Hygienic requirements for building materials and premises for animals. Hygienic characteristics of building materials Requirements for building materials and products

Premises for livestock farms and complexes can be varied in their design, arrangement and equipment. However, all of them must meet general zoohygienic requirements, and, above all, ensure optimal conditions microclimate. This largely depends on the hygienic properties building materials and heat-protective qualities of external fences.

Requirements for building materials.

In the zoohygienic assessment of building materials, their thermal conductivity, heat capacity, hygroscopicity, vapor and air permeability are essential.

Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to transfer heat from a more heated side to a less heated one. The thermal conductivity of each material is characterized by a thermal conductivity coefficient. It is equal to the amount of heat (in kilocalories) that passes through 1 m 2 of material 1 m thick within 1 hour at a temperature difference of 1 ° C on opposite surfaces. The thermal conductivity coefficient decreases with increasing porosity of the material and increases with increasing its volumetric mass. At the same time, the thermal conductivity of the same material also depends on the degree of its humidity; the higher it is, the greater the thermal conductivity.

Construction materials for external fencing with a low thermal conductivity coefficient more reliably ensure the optimal thermal state of the air in livestock buildings. For comparison: the thermal conductivity coefficient of heavy concrete with a volumetric mass of 600 kg/m 3 is 0.21, and a pine plate of the same volumetric mass is 0.15. Therefore, the second material is preferable.

Heat capacity is an important hygienic property of the material. Heat capacity is the amount of heat absorbed by a body when heated by 1 °C. The heat absorption coefficient shows the ability of a material to absorb heat when the temperature on its surface fluctuates. Building structures with a high coefficient of heat absorption absorb from the surface of the body of animals a large number of heat, as, for example, occurs when an animal’s body comes into contact with the surface of a concrete floor.

Hygroscopicity is the ability of a material to absorb and retain water and water vapor.

The vapor permeability of a material is measured by the mass (in grams) of water vapor passing through a material with an area of ​​1 m2 and a thickness of 1 m within 1 hour with a difference in the elasticity of water vapor at opposite surfaces of 1 mm of mercury. When choosing a material for building enclosing structures, be sure to take into account its vapor permeability, since moisture retention in the material is the main reason for dampness of walls and coverings.

The air permeability of the material contributes to higher heat-shielding properties. A significant temperature gradient between the indoor air of livestock buildings and the enclosing structures causes a violation of the animal body’s thermal regulation and condensation on the inner surface fencing. It has been experimentally established that the temperature gradient between the room air temperature and the surface temperature of animal enclosures should be within 3 °C.

To preserve heat in livestock buildings and prevent condensation on the inner surface of the fences, it is necessary to use building materials with low bulk density, low thermal conductivity, high specific heat capacity, low heat absorption coefficient, and average vapor and air permeability.

It is advisable to have a thermal conductivity coefficient of fencing for livestock buildings no higher than 0.8-1. Calculations show that reducing the thermal conductivity coefficient of walls from 1 to 0.6 and coatings from 0.7 to 0.4 makes it possible to reduce heat loss through the building envelope (in cowsheds by 30%, pigsties by 33, poultry houses by 35%) and annual heat consumption (by 38, 27-42 and 14-23%, respectively).

Provide optimal temperature humidity conditions in livestock buildings is possible only if there is effective thermal protection of the enclosing structures. Reliable thermal insulation of enclosing structures of livestock and poultry buildings in transitional and winter period s makes it possible to rationally use the biological heat of animals, and in summer time protect them from high external temperatures.

Building materials for enclosing structures must have a sufficient thermal resistance coefficient. Thus, in areas with stable low temperatures (estimated winter temperature - 25-30 ° C), it is necessary to use building materials with a thermal resistance coefficient of 2-2.5 for wall enclosing structures. Currently, in many livestock buildings, the design provides for thermal resistance parameters of walls at the level of 0.8-1.1 and coatings at 1.3-1.4. Livestock farms and complexes are built using the following industrial fencing structures: two-layer Wall panels PSL, SPSL made of lightweight concrete (expanded clay concrete, expanded clay foam concrete, agloporite concrete, wood concrete), three-layer reinforced concrete wall panels PS; lightweight reinforced concrete slabs PR, SPR, SPI; complex reinforced concrete slabs for KP covering; lightweight multilayer asbestos-cement corrugated sheets(OV-5.5; OV-6; OV-7.5; SK-40; VU-2).

The types of enclosing structures noted above have fairly high heat-protective properties: the thermal resistance coefficients of the walls, depending on the parameters of the internal and external air, are: for barns - 1.1-1.3, for pigsties - 1.3-1.5, poultry houses - 1 .5-3.9; coatings respectively 2-2.2; 2.2-2.5 and 1.5-3.2.

It is used as a thermal insulation material in multilayer enclosing structures. mineral wool, glass wool, mesh perlite, stronite (vermiculite), PSBS polystyrene foam, FRP phenolic-resol foam and other new effective materials.

The use of plastics, extruded asbestos-cement panels and slabs, fiberglass, aluminum and other building materials as thermal insulation is promising. They have low thermal conductivity, are durable, waterproof, resistant to chemical, physical and bacteriological influences, and their service life is quite long.

It should be borne in mind that improving the heat-protective properties of enclosing structures requires additional costs, therefore, in each specific case the feasibility of their use must be economically justified. The practice of operating livestock farms and complexes shows that it is economically justified to use building materials with increased thermal insulation properties not only for areas with low winter design temperatures, but also for the southern regions of the country, in order to prevent the harmful effects of high temperatures on the animal body.

Requirements to individual elements building. Foundation. This is the underground part of the building, which is the support of all load-bearing structures of the building. The foundation of a building must withstand the destructive effects of moisture and low temperatures and be strong, stable and durable. The foundations are made continuous (ribbon) along the perimeter of all walls or discontinuous in the form of individual pillars. The minimum height of the base (the upper part of the foundation rising above the ground) is 20-30 cm. To protect the walls from moisture on the inner surface, place between them and the base vapor barrier layer from waterproof film coatings (tar paper, roofing felt).

Walls. They must be durable, dry, and not freeze in winter. The walls of livestock and poultry buildings are erected from materials that have low thermal conductivity and are sufficiently porous, ensuring good air permeability (concrete, expanded clay concrete, brick, reinforced concrete panels). The best in terms of heat engineering are light or large-porous concrete(cellular concrete). By design, the panels are single-layer - made of lightweight and cellular concrete, two-layer - from a reinforced concrete slab and insulation, three-layer - from two reinforced concrete slabs and the insulation located between them.

In areas rich in forests, walls are built from wood. During construction, local building materials should also be widely used - adobe, reeds, slag concrete, shell rock, etc.

The walls must be smooth, without cracks, plastered, periodically they must be cleaned of dust and whitewashed.

Window. Their design should be given special attention. Windows provide daylight rooms, but a significant amount of heat is lost through them. In strong winds, heat loss increases 2-3 times. Windows with double frames are made in maternity wards and dispensaries, calf barns, pigsties, queen houses, as well as in all premises in climatic regions with a harsh winter climate, which reduces heat loss by 70% and improves the illumination of the premises by reducing the formation of ice on the glass. The complexity of manufacturing and installing window openings can be reduced by almost 3 times using window frames in the form of panels made of translucent polyester fiberglass. Window glass must be periodically cleaned of dirt and dust.

Ceilings. They separate the room from the roof and greatly contribute to the creation of optimal temperature and humidity conditions. IN winter time ceilings prevent the transfer of heat through the roof, and in summer, during extreme heat, they protect the rooms from heating up.

Ceilings must be well insulated, dry, level, strong enough and easy to disinfect. They are made from materials with low thermal conductivity and high moisture capacity. The best are wooden ceilings. Ceilings made of concrete and reinforced concrete slabs and bricks do not meet zoohygienic requirements, since they condense water vapor and require significant insulation. The design of ceilings may be different. In livestock buildings built in climatic regions with an estimated winter temperature below - 25 ° C, horizontal ceilings are used. They also work in warmer climates.

Floors. This element of livestock buildings plays an extremely important role in creating an optimal microclimate, increasing the productivity of animals, and strengthening their health. Floors must satisfy following requirements: be warm, dry, durable, solid, elastic, waterproof, non-slip, comfortable effective disinfection resistant to disinfectants. Floors are laid directly on compacted soil through a moisture-proofing layer.

The humidity conditions of the room largely depend on the waterproofness of the floor. Through permeable floors, the soil is moistened and heat loss increases. The floor is raised above ground level by 15-20 cm. Floor insulation is important in reducing heat loss in a building, since heat loss through the floor accounts for 30-40% of all heat loss in the room. The heat absorption coefficient of floors should not exceed 10-12; if it is higher, then not only the heat loss of the room increases, but also a lot of physiological heat is spent on heating the floor, which leads to hypothermia of the body and illness in animals.

One of the main requirements for floors is their durability, which depends primarily on the material. Floors can be made of adobe, clay-crushed stone, wood, brick, concrete, and asphalt.

Wooden floors most fully meet all zootechnical, technological and veterinary requirements, but they quickly become unusable and are destroyed in barns within 2-3 years, and in pigsties within 2 years. It is advisable to make adobe floors in stalls of stables, sheepfolds, cowsheds (when animals are kept loose), in poultry houses (when kept on deep permanent litter). Concrete floors are very durable, easy to disinfect, but are of little use due to high thermal conductivity. Asphalt floors are cold and quickly become unusable.

IN Lately new designs are widely used - from bituminized and ceramic slabs, polymer concrete, expanded clay concrete, rubber, steel, cast iron, reinforced concrete, plastic, galvanized metal rod, agglomeric concrete. Aglopory concrete floors are most effective in barns and pigsties. In terms of heat-insulating properties and durability, they are superior to wooden floors.

One of the important requirements of floors is their cleanliness. To maintain cleanliness, floors are made of lattice or slats for animals, and mesh or slats for poultry. On such floors, manure (litter) quickly falls through or is trampled down onto transport mechanisms for its removal. The slope of the floor for drainage of urine and water should not exceed 1-2 cm per linear meter of floor.

Roofs and roofing. The construction of roofs and roofing is given great attention, since a significant part of the heat of the room is lost through them. For roofing, materials from the latest to very old are used - iron, slate, tiles, roofing felt, wood chips, reeds. When installing a roof, it is necessary to take into account important requirement- it must withstand the weight of the snow cover.

Roof shapes or structures can be different: single, double and hipped. Not only ventilation shafts are installed in the roofs, but also “lanterns” in large rooms in order to ensure a sufficient and uniform supply of natural light.

When configuring livestock buildings like the letters G, P, T, the roof must be complex, that is, multi-slope. In areas with warm, temperate and moderately cold climates livestock premises It is advisable to build with a combined roof without attics. It is recommended to use glass wool, polystyrene, polystyrene foam, fiberboard and others as insulation. thermal insulation materials layer 12-18 cm. For combined roofing, fire-resistant materials are used: asbestos-cement corrugated slabs, rolled, reinforced glass materials.

Gates, doors, vestibules. External gates serve not only for the entry and exit of animals, delivery of feed, removal of manure, etc., but are also external fences of premises through which heat is lost. Therefore, both gates and doors must be tight, insulated and well-fitted. The gates are equipped with vestibules that protect the premises from the penetration of cold air in winter. In rooms divided into sections, it is recommended to have at least one exit from each section. The size of the gate should ensure the quick exit of animals in case of fire and allow free entry of machines for distributing feed.

Gates are made double-leaf, single-leaf doors with opening outwards or in the direction of the main movement. From the side of the room, the threshold is made at the same level with the floor; from the outside, the threshold is raised by 5-8 cm to prevent the flow of rain and melt water.

Minimum dimensions of gates in premises for large cattle, pigs, sheep and poultry: width - 2.1 m, height - 1.8 m; in stables: width - 2.1 m, height - 2.4 m. Dimensions of doors for the passage and exit of animals inside the gates for cattle: width - at least 1 m, height - 1.8 m; for horses: width - 1.2 m; height - 2.4 m; for pigs: width - 1 m; for sheep - width 0.8 m.

Construction materials and products, their nomenclature. Classification of materials according to performance characteristics.

When using materials, it is advisable to divide them into groups depending on their purpose: structural, structural and finishing and finishing.

Classification of basic architectural and construction requirements for building materials.

General physical (heat capacity, density, porosity..), operational and technical (repairability, physical weathering), aesthetic requirements (color, texture, shape, pattern (finishing and decorative)), sanitary and hygienic (fire safety..) economic (3 quality levels ( technical specifications

General construction requirements for building materials.

1. Safety of building materials for human health (safety from a medical point of view: compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements for building materials during production, operation and disposal, as well as environmental safety).

Minimum energy consumption of materials during the production process and costs of operation and disposal. Those minimum consumption resources, based on a conscious and careful attitude towards nature, the desire to not harm the environment.

Maximum service life.

Replaceability and maintainability of the material.

5. Reuse as a building material or energy carrier, subject to clause 2.

High energy efficiency

· have a clear scope of application: residential, non-residential premises;

· have a clear design characteristic;

· take into account the operating mode housing stock;

· correspond to the technology of application;

· correspond to technical and economic efficiency.

Operational and technical requirements for building materials.

operational – physical(density, porosity, water absorption, hygroscopicity, water resistance, water resistance, humidity, thermal conductivity, fire resistance, frost resistance), mechanical(strength, hardness, toughness, wear, ductility), biochemical(acid resistance, alkali resistance, corrosion resistance), technological(recyclable) complex(reliability);

Density can be true, average and bulk (brick - 3100, 1600-1900, 1200-1400). Porosity - the degree of filling of the material with pores (total, open, closed) (limestone - 30-40%). Humidity is the amount of water contained in the pores and on the surface of the sample. Water absorption is the ability of a material, when immersed in water, to absorb and retain it (by weight, by volume) (granite - 0.1-0.8%). Hygroscopicity is the ability of a capillary-porous material to absorb water vapor from humid air(steel–1). Water resistance is the ability of a material not to deteriorate its mechanical properties below a certain limit when it is saturated with moisture. Water resistance is the ability of a material not to allow water to pass through its thickness at a certain pressure. Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to pass through its thickness a heat flow caused by the temperature difference on the surfaces limiting the material (steel - 56 W/(m*C)). Frost resistance is the ability of water-saturated materials to withstand repeated alternating freezing and thawing without significant technical damage or visible signs of destruction. Fire resistance is the property of a material to resist the action of fire during a fire for a long time (depending on the combustibility of the material).

The main hygienic requirement for building materials is that they have poor thermal conductivity, protecting rooms from cooling and overheating.

The thermal conductivity of materials depends on their porosity and the total volume of air they contain. The thermal conductivity coefficient of air (0.02) is significantly lower than that of building materials. For example, the thermal conductivity coefficient of wood is 0.15-1.25, brick - 0.5-0.75, lime plaster - 0.33-0.75, concrete - 0.9-1.25, reinforced concrete - 1.4 .

Construction materials, especially those used for the external parts of buildings, must also have low hygroscopicity, not absorb moisture from the air, resist precipitation, and easily release water back, since filling the pores with water, the thermal conductivity of which is 0.5, sharply worsens their thermal properties .

Of significant importance is the low sound conductivity of building materials and enclosing structures, which depends on their massiveness, multilayer™ and other properties.

Air permeability of materials as a factor promoting exchange room air with the outside, has a certain hygienic significance, but in modern construction does not play a big role due to the equipment modern buildings artificial ventilation system.

Most of the above requirements are met by wood, but construction wooden houses possible only in small populated areas, since it is dangerous in terms of fire, less durable and limited in number of floors. Brick, which can be solid or hollow, with a large thermal resistance. Modern building material is concrete, which is fake diamond, which consists of 85% of inert filler material (crushed stone, gravel, sand), bound into a continuous mass using cement and water. The introduction of metal reinforcement (reinforced concrete) into the thickness of concrete gives greater strength to the load-bearing structures of buildings. To increase thermal properties and reduce sound conductivity, special thermal and soundproofing materials in the form of slabs of wood shavings and binders minerals(fibrolite), mineral and glass wool (foam glass), etc. In residential construction, prefabricated concrete structures are used, which are manufactured at the factory and installed at the construction site.

In recent years, polymer building materials produced synthetically based on high-molecular organic compounds have been used for interior finishing work. Polymer - synthetic resin - serves as the main binder integral part material, which, in addition, may contain substances that increase its plastic properties, prevent aging, give the necessary color and increase mechanical strength. Synthetic rubber is a promising source of raw materials for some polymer materials.

Polymer materials are cheaper than traditional building materials. They are lighter, more durable and moisture resistant. Many of them have low thermal and sound conductivity and have smooth surface, are easy to clean, they can be given bactericidal properties, processed into thin durable films and sheets that transmit light and ultraviolet rays.

All this determines the high technical, economic and hygienic efficiency of using polymer materials as elements building structures, floor coverings, wall cladding, thermal insulation materials. However, they may pose a potential hazard to human health due to the possible release of chemicals into the air that have a toxic effect and an unpleasant odor. They are also characterized by the ability to accumulate charges of static electricity on their surface, which upon contact with them cause unpleasant sensations. Thin floor coverings have more low temperature than conventional floors. Finally, it should be noted that polymer building materials are easily flammable, resulting in the release of highly toxic substances into the indoor air. For warning negative influence on the well-being and health of people, the production and use of polymer materials is carried out in accordance with SNiP I-B, 15-62 "Materials and products based on polymers", "Guidelines for the sanitary and hygienic assessment of polymer building materials intended for use in the construction of residential and public buildings " and "Passport for hygienic assessment of products made of polymeric materials introduced into National economy and the sphere of everyday life" approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

More on the topic Hygienic characteristics of building materials:

1. HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS USED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF EQUIPMENT, CONTAINERS, Utensils, PACKAGING FOR FOOD PRODUCTS
2. Hygienic examination of materials in contact with food
3. State hygienic regulation and registration of substances, materials, food products, industrial products
4. HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE USE OF FOOD ADDITIVES AND MATERIALS IN CONTACT WITH FOOD
5. Hygienic importance of soil. Types of soils, their hygienic characteristics. Soil microorganisms. Self-purification of water

General information and classification of building materials

Construction materials and products

Construction Basics

Construction materials are natural and artificial materials and products used in the construction and repair of buildings and structures. Various conditions The operation and purpose of buildings and structures and their structures determine various requirements for building materials, as well as their wide range. Historically, traditional natural materials– stone and wood, as well as ceramics. With the development of industry, iron, steel and its alloys, concrete and reinforced concrete (monolithic or prefabricated), aluminum and its alloys, etc. appeared and became widespread in the construction industry. In the 20th century, they began to use polymer materials(plastics) and composite materials or composites.

For the rational use of building materials, it is necessary to know their properties, methods of production, storage and transportation rules, and working conditions in structures.

Construction materials and products are classified according to various criteria.

The most common is the classification of materials according to purpose and technological feature, as well as by chemical composition. The main classification groups are shown in the figure.

Based on the degree of readiness, a distinction is made between building materials and building products. Construction materials called natural stone, wood, metals, cement, concrete, brick, sand, mortar, etc. To construction products include prefabricated reinforced concrete structures, window and door blocks, sanitary products, etc.

Based on their origin, building materials are divided into natural And artificial.

Natural materials – wood, natural stone materials, peat, natural bitumen and asphalt, etc. They are obtained from natural raw materials as a result of simple processing without changing their original structure and chemical composition. TO artificial materials include brick, cement, reinforced concrete, glass, etc. These materials are produced using deeper special technological processing of natural and artificial raw materials, industrial and agricultural by-products.

Figure - Classification of building materials

According to their intended purpose, based on the working conditions in buildings and structures, building materials are divided into the following groups:

· structural building materials used in load-bearing structural elements that receive and transmit loads;

· thermal insulation designed to ensure the required thermal conditions of the premises;

· acoustic, i.e. sound-absorbing and sound-proofing;

· waterproofing and roofing, serving to protect elements of buildings and structures from exposure to water or water vapor;

· sealing, for waterproofing joints in prefabricated structures;

· finishing designed to improve decorative qualities, as well as protect structures from external influences;

· special purpose, for example, fireproof, acid-resistant, for protection against radioactive radiation, etc.

Some materials, such as wood, cement, concrete, etc., cannot be clearly assigned to any of the listed groups. Such materials are called materials general purpose. For example, concrete is mainly used as a structural material, but some types of concrete can perform thermal insulation functions or serve as special-purpose materials.

Based on technological characteristics, materials obtained are distinguished:

Sintering – ceramics, expanded clay, cement;

Melting – glass, metals, stone casting;

Monolithization with the help of binders - concrete, mortars;

Mechanical processing of natural raw materials - natural stone, wood products.

Depending on the chemical composition, natural and artificial building materials are usually divided into the following groups:

Organic – wood, bitumen, plastics, etc.

Mineral – natural stone, concrete, ceramics, etc.

Metal – steel, non-ferrous metals, various alloys.

Important characteristic building materials is their fire danger. In accordance with Federal law RF No. 123-FZ " Technical regulations on fire safety requirements" the fire hazard of building materials is characterized by the following properties:

Flammability;

Flammability;

The ability to spread flame over a surface;

Smoke generating ability;

Toxicity of combustion products.

By flammability building materials are divided into combustible and non-combustible.

Low flammable;

Moderately flammable;

Normally flammable;

Highly flammable.

By flammability combustible building materials are divided into the following groups:

Flammable;

Moderately flammable;

Highly flammable.

By flame propagation speed Based on their surface, combustible building materials are divided into the following groups:

Non-proliferating;

Low spreading;

Moderately spreading;

Highly spreading.

By smoke generating ability combustible building materials are divided into the following groups:

With low smoke-generating ability;

With moderate smoke-generating ability;

With high smoke-generating ability.

By toxicity of combustion products combustible building materials are divided into the following groups:

Low hazard;

Moderately dangerous;

Highly dangerous;

Extremely dangerous.

Depending on the chemical composition, building materials are usually divided into:

The requirements for building materials are determined by the purpose of the structure, as well as the conditions in which it must work.

The structural elements of buildings are influenced by various operational factors ( weathering, static and dynamic loads, biological influences, etc.) given in the table.

Materials are subject to requirements for strength and ability to resist various influences (mechanical, physical, chemical and electrochemical influences of the external environment).

Table ___ - Requirements for materials of building structures

Ensuring the environmental safety of a building is one of the most important components human ecology. Currently, the relevance of this problem has increased due to the intensive introduction of polymer construction and finishing materials, little-studied building materials containing various chemical additives, often in the form of industrial waste, the widespread use of synthetic detergents, cleaning products and cosmetics, which, along with a relative increase in living comfort, has significantly increased the total chemical load on the human body and often makes the living environment environmentally hazardous for humans .

Level chemical pollution air environment is one of the main indicators characterizing the safety and quality of the air environment of residential and public buildings, since the indoor air environment even with relatively low concentrations of toxic substances, but due to their large quantity, due to small volumes of air for dilution and the length of a person’s stay can negatively affect his well-being, performance and health.

Relatively recently, the main component of the population’s chemical load was polluted atmospheric air, but today the situation has changed dramatically. The problem of harmful effects on the indoor air environment and, accordingly, on the health of people used in construction of materials, structures and products has come to the fore.

As a result of the research, it was established that the source of 80% of the chemicals found in the air environment of apartments is the construction and finishing materials used.

Currently, the quality of raw materials for building materials and the building materials and structures themselves are determined by the current GOSTs and TUs. At the same time, the scientific and technical documentation regulating construction and the quality of building materials reflects only a small proportion of individual hygienic requirements, mainly related to labor protection and transportation of building materials, which does not allow assessing the degree of their danger to public health.

There is only one standard for the determination and regulation of radionuclides in building materials - GOST 30108-94 “Construction materials and products. Determination of the specific effective activity of natural radionuclides”, put into effect by Decree of the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation dated June 30, 1994 No. 18-48 (as amended on December 4, 2000). To a certain extent, this is due to the weak relationship between hygienic and construction regulations, as well as the lack of a unified methodological system monitoring the environmental safety of building materials, which should include criteria and assessment methods not only finished products, but also the raw materials used for the production of building materials.

Polymer materials in everyday life

To date, the environmental and hygienic properties of polymer building materials have been most fully studied.

In construction, the range of polymer materials produced in our country includes about 1000 items. Construction polymer materials are used for flooring, wall finishing, and thermal insulation. external roof and walls, waterproofing, sealing and cladding of curtain panels, manufacturing of window blocks and doors, volumetric elements of prefabricated houses, etc. Every day the number of such materials and the scope of their application are expanding. In recent years, materials produced abroad have been increasingly used in construction and everyday life, the production technology and hygienic characteristics of which are unknown.

The scale and feasibility of using polymers in construction are determined by the fact that they are superior to natural materials in many properties due to their low density, resistance to corrosion, good heat, sound and electrical insulation properties, and low production costs during manufacturing and transportation.

However, along with the positive ones, there are a number of negative aspects of the widespread use of polymer materials in everyday life. This is primarily the release into the environment of unreacted monomers, low molecular weight components of synthesis (emulsifiers, solvents, catalysts), as well as special substances introduced into plastic to give it the necessary physical and mechanical properties(plasticizers, stabilizers, dyes, fillers, antistatic additives).

The results of numerous studies show that almost all polymer materials release certain toxic substances into the air. chemical substances, providing bad influence on human health. For example, polyvinyl chloride materials (polyvinyl chloride is one of the most common types of polymers used in the decoration of modern residential and public buildings (wallpaper, linoleum, film, windows, etc.)) are sources of release of vinyl chloride, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene into the air , cyclohexane, xylene, butyl alcohol, phthalates and other hydrocarbons.

Moreover, as studies have shown, the release of aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalates in high concentrations can continue for a long time - up to 1.5-2 years, and in some cases - up to 3-5 years. The most toxic and dangerous substance released from PVC materials is vinyl chloride.

Another of the most common types of polymer materials, found in almost every home and causing the greatest number of complaints from the population, are chipboards (chipboards) and furniture made on their basis.

Chipboards based on urea and phenol-formaldehyde resins are currently the main source of air pollution in residential and public buildings with phenol and formaldehyde.

Currently, Moscow woodworking plants are taking measures to produce environmentally friendly chipboards, including processing chips with formaldehyde scavengers, developing new types of binders albumins, urethanes, and coating chipboards with protective films.

In addition to being released from chipboard, phenol and formaldehyde can enter the air from polymer thermal insulation materials, various types of mastics, putties, plasticizers, linoleums, adhesives and other materials.

Currently for interior decoration premises are widely used decorative slabs based on foamed polystyrene.

Styrene is also a highly toxic substance with carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. The source of styrene release into the indoor air is also the following types polymers: polystyrene tiles, washable wallpaper based on polystyrene, linoleum, polymer concrete, paint and varnish coatings, housings household appliances based on polystyrene, clothing, shoes.

Carpet products made from chemical fibers emit styrene, isophenol, and sulfur dioxide in significant concentrations.

Fiberglass plastics based on various mixtures, used in construction for sound and thermal insulation, release significant amounts of acetone, formaldehyde, phenol, methacrylic acid, toluene, butanol, and styrene into the air. Paint and varnish coatings and adhesive-containing substances are also sources of air pollution closed premises substances such as toluene, butyl methacrylate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, xylene, styrene, acetone, butanol, ethylene glycol, etc.

The table shows a list of chemicals, the main source of which is released into the air environment of residential and public buildings are construction and finishing materials.

The data presented indicate the need for strict control over the environmental safety of not only construction and finishing materials, but also the raw materials used for their production. Particular attention should be paid to the use of waste from various industries as raw materials for construction materials.

Table

Chemical substances released into the air environment of residential and public buildings by construction and finishing materials

Building materials with the addition of industrial waste

It should be noted that today there is practically no environmental assessment of wall, thermal insulation, structural materials based on organic compounds. At the same time, in modern construction the tendency towards chemicalization is becoming more and more apparent. technological processes and the use of various mixtures of chemicals and industrial waste as additives in building materials, primarily in structural and wall-forming materials: concrete, mortar, brick, expanded clay, thermal insulation material.

The use of industrial waste as secondary raw materials in the production of building materials is, on the one hand, of great economic importance, making construction cheaper and faster, reducing the weight of building materials and increasing their strength. On the other hand, new building materials made using industrial waste (galvanic sludge, slag from waste incineration plants, ash from thermal power plants, waste from the chemical industry, production mineral fertilizers etc.), can be a source of pollution environment toxic chemicals, which causes the emergence of a new risk factor for human health in residential and public buildings. At the same time, environmental and hygienic examination of such building materials is not carried out due to the lack of a regulatory and methodological framework.

It has been established that galvanic sludge, ash waste from waste incineration plants and thermal power plants, and industrial sludge are most often used as additives to building materials, as well as instead of one of the components. Wastewater, various types of slags. In this regard, building materials can be a source of release into the environment of highly toxic substances such as chromium, nickel, lead, cadmium, fluorine, phenol, and formaldehyde.

Mandatory environmental and hygienic examination of building materials

Considering that the main factor influencing the quality of the indoor air environment is construction and finishing materials, the most important acquire both preventive and ongoing sanitary supervision over the development, production and use of building materials in civil engineering.

In order to strengthen sanitary supervision over the development and implementation of new building materials, as well as to prevent adverse impacts construction products on human health, all new ones, as well as all those used, but not received hygienic assessment materials must undergo mandatory environmental and hygienic examination. Moreover, this should apply not only to polymers, but also to all building materials.

The system of sanitary and chemical control of building materials should be based on the following main provisions:

1. Each building material, including raw materials, must undergo a hygienic assessment before reaching the consumer.

2. Environmental and hygienic examination of building materials and components included in their composition should be carried out by institutions accredited by Rospotrebnadzor to conduct these studies.

3. Regulatory and methodological documentation for the production of building materials (GOST, TU, etc.) must contain information about possible releases of toxic substances from them, indicating methods for their control.

4. All regulatory and methodological documentation for the production of building materials and control methods must be agreed upon with the Rospotrebnadzor authorities.

5. Manufacturers must monitor the compliance of manufactured building materials with regulations adopted in official regulatory documents (GOST, TU, etc.).

From an environmental and hygienic point of view, building materials, structures and products must meet the following requirements:

• should not be the source specific smell in the premises by the time the houses are occupied;
• must not release chemicals into the environment in concentrations that have direct or indirect adverse effects on humans;
• be low thermal conductivity and provide sufficient thermal resistance and heat resistance of fences (walls, ceilings);
• have good breathability and porosity;
• be non-hygroscopic and low-sound;
• should not stimulate the development of microflora and be accessible for wet disinfection;
• should not accumulate static electricity, worsen the microclimate of the premises, and their coloring and texture must meet aesthetic, physiological and hygienic requirements.

Main regulatory documents that should be followed when conducting environmental and hygienic examination of building and finishing materials are:

• SanPiN 2.1.2.729-99 “Polymer and polymer-containing building materials, products and structures. Hygienic requirements safety”, approved by Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated January 27, 1999 No. 3;
• MU 2.1.2.1829-04 “Sanitary and hygienic assessment of polymer and polymer-containing building materials and structures intended for use in the construction of residential, public and industrial buildings", approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on January 06, 2004;
• MU 2.1.674-97 “Sanitary and hygienic assessment of building materials with the addition of industrial waste”, approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation on 08.08.1997;
• Unified sanitary-epidemiological and hygienic requirements for goods subject to sanitary-epidemiological supervision (control), approved by the Commission Decision Customs Union EurAsEC dated May 28, 2010 No. 299.
• The use of environmentally friendly building materials that have passed hygienic examination during the construction and repair of buildings and premises will ensure fresh air in your home.

Employees of the State Institution “Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene named after A. N. Sysin” RAMS GUBERNSKY Yu. D., Head. Laboratory of Ecology and Hygiene of the Living Environment, Professor, dr med. Sciences, KALININA N.V., leading researcher, Ph.D. honey. sciences