usually gives the best results.

Poisons of cumulative action include chemosterilants, which, according to many researchers, have great promise in the fight against rodents, since they cause permanent or temporary sterility in animals of one or both sexes. Chemosterilants include: steroidal compounds (estrogen, mestranol) and non-steroidal compounds (ethylenimine, methanesulfate, colchicine, cyclophosphamide, thiophosphamide, and many others).

Unlike acute poisons, which cause a strong but short-term effect, chemosterilants do not initially bring visible positive results, but subsequently have a long-term sterilizing effect on the population structure, inhibiting the generative system of rodents. For example, the main drug, an acute rodenticide, zinc phosphide, provides the initial effect (death of 80-90% of animals in the population), and the restoration of their numbers to the original level occurs 6-8 months after treatment. The initial effect does not spread over time, and the number decreases only by the number of animals that directly died from the poison. In addition, the reduction in the number of rodents leads to the migration of other animals to the liberated areas and their increased reproduction.

When using a chemosterilant (for example, indomethacin) in baits, the effect occurred after 5-8 months and had a long-term effect (3-4 years), due to a decrease in fertility.

In the last decade, preparations based on vitamins of group D: cholecalciferol, oxycalciferol. Their mechanism of action, unlike anticoagulants, is based on a violation of calcium metabolism: the transfer of calcium reserves from bones to blood plasma. Its accumulation blocks blood vessels in the brain and heart. Hypercalcemia causes cardiac-type death 2-4 days after reaching a lethal dose.

The advantage of preparations based on vitamins of this group is the close values ​​of acute and cumulative doses, because accumulation occurs quite quickly (1-4 days). Once hypercalcemia is achieved, rodents stop eating, so some researchers classify these substances as acute poisons. However, it should be taken into account that vitamin-based baits are not very stable in environment. This is their advantage, since they do not pollute it, but also a disadvantage, because... The shelf life is short compared to other poisons.

Among other cumulative drugs that differ in the mechanism of action from anticoagulants, drugs based on L - and B - chloralose should be noted. The effect of these substances on warm-blooded animals is expressed in the inhibition of metabolic processes, a decrease in pressure, respiratory rate and body temperature, which, with an appropriate dosage, causes the death of the animal. It should be noted that chloralose-based preparations work best at temperatures below 15 degrees C.

Various small insects, bugs and other rodents already cause enough hostility in most people, but when they appear in their home, it becomes a real disaster.

And this indignation is absolutely understandable, because small “reptiles,” as they are popularly called, are not only unpleasant for humans, but can also pose a serious danger to health and contribute to the development of various diseases not only in humans, but also in domestic animals.

If you do decide to try to deal with them yourself, then first it would be a good idea to find out what exactly you have to do. Perhaps you have decided that you need to disinfection of the apartment? Or maybe pest control? What if you still need deratization?

Since the procedures for exterminating them differ depending on the type of pest, it is better to understand this issue in advance. In this article we will talk about these concepts and the difference between them.

What is disinfection

Disinfection (or disinfection). Disinfection is usually understood as a set of measures aimed at destroying pathogens of various infectious diseases and toxins in external environment. Depending on the situation, there are several types of disinfection.

Types of disinfection

1. Preventive - such disinfection is mainly aimed at preventing the emergence of infectious diseases and should be carried out on a regular basis. Typically, this type of disinfection is carried out in crowded places, especially children, due to the high susceptibility of the young body to various viruses and harmful bacteria.
2. Current - disinfection of this type should be carried out in order to limit the spread of infection from an already existing source of disease. Its task is to prevent widespread spread.
3. Final - this type of disinfection implies the complete release of the disinfected premises from infectious agents and should be carried out after the source of the virus has been removed - after the object has recovered, been hospitalized or died.

Based on the above types, we can conclude that only preventive disinfection can be carried out on your own, and you can deal with current and final stages The premises must be cleaned exclusively by an experienced disinfectant specialist.

Disinfection methods

The process of cleaning a room from viruses can be carried out in different ways. In practice, three main disinfection methods are usually used.

1. The mechanical method is the simplest and most unreliable method of disinfection. With this approach, the number of bacteria and viruses only decreases, but is not completely reduced. This method includes washing, regular laundry, garbage removal and other preventive measures.
2. The physical method is of higher quality, in contrast to the mechanical one, and is usually aimed at the specific object of disinfection. These methods mean disinfection using exposure high temperatures- steaming, boiling or heating; or under the influence of ultraviolet radiation - quartz treatment or the use of bactericidal lamps.
3. Chemical is the most reliable disinfection method. Its essence is to use chemical solutions, which have a detrimental effect on bacteria and their cells. Typically, chlorine-containing solutions are used for chemical disinfection, which contain: chloramine, bleaching powder, anolyte and other similar chemical composition substances.

Having dealt with disinfection, it is worth talking about what disinsection and deratization are.

What is pest control

Desinexation (extermination of insects). Disinsection is understood as one of the types of disinfection, which is the destruction of insects capable of carrying various infections using special chemicals, by influencing hot water with steam or using biological agents.

Disinsection also refers to the procedure for exterminating any insects whose proximity to humans is considered undesirable: flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, ants, bed bugs, etc.

Speaking in simple language Disinsection is a set of measures aimed at getting rid of harmful or infected insects.

Types of pest control

1. Complete extermination - the use of special means that are lethal to the insects against which disinfestation is aimed.
2. Preventive disinsection - the use of means that create unfavorable conditions for development and spread in the disinfested area harmful insects- cockroaches, bedbugs, lice, etc. Prevention consists of keeping the house clean, using protective nets on windows and doors, and preventing harmful insects from entering the room.

Also, in addition to the main types, several various methods disinfestation.

Deratization (extermination of rats)- a set of measures to exterminate various types of rodents (mice, rats, voles, etc.). The deratization procedure is quite dangerous and must be carried out by a specially trained person, subject to a set of safety measures. If handled improperly, you can not only get rid of rats, but also cause irreparable harm to human health and pets.

Main types of deratization:

1. Preventive deratization is a set of measures that are aimed at eliminating favorable conditions for the appearance of various types of rodents. This type of deratization includes, for example, blocking access of rodents to places suitable for making burrows or blocking access to food.
2. Exterminatory deratization is measures that are taken when rodents have already appeared in a room and aimed at their complete destruction and taking measures for this.

Deratization can be carried out different ways, usually use one of the three methods of deratization listed below.

Main methods of deratization:

1. The mechanical method is a method based on the use of various mousetraps, rat traps, traps and other traps.
2. Chemical method - a method in which different kinds baits poisoned with poisons, or so-called raticides.
3. Biological method is a method in which domestic animals that hunt them are used to kill rodents. This method is prohibited in enterprises.
4. Gas method - this method is mainly used in field conditions and in small confined spaces - ships, carriages, airplanes, etc.