Soviet maglev train February 21st, 2017

How many were invented and designed in the USSR, that we are still using these developments, and we will only learn about some (like me, for example, about this one). Either the times were like that all over the world, or the country was like that.

Also, many are accustomed to criticizing the fact that everything and everything was planned in the USSR, but there was something good about it. The Union perfectly calculated the future transport problems of megacities. And not only cities with large population, but also cities that are geographically very elongated, whose length is a hundred or more kilometers. These are such cities as Volgograd and Krivoy Rog. According to estimates of the 70s, the population in 29 cities Soviet Union should have exceeded a million, that is, become millionaire cities. And to solve the transport problems of large cities, various institutions and bureaus were created. Even then it was clear that cars are not very capable of solving the transport problem. big city, and the classic subway is expensive and slow. It was believed that along with the improvement traditional species movement, it became necessary to create qualitatively new transport systems, which should be low-noise, non-polluting, economical and not creating additional load on the street network.

These requirements were met by the latest innovative project, brought to the test, the project of transport on a magnetic suspension.

The TA-05 car is a Soviet maglev train. The project of the vehicle, which was supposed to work on an electromagnetic levitation system, was developed in the period 1985-1986. On February 25, 1986, the first successful launch of an unusual car was held in the Moscow region.

“Our laboratory is working on the creation of an experimental passenger car that will move without touching the rails. For horizontal movement, the principle of operation of a linear three-phase induction motor. Moving at cruising speeds up to 250 kilometers per hour, this vehicle will be virtually silent. Its path can be raised to an overpass above the main highways of the city. One kilometer of the route will cost 3-5 times cheaper than the subway,” said A. Chemodurov, head of the VNIIPItransprogress laboratory, in an interview.

At that time, a 600-meter high-speed section was built in Ramenskoye near Moscow, and sections in Yerevan and Alma-Ata were planned.

It was planned to run on the tracks wagons for 65 people, 19 meters long each and weighing 40 tons. The cruising speed of the car was equal to 250 km/h, with the prospect of 400 km/h and more. There were also plans to launch not separate cars, but couplers of several cars, that is, full-fledged trains.

Today, the new type of transport does not have a case, interested owner. So far, no transport ministry, nor the Ministry of Civil Aviation, nor the Ministry of Communications (now Russian Railways) (magnetoplane - not a train or an airplane - that's their argument), does not show interest in him. They are not even customers. Meanwhile, in order to effectively use the considerable funds allocated by the government for the transition from experiments to implementation at a new stage of development, it was necessary to join forces, say, within the framework of an intersectoral scientific and technical complex.

What is especially surprising, but the project was financed exclusively by NefteGazStroy. Unfortunately, the plans did not come true, the earthquake in Armenia in 1988 did not allow the construction of all the planned sections. Financing was reduced, and after the collapse of the USSR, it was completely stopped. Fast, high-speed and its turned out to be useless to anyone.

Who else knows any details about this project?

By the way, TP-05 managed to act in films - in the 1987 sci-fi short film "You Don't Mess With Robots", a fragment of which I offer you for viewing.
Watch at 01:03:00

sources

Sukhov Vitaly Vladimirovich, Galin Alexey Leonidovich

We present to you a project whose main theme is "Electromagnetic vehicles and devices." Having taken up this work, we realized that the most interesting question for us is magnetic levitation transport.

Recently, the famous English science fiction writer Arthur Clark made another prediction. “... We may be on the verge of creating a new type of spacecraft that will be able to leave the Earth with minimal cost by overcoming the gravitational barrier, he believes. - Then the current missiles will be the same as they were Balloons before the First World War." On what is such a judgment based? The answer is to be found in modern ideas creation of transport on a magnetic pillow.

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Preview:

I-st open student scientific and practical conference

"My project activity in college"

Direction of the scientific and practical project:

electrical engineering

Project theme:

Electromagnetic vehicles and apparatuses. Maglev transport

Project prepared:

Sukhov Vitaly Vladimirovich, student of group 2 ET

Galin Alexey Leonidovich, student of group 2 ET

The name of the institution:

GBOU SPO Electromechanical College №55

Project Manager:

Utenkova Eaterina Sergeevna

Moscow 2012

Introduction

Maglev or Maglev

Halbach installation

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

We present to you a project whose main theme is "Electromagnetic Vehicles and Apparatus". Having taken up this work, we realized that the most interesting issue for us is the transport on a magnetic cushion.

Recently, the famous English science fiction writer Arthur Clark made another prediction. “... We may be on the verge of creating a new type of spacecraft that will be able to leave the Earth at minimal cost by overcoming the gravitational barrier,” he believes. “Then rockets today will be what balloons were before World War I.” On what is such a judgment based? The answer must be sought in the modern ideas of creating transport on a magnetic cushion.

Maglev or Maglev

Maglev or Maglev (from the English magnetic levitation) is a train on a magnetic suspension, driven and controlled by magnetic forces. Such a train, unlike traditional trains, does not touch the rail surface during movement. Since there is a gap between the train and the running surface, friction is eliminated and the only braking force is the drag force.

The speed achievable by a maglev is comparable to the speed of an aircraft and allows you to compete air communications at small (for aviation) distances (up to 1000 km). Although the very idea of ​​such transport is not new, economic and technical limitations did not allow it to be fully deployed: the technology was implemented for public use only a few times. Currently, Maglev cannot use the existing transport infrastructure, although there are projects with the location of magnetic road elements between the rails of a conventional railway or under the roadbed.

The need for magnetic levitation trains (MAGLEV) is already being discussed long years, but the results of attempts to actually apply them have been discouraging. The most important drawback of MAGLEV trains lies in the peculiarities of the operation of electromagnets, which ensure the levitation of the cars above the track. Electromagnets that are not cooled to the state of superconductivity consume gigantic amounts of energy. When using superconductors in the web, the cost of cooling them will negate all economic advantages and the possibility of implementing the project.

An alternative is proposed by physicist Richard Post of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California. Its essence is to use not electromagnets, but permanent magnets. Previously used permanent magnets were too weak to lift a train, and Post uses a partial acceleration method developed by retired physicist Klaus Halbach of Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory. Halbach proposed a method for arranging permanent magnets in such a way as to concentrate their total fields in one direction. Inductrack, as Post called the system, uses Halbach units built into the bottom of the car. The web itself is an ordered arrangement of coils of insulated copper cable.

Halbach installation

The Halbach installation concentrates the magnetic field at a certain point, reducing it at others. Being installed in the bottom of the car, it generates a magnetic field that induces sufficient currents in the windings of the canvas under the moving car to lift the car a few centimeters and stabilize it [fig.1]. When the train stops, the levitation effect disappears, the cars are lowered onto additional chassis.

Rice. 1 Halbach installation

The figure shows a 20 meter MAGLEV test track for Inductrack type trains, which contains about 1000 rectangular inductive coils, each 15 cm wide. In the foreground is the test trolley and the electrical circuit. Aluminum rails along the canvas support the trolley until stable levitation is achieved. Halbach installations provide: under the bottom - levitation, on the sides - stability.

When the train reaches a speed of 1-2 km / h, the magnets produce enough currents in the inductive windings to levitate the train. The force driving the train is generated by electromagnets placed at intervals along the track. The fields of the electromagnets pulsate in such a way that they repel the Halbach installations mounted on the train and move it forward. According to Post, correct location Halbach installations, the cars will not lose their balance under any circumstances, up to an earthquake. Currently, based on the success of Post's 1/20 scale demonstration work, NASA has signed a 3-year contract with his Livermore team to further research this concept for more efficient launch of satellites into orbit. It is assumed that this system will be used as a reusable booster that would accelerate the rocket to a speed of about Mach 1, before turning on the main engines on it.

However, despite all the difficulties, the prospects for using magnetic levitation vehicles remain very attractive. Thus, the Japanese government is preparing to resume work on a fundamentally new type of land transport- magnetic levitation trains. According to the assurances of the engineers, the maglev cars are capable of covering the distance between the two largest populated centers of Japan - Tokyo and Osaka - in just 1 hour. The current high-speed rail express takes 2.5 times more time to do this.

The secret of Maglev's speed is that the cars suspended in the air by the force of electromagnetic repulsion do not move along the track, but above it. This completely eliminates the losses that are inevitable when the wheels rub against the rails. Long-term tests conducted in Yamanashi Prefecture on a trial section 18.4 km long confirmed the reliability and safety of this transport system. Wagons moving in automatic mode, without a passenger load, developed a speed of 550 km / h. So far, the record for high-speed travel on rails belongs to the French, whose TGV train in 1990 accelerated to 515 km / h during tests.

Issues of operation of vehicles on a magnetic cushion

The Japanese are also concerned about economic problems, and first of all, the question of the profitability of the high-speed maglev line. Today, about 24 million people travel between Tokyo and Osaka every year, 70% of passengers use the high-speed railway line. According to futurologists, the revolutionary development of the computer communication network will inevitably lead to a decrease in passenger traffic between the two largest centers of the country. The planned decline in the active population of the country may also affect the congestion of transport lines.

The Russian project of opening the movement of trains on a magnetic cushion from Moscow to St. Petersburg in the near future will not be implemented, said at a press conference in Moscow in late February 2011, the head federal agency railway transport Mikhail Akulov. There may be problems with this project because there is no experience of operating maglev trains in winter conditions, Akulov said, saying that such a project was proposed by a group of Russian developers who have adopted the experience of China. At the same time, Akulov noted that the idea of ​​creating high speed line Moscow - St. Petersburg is again relevant today. In particular, it was proposed to combine the creation of a high-speed highway with the parallel construction of an automobile highway. The head of the agency added that powerful business structures from Asia are ready to participate in this project, without specifying which structures he is talking about.

Train Magnetic Suspension Technologies

On this moment There are 3 main technologies for magnetic suspension of trains:

1. On superconducting magnets (electrodynamic suspension, EDS).

Superconducting magnet - a solenoid or electromagnet with a winding made of a superconducting material. The winding in the state of superconductivity has zero ohmic resistance. If such a winding is short-circuited, then the induced in it electricity lasts almost indefinitely.

The magnetic field of the continuous current circulating through the winding of a superconducting magnet is exceptionally stable and free of ripples, which is important for a number of applications in scientific research and technology. The winding of a superconducting magnet loses the property of superconductivity when the temperature rises above the critical temperature Tk of the superconductor, when the critical current Ik or the critical magnetic field Hk is reached in the winding. Given this, for the windings of superconducting magnets. materials with high values ​​of Tk, Ik and Hk are used.

2. On electromagnets (electromagnetic suspension, EMS).

3. On permanent magnets; it is the new and potentially most economical system.

The composition levitates due to the repulsion of the same poles of the magnets and, conversely, the attraction of different poles. The movement is carried out by a linear motor.

A linear motor is an electric motor in which one of the elements of the magnetic system is open and has a deployed winding that creates a traveling magnetic field, and the other is made in the form of a guide that provides linear movement of the moving part of the motor.

Now there are many designs of linear motors, but all of them can be divided into two categories - low acceleration motors and high acceleration motors.

Low acceleration engines are used in public transport (maglev, monorail, subway). High acceleration thrusters are quite small in length and are typically used to accelerate an object to high speed and then release it. They are often used for hypervelocity collision research, as weapons or launchers. spaceships. Linear motors They are also widely used in machine tool feed drives and in robotics. located either on the train, or on the way, or both there and there. A serious design problem is the large weight enough powerful magnets, since a strong magnetic field is required to maintain a massive composition in the air.

According to the Earnshaw theorem (S. Earnshaw, sometimes written by Earnshaw), static fields created by electromagnets alone and permanent magnets, are unstable, in contrast to the fields of diamagnets.

Diamagnets are substances that are magnetized towards the direction of the external magnetic field acting on them. In the absence of an external magnetic field, diamagnets have no magnetic moment. and superconducting magnets. There are stabilization systems: sensors constantly measure the distance from the train to the track and, accordingly, the voltage on the electromagnets changes.

You can consider the principle of movement of vehicles on a magnetic cushion in the following diagram.

It shows the principle of moving vehicles forward, under the influence of changing magnetic fields. The location of the magnets makes it possible for the car to seem to be pulled forward towards the opposite pole, thereby moving the entire structure.

The most detailed Sami magnetic installation is shown in the diagram.designs of magnetic suspension and electric drive of the vehicle based on linear asynchronous machines

Rice. 1. The design of the magnetic suspension and electric drive of the vehicle based on linear asynchronous machines:
1 - magnetic suspension inductor; 2 - secondary element; 3 - cover; 4.5 - teeth and winding of the suspension inductor; 6.7 - conductive cage and magnetic circuit of the secondary element; 8 - base; 9-platform; 10 - crew body; 11, 12 - springs; 13 - damper; 14 - rod; 15 - cylindrical hinge; 16 - sliding support; 17 - bracket; 18 - emphasis; 19 - rod. Von - speed of the magnetic field: Fn - lifting force of the suspension: Wb - induction of the working gap of the suspension

Fig.2. The design of the traction linear asynchronous motor:
1 - traction drive inductor; 2 - secondary element; 3 - magnetic circuit of the drive inductor; 4 - pressure plates drive inductor; 5 - teeth of the drive inductor; 6 - winding coils of the drive inductor; 7 - base.

Advantages and disadvantages of magnetic levitation transport

Advantages

• Theoretically the highest speed that can be obtained on a serial (non-sport) land transport.
• Low noise.

Flaws

• The high cost of creating and maintaining a track.
• Weight of magnets, power consumption.
• The electromagnetic field created by the magnetic suspension can be harmful to train crews and/or nearby residents. Even traction transformers used in electrified alternating current railways ah, harmful to the drivers, but in this case, the field strength is an order of magnitude greater. It is also possible that maglev lines will not be available to people using pacemakers.
• It will be required at high speed (hundreds of km / h) to control the gap between the road and the train (several centimeters). This requires ultra-fast control systems.
• A complex track infrastructure is required.

For example, a maglev arrow represents two sections of the road that replace each other depending on the direction of the turn. Therefore, it is unlikely that maglev lines will form more or less branched networks with forks and intersections.

Development of new types of transport

Work on the creation of high-speed wheelless trains on a magnetic cushion has been going on for a long time, in particular in the Soviet Union since 1974. However, until now the problem of the most promising transport of the future remains open and is a wide field of activity for.

Rice. 2 Magnetic levitation train model

Figure 2 shows a model of a maglev train, where the developers decided to turn the whole mechanical system upside down. A railway track is a set of lines spaced at certain equal distances. reinforced concrete supports with special openings (windows) for trains. There are no rails. Why? The fact is that the model is turned upside down, and the train itself serves as a rail, and wheels with electric motors are installed in the windows of the supports, the rotation speed of which is remotely controlled by the train driver. Thus, the train, as it were, flies through the air. The distances between the supports are selected in such a way that at each moment of its movement the train is in at least two or three of them, and one car has a length greater than one span. This allows not only to keep the train on weight, but, at the same time, if one of the wheels fails in any support, the movement will continue.

The advantages of using this particular model are enough. Firstly, it saves on materials, secondly, the weight of the train is significantly reduced (no engines or wheels are needed), thirdly, such a model is extremely environmentally friendly, and fourthly, laying such a route in a densely populated city or terrain with uneven terrain is much easier than in standard views transport.

But we can not say about the shortcomings. For example, if one of the supports deviates strongly within the route, this will lead to disaster. Although, catastrophes are possible within the framework of conventional railways. Another issue that leads to a strong rise in the cost of technology is physical exercise on the supports. For example, the tail of a train that has just left a particular opening, speaking in simple words, as it were, "hangs" and exerts a large load on the next support, while the center of gravity of the train itself also shifts, which affects all supports as a whole. Approximately the same situation occurs when the head of the train leaves the opening and "hangs" in the same way until it reaches the next support. It turns out a kind of swing. How the designers intend to solve this problem (with the help of a carrier wing, great speed, reducing the distance between the supports ...) is still unclear. But there are solutions. And the third problem is turns. Since the developers decided that the length of the car is more than one span, there is a question of turns

Rice. 3 Yunitskiy's High-Speed ​​String Transport

As an alternative to this, there is a purely Russian development called Yunitskiy's High-Speed ​​String Transport (STU). Within its framework, it is proposed to use prestressed string-rails raised on supports to a height of 5-25 meters, along which four-wheeled transport modules move. The cost price of UST turns out to be much lower - $600-800 thousand per kilometer, and with infrastructure and rolling stock - $900-1200 thousand per km.

Rice. 4 Example of monorail transport

But the near future is still seen for the usual monorail performance. Moreover, within the framework of monorail systems, they are now rolling back Newest technologies for transport automation. For example, the American corporation Taxi 2000 creates a monorail system of automatic taxis SkyWeb Express, which can travel both within the city and beyond. A driver is not needed in such taxis (just like in science fiction books and films). You indicate the destination, and the taxi itself takes you there, independently building the best route. Everything is obtained here - both safety and accuracy. Taxi 2000 is currently the most realistic and feasible project

Conclusion

Magnetic levitation trains are considered one of the most promising modes of transport of the future. Magnetic levitation trains differ from ordinary trains and monorails by the complete absence of wheels - when moving, the cars seem to hover over one wide rail due to the action of magnetic forces. As a result, the speed of such a train can reach 400 km/h, and in some cases such transport can replace an airplane. Currently, there is only one magnetic road project in practice in the world, also called Transrapid.

Many developments and projects are already 20-30 years old. And the main task for their creators is to attract investors. The problem of transport itself is quite significant, because often we buy some products so expensive, because a lot has been spent on their transportation. The second problem is the environment, the third one is the heavy congestion of transport routes, which increases from year to year, and for some types of transport by tens of percent.

Let's hope that in the near future we ourselves will be able to ride on vehicles with a magnetic cushion. Time is moving...

Bibliography

1. Drozdova T.E. Theoretical basis progressive technologies. - Moscow: MGOU, 2001. - 212 p.
2. Materials science and technology of structural materials / Tyalina L.N., Fedorova N.V. Tutorial. - Tambov: TSTU, 2006. - 457 p.
3. Methods for protecting internal waters from pollution and exhaustion / ed. Gavich I.K. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2002. - 287 p.
4. Industrial cleaning methods Wastewater/ Zhukov A.I. Mongait I.L., Rodziller I.D. - M.: Infra-M, 2005. - 338 p.
5. Fundamentals of technology of the most important industries / ed. Sidorova I.A. Textbook of universities. - M.: Higher School, 2003. - 396 p.
6. Technology system of the most important industries National economy/ Dvortsin M.D., Dmitrienko V.V., Krutikova L.V., Mashikhina L.G. Tutorial. - Khabarovsk: KhPI, 2003. - 523 p.

The Shanghai Maglev Train is the world's first commercial maglev railway line and the most expensive railway project in China.

The project began commercial operation on January 1, 2004. Its cost is about 1.6 billion US dollars (10 billion yuan).

These high costs were primarily due to the fact that most of The route runs through wetlands, which is why the builders had to build a concrete pad for each support of the flyover (and there are a lot of them, every 25 meters). By the way, in some places the thickness of this very pillow reaches 70 m.

By the way, the Shanghai Maglev line is not the longest of the expressways, its length is only 30 kilometers from Pudong International Airport to Longyang-Lu metro station in Shanghai.

But the Shanghai Maglev covers this distance in just 7:20 or 8:10 minutes (depending on the time of day). The train has a top speed of 431 km/h and an average speed of about 250 km/h.

truth with its maximum speed he rushes for only 1.5 minutes, because there is nowhere to accelerate so much, the distance is not very long.

The line operates from 6:45 to 9:30 pm, with intervals of 15 to 20 minutes.

The fare is about 7.3 USD one way. For passengers with air tickets - 5.81 USD. VIP tickets cost about twice as much as standard tickets.

Despite the fact that more than two hundred years have passed since the creation of the first steam locomotives, humanity is still not ready to completely abandon the use of diesel fuel, the power of steam and electricity as a driving force capable of moving heavy cargo and passengers.

However, as you yourself understand, all this time the engineers-inventors were not in complete inactivity, and the result of the work of their thought was the publication of alternative ways rail transportation.

The history of the emergence of trains on an electromagnetic cushion

The very idea of ​​making a train moving on a magnetic cushion is not so new. For the first time, the inventors began to think about the creation of such a rolling stock at the very beginning of the 20th century, however, for a number of reasons, the implementation of this project could not be carried out for quite a long time.

Only by 1969, on the territory of the then Federal Republic of Germany, they began to manufacture a similar train, later called the maglev, and lay the magnetic track. The launch of the first maglev called "Transrapid-02" was made two years later.

An interesting fact is that in the manufacture of the maglev, German engineers relied on the records made by the scientist Hermann Kemper, who received a patent for the creation of a magnetic plane back in 1934. The first maglev "Tranrapid-02" cannot be called high-speed, since it developed a speed of only up to 90 km / h. Its capacity was also very low: only four people.

The next maglev model, created in 1979, "Transrapid-05" already accommodated up to 68 passengers and moved along the passenger line of the city of Hamburg, which has a length of 908 m, at a speed of 75 km / h.

Transrapid-05

At the same time, on the other side of the continent, in Japan, in the same 1979, the ML-500 model maglev was launched, capable of speeds up to 517 km / h.

What is a maglev and how does it work?

A maglev (or simply a maglev train) is a type of transport controlled and driven by the force of a magnetic field. At the same time, the maglev does not touch the railway track, but “levitates” above it, held by an artificially created magnetic field. In this case, friction is excluded, only aerodynamic resistance acts as a braking force.

On short-haul routes in the future, maglev can be a serious competitor air transport due to its ability to develop a very high speed of movement. To date, the widespread introduction of maglevs is largely hindered by the fact that they cannot be used on a traditional main railway surface. Maglev can move only on a specially built magnetic line, which requires very large investments.

It is also considered that magnetic transport can negatively affect the body of drivers and residents of regions close to magnetic routes.

Advantages of maglevs

The advantages of maglevs include an extensive prospect of achieving high speeds capable of competing even with jet aircraft. In addition, maglev is quite economical in terms of electricity consumption by transport. In addition, there is practically no friction of the parts, which can significantly reduce the level of operating costs.