Technical means for automating the operation of feeders. Systems and means of production automation. Technical means of automation. higher professional education

Question 1 Basic concepts and definitions of A&C

Automation- one of the areas of scientific and technological progress that uses self-regulating technical means and mathematical methods with the aim of freeing people from participation in the processes of obtaining, converting, transferring and using energy, materials or information, or significantly reducing the degree of this participation or the complexity of the operations performed. Automation makes it possible to increase labor productivity, improve product quality, optimize management processes, and remove people from production processes that are hazardous to health. Automation, with the exception of the simplest cases, requires an integrated, systematic approach to solving a problem. Automation systems include sensors (sensors), input devices, control devices (controllers), actuators, output devices, and computers. The computational methods used sometimes copy the nervous and mental functions of humans. This entire complex of tools is usually called automation and control systems.

All automation and control systems are based on such concepts as a control object, a communication device with a control object, control and regulation of technological parameters, measurement and conversion of signals.

The control object is understood as a technological apparatus or a set of them in which standard technological operations of mixing, separation or their mutual combination with simple operations are carried out (or with the help of which are carried out). Such a technological apparatus, together with the technological process that takes place in it and for which the system is being developed automatic control and is called a control object or an automation object. From the set of input and output quantities of a controlled object, controlled quantities, control and disturbing influences and interference can be distinguished. Controlled value is an output physical quantity or parameter of a controlled object, which during the operation of the object must be maintained at a certain specified level or changed according to a given law. Control action is a material or energy input flow, by changing which, it is possible to maintain the controlled value at a given level or change it according to a given law. Automatic device or called a regulator technical device, which allows, without human intervention, to maintain the value of a technological parameter or change it according to a given law. An automatic control device includes a set of technical means that perform certain functions in the system. The automatic control system includes: Sensing element or sensor, which serves to convert the output value of the controlled object into a proportional electrical or pneumatic signal, Comparison element- to determine the magnitude of the discrepancy between the current and specified values ​​of the output quantity. Setting element serves to set the value of the process parameter, which must be maintained at a constant level. Amplifying-converting the element serves to generate a regulatory effect depending on the magnitude and sign of the mismatch due to an external energy source. Actuator element serves to implement regulatory influence. produced by UPE. Regulating element– to change the material or energy flow in order to maintain the output value at a given level. In automation practice During production processes, automatic control systems are equipped with standard general industrial devices that perform the functions of the above elements. The main element of such systems is a computer that receives information from analog and discrete sensors of technological parameters. The same information can be sent to analog or digital information presentation devices (secondary devices). The process operator accesses this machine using a remote control to enter information not received from automatic sensors, requesting the necessary information and advice on managing the process. The work of the automated control system is based on the receipt and processing of information.

Main types of automation and control systems:

· automated planning system (APS),

· automated system of scientific research (ASNI),

· system computer-aided design(CAD),

· automated experimental complex (AEC),

flexible automated production (GAP) and automated process control system ( APCS),

· automated operation control system (ACS)

· automatic control system (ACS).

Question 2 Composition of technical means of automation and control of automated control systems.

Technical means automation and control are devices and instruments that can either be automation tools themselves or be part of a hardware and software complex.

Typical automation and control tools can be technical, hardware, software and system-wide.

Technical means of automation and control include:

− sensors;

− actuators;

− regulatory authorities (RO);

− communication lines;

− secondary instruments (displaying and recording);

− analogue and digital control devices;

− programming blocks;

− logic-command control devices;

− modules for collecting and primary processing of data and monitoring the state of a technological control object (TOU);

− modules for galvanic isolation and signal normalization;

− signal converters from one form to another;

−modules for data presentation, indication, recording and generation of control signals;

− buffer storage devices;

− programmable timers;

− specialized computing devices, pre-processor preparation devices.

Technical means of automation and control can be systematized as follows:

CS – control system.
Memory – Master device (buttons, screens, toggle switches).

UIO – Information display device.
UIO – Information processing device.

USPU – Converter / Amplifier device.
CS – Communication channel.
OU – Control object.
IM – Actuators.

RO – Working bodies (Manipulators).

D – Sensors.
VP – Secondary converters.

By functional purpose they are divided into the following 5 groups:

Input devices. These include - ZU, VP, D;

Output devices. These include - IM, USPI, RO;

Devices of the central part. These include - UPI;

Facilities industrial networks. These include - KS;

Information display devices – UIO.

TSAiU perform the following functions: 1. collection and transformation of information about the state of the process; 2. transmission of information via communication channels; 3. transformation, storage and processing of information; 4. formation of management teams in accordance with the selected goals (criteria for the functioning of systems); 5. use and presentation of command information to influence the process and communicate with the operator using actuators. Therefore, all industrial means of automation of technological processes, based on their relationship to the system, are combined in accordance with the standard into the following functional groups: 1. means at the system input (sensors); 2. means at the output of the system (output converters, means for displaying information and process control commands, up to speech); 3. intra-system control systems (providing interconnection between devices with different signals and different machine languages), for example, have relay or open-collector outputs; 4. means of transmission, storage and processing of information.
Such a variety of groups, types and configurations of control systems leads to many alternative design problems technical support APCS in each specific case. One of the most important criteria The choice of TSAiU can be based on their cost.

Thus, technical means of automation and control include devices for recording, processing and transmitting information in automated production. With their help, automated production lines are monitored, regulated and controlled.

The introduction of technical means into enterprises that allow automation of production processes is a basic condition efficient work. Diversity modern methods automation expands the range of their applications, while the costs of mechanization are usually justified end result in the form of increasing the volume of manufactured products, as well as improving their quality.

Organizations that follow the path of technological progress occupy leading positions in the market and provide better quality working conditions and minimize the need for raw materials. For this reason, it is no longer possible to imagine large enterprises without implementing mechanization projects - exceptions apply only to small craft industries, where automation of production does not justify itself due to the fundamental choice in favor of manual production. But even in such cases, it is possible to partially turn on automation at some stages of production.

Automation Basics

In a broad sense, automation involves the creation of such conditions in production that will allow certain tasks for the manufacture and release of products to be performed without human intervention. In this case, the operator’s role may be to solve the most critical tasks. Depending on the goals set, automation of technological processes and production can be complete, partial or comprehensive. The choice of a specific model is determined by the complexity of the technical modernization of the enterprise due to automatic filling.

In plants and factories where full automation is implemented, usually mechanized and electronic systems management is transferred all the functionality to control production. This approach is most rational if operating conditions do not imply changes. In partial form, automation is being introduced at individual stages of production or during the mechanization of autonomous technical component, without requiring the creation of a complex infrastructure to manage the entire process. A comprehensive level of production automation is usually implemented in certain areas - this could be a department, workshop, line, etc. In this case, the operator controls the system itself without affecting the direct work process.

Automated control systems

To begin with, it is important to note that such systems require full control over an enterprise, factory or factory. Their functions can extend to a specific piece of equipment, conveyor, workshop or production area. In this case, process automation systems receive and process information from the serviced object and, based on this data, have a corrective effect. For example, if the operation of a production complex does not meet the parameters of technological standards, the system will use special channels to change its operating modes according to the requirements.

Automation objects and their parameters

The main task when introducing production mechanization means is to maintain the quality parameters of the facility, which will ultimately affect the characteristics of the product. Today, experts try not to delve into the essence technical parameters different objects, since theoretically the implementation of control systems is possible at any component of production. If we consider in this regard the basics of automation of technological processes, then the list of mechanization objects will include the same workshops, conveyors, all kinds of devices and installations. One can only compare the degree of complexity of implementing automation, which depends on the level and scale of the project.

Regarding the parameters with which automatic systems operate, we can distinguish input and output indicators. In the first case it is physical characteristics products, as well as the properties of the object itself. In the second, these are the direct quality indicators of the finished product.

Regulating technical means

Devices that provide regulation are used in automation systems in the form of special alarms. Depending on their purpose, they can monitor and control various process parameters. In particular, automation of technological processes and production can include alarms temperature indicators, pressure, flow characteristics, etc. Technically, the devices can be implemented as scaleless devices with electrical contact elements at the output.

The operating principle of the control alarms is also different. If we consider the most common temperature devices, then we can distinguish manometric, mercury, bimetallic and thermistor models. Structural design, as a rule, is determined by the principle of operation, but operating conditions also have a significant influence on it. Depending on the direction of the enterprise’s work, automation of technological processes and production can be designed taking into account specific operating conditions. For this reason, control devices are developed with a focus on use in conditions high humidity, physical pressure or the effects of chemicals.

Programmable automation systems

The quality of management and control of production processes has noticeably increased against the background of the active supply of enterprises with computing devices and microprocessors. From the point of view of industrial needs, the capabilities of programmable hardware make it possible not only to ensure effective control of technological processes, but also to automate design, as well as conduct production tests and experiments.

Computer devices that are used in modern enterprises solve problems of regulation and control of technological processes in real time. Such production automation tools are called computing systems and operate on the principle of aggregation. Systems include unified functional blocks and modules from which they can be composed various configurations and adapt the complex to work in certain conditions.

Units and mechanisms in automation systems

The direct execution of work operations is carried out by electrical, hydraulic and pneumatic devices. According to the principle of operation, the classification involves functional and portion mechanisms. IN Food Industry Such technologies are usually implemented. Automation of production in this case involves the introduction of electrical and pneumatic mechanisms, the designs of which may include electric drives and regulatory bodies.

Electric motors in automation systems

The basis of actuators is often formed by electric motors. Depending on the type of control, they can be presented in non-contact and contact versions. Units that are controlled by relay contact devices can change the direction of movement of the working parts when manipulated by the operator, but the speed of operations remains unchanged. If automation and mechanization of technological processes using non-contact devices is assumed, then semiconductor amplifiers are used - electrical or magnetic.

Panels and control panels

To install equipment that must provide control and monitoring production process At enterprises, special consoles and panels are installed. They contain devices for automatic control and regulation, instrumentation, protective mechanisms, as well as various elements communication infrastructure. By design, such a shield can be metal cabinet or a flat panel on which automation equipment is installed.

The console, in turn, is the center for remote control - it is a kind of control room or operator area. It is important to note that the automation of technological processes and production should also provide access to maintenance by personnel. It is this function that is largely determined by consoles and panels that allow you to make calculations, evaluate production indicators and generally monitor the work process.

Automation systems design

The main document that serves as a guide for technological modernization production for the purpose of automation is the scheme. It displays the structure, parameters and characteristics of devices, which will later act as means of automatic mechanization. In the standard version, the diagram displays the following data:

• level (scale) of automation at a specific enterprise;
• determining the operating parameters of the facility, which must be provided with means of control and regulation;
• control characteristics - full, remote, operator;
• possibility of blocking actuators and units;
• configuration of the location of technical equipment, including on consoles and panels.

Auxiliary automation tools

Despite the minor role, additional devices provide important control and management functions. Thanks to them, the same connection between actuators and a person is ensured. In terms of equipping with auxiliary devices, production automation may include push-button stations, control relays, various switches and command panels. There are many designs and varieties of these devices, but they are all focused on ergonomic and safe control of key units on site.

Production automation tools include technical automation equipment (TAA) - these are devices and instruments that can either themselves be automation tools or be part of a hardware and software complex. Security systems on modern enterprise include technical means of automation. Most often, TCA is the basic element of the system integrated security.

Technical automation equipment includes devices for recording, processing and transmitting information in automated production. With their help, automated production lines are monitored, regulated and controlled.

Safety systems monitor the production process using a variety of sensors. They include pressure sensors, photo sensors, inductive sensors, capacitive sensors, laser sensors, etc.

Sensors are used to automatically extract information and convert it initially. Sensors differ in their principles of operation and in their sensitivity to the parameters they monitor. Technical safety equipment includes the widest range of sensors. It is the integrated use of sensors that makes it possible to create comprehensive security systems that control many factors.

Technical means of information also include transmitting devices that provide communication between sensors and control equipment. Upon receiving a signal from the sensors, the control equipment pauses the production process and eliminates the cause of the accident. If it is impossible to eliminate the emergency situation, technical safety equipment gives a signal about the malfunction to the operator.

The most common sensors that are included in any integrated security system are capacitive sensors.

They allow contactless detection of the presence of objects at a distance of up to 25 mm. Capacitive sensors operate according to the following principle. The sensors are equipped with two electrodes, between which conductivity is recorded. If any object is present in the control zone, this causes a change in the oscillation amplitude of the generator included in the sensor. At the same time, capacitive sensors are triggered, which prevents unwanted objects from entering the equipment.

Capacitive sensors are distinguished by their simplicity of design and high reliability, which allows them to be used in the most different areas production. The only drawback is the small control area of ​​such sensors.

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Lecture 2. General information about technical means of automation. Need to study general issues concerning technical means of automation and state system industrial devices and automation equipment GSP is dictated by the fact that technical means

Lecture 2.

General information about technical means of automation.

The need to study general issues relating to technical automation equipment and the state system of industrial instruments and automation equipment (GSP) is dictated by the fact that technical automation equipment is an integral part of the GSP. Technical automation equipment represents the basis for the implementation of information and control systems in the industrial and non-industrial spheres of production. The principles of organizing the GSP largely determine the content of the design stage of technical support for automated process control systems (APCS). In turn, the basis of GSPs are problem-oriented aggregate complexes of technical means.

Typical automation tools can be technical, hardware, software and system-wide.

TO technical means of automation(TSA) include:

• sensors;
• actuators;
• regulatory authorities (RO);
• communication lines;
• secondary instruments (displaying and recording);
• analog and digital control devices;
• programming blocks;
• logic-command control devices;
• modules for collecting and primary processing of data and monitoring the state of a technological control object (TOU);
• modules for galvanic isolation and signal normalization;
• signal converters from one form to another;
• modules for data presentation, indication, recording and generation of control signals;
• buffer storage devices;
• programmable timers;
• specialized computing devices, pre-processor preparation devices.

TO software and hardware automation tools include:

• analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters;
• control means;
• multi-circuit analog and analog-to-digital control blocks;
• multi-connection program logic control devices;
• programmable microcontrollers;
• local area networks.

TO system-wide automation tools include:

• interface devices and communication adapters;
• shared memory blocks;
• highways (buses);
• general system diagnostic devices;
• direct access processors for storing information;
• operator consoles.

Technical means of automation in control systems

Any system control must perform the following functions:

• collecting information about current state technological control object (TOU);
• determination of quality criteria for TOU work;
• finding optimal mode functioning of the technical control system and optimal control actions that ensure the extremum of quality criteria;
• implementation of the found optimal mode at the TOU.

These functions can be performed service personnel or TCA. There are fourtype of control systems(SU):

1) informational;

2) automatic control;

3) centralized control and regulation;

4) automated process control systems.

Information ( manual) control systems(Fig. 1.1) are rarely used, only for reliably functioning, simple technological objects of TOU control.

Rice. 1.1. Structure information system controls:

D - sensor (primary measuring transducer);

VP - secondary indicating device;

OPU - operator control center (boards, consoles, mnemonic diagrams, alarm devices);

Remote control remote control devices (buttons, keys, bypass control panels, etc.);

IM actuator;

RO - regulatory body;

C - alarm devices;

MS mnemonic diagrams.

In some cases, the information management system includes regulators direct action and built into technological equipment regulators.

In automatic control systems(Fig. 1.2) all functions are performed automatically using appropriate technical means.

Operator functions include:

• technical diagnostics of the ACS condition and restoration of failed system elements;
• correction of regulatory laws;
• change of task;
• transition to manual control;
• Maintenance equipment.

Rice. 1.2. Structure of the automatic control system (ACS):

KP - encoding converter;

LS - communication lines (wires, impulse tubes);

VU - computing devices

Centralized control and regulation systems(SCCR) (Fig. 1.3). ACS are used for simple technical equipment, the operating modes of which are characterized by a small number of coordinates, and the quality of work is characterized by one easily calculated criterion. A special case of self-propelled guns is automatic system regulation (ASR).

A control system that automatically maintains an extreme TOC value belongs to the class of extreme control systems.

Rice. 1.3. Structure of the centralized control and regulation system:

OPU - operator control center;

D - sensor;

NP normalizing converter;

KP - encoding and decoding converters;

CR - central regulators;

MP multi-channel registration tool (print);

C - pre-emergency signaling device;

MPP - multi-channel indicating devices (displays);

MS - mnemonic diagram;

IM - actuator;

RO - regulatory body;

K controller

ASRs that support the specified value of the output adjustable coordinate of the TOU are divided into:

• stabilizing;
• software;
• followers;
• adaptive.

Extreme regulators are used extremely rarely.

Technical structures of the SCCR can be of two types:

1) with individual TCAs;

2) with collective TCAs.

In the first type of system, each channel is constructed from TCA personal use. These include sensors, normalizing converters, regulators, secondary devices, actuators, and regulatory bodies.

Failure of one control channel does not lead to a shutdown of the process facility.

This design increases the cost of the system, but increases its reliability.

The second type system consists of TSA for individual and collective use. TSA for collective use includes: switch, CP (encoding and decoding converters), CR (central regulators), MR (multi-channel recording device (print)), MPP (multi-channel indicating devices (displays)).

The cost of a collective system is somewhat lower, but reliability largely depends on the reliability of collective TSAs.

When the communication line is long, individual encoding and decoding converters are used, located near the sensors and actuators. This increases the cost of the system, but improves the noise immunity of the communication line.

Automated systems process management(APCS) (Fig. 1.4) is a machine system in which TSA obtain information about the state of objects, calculate quality criteria, and find optimal control settings. The operator’s functions are reduced to analyzing the received information and implementing it using local automated control systems or remote control of the control room.

Distinguish following types APCS:

• centralized automated process control system (all information processing and control functions are performed by one control computer UVM) (Fig. 1.4);

Rice. 1.4. Structure of a centralized automated process control system:

USO - communication device with an object;

DU - remote control;

SOI - information display tool

• supervisory automated process control system (has a number of local automatic control systems built on the basis of individual use TSA and a central computer computer (CUVM), which has an information line of communication with local systems) (Fig. 1.5);

Rice. 1.5. Structure of the supervisory control system: LR - local regulators

• distributed automated process control system - characterized by the division of information processing and management control functions between several geographically distributed objects and computers (Fig. 1.6).

Rice. 1.6. Hierarchical structure of technical means of SHG

PAGE 7

The classification of technical automation equipment is not something too complicated and loaded. However, in general, technological automation tools have a fairly ramified classification structure. Let's try to figure it out.

Modern means automation are divided into two groups: switched and non-commutated (programmed) technical means of automation:

1) Switched automation equipment

Regulators

Relay circuits

2) Programmed automation tools

ADSP processors

ADSP processors are an automation tool that is used for complex mathematical analysis of processes in the system. These processors have high-speed input/output modules that can transmit data at high frequencies to the central processor, which uses complex mathematics to analyze the operation of the system. An example is vibration diagnostic systems that use Fourier series for analysis, spectral analysis and a pulse counter. As a rule, such processors are implemented in the form of a separate PCI card, which is mounted in the appropriate slot of the computer and uses the CPU for mathematical processing.

PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)

PLCs are the most common automation tools. They have their own power supply, central processor, RAM, network card, input/output modules. The advantage is high reliability of the system, adaptation to industrial conditions. In addition, programs are used that run cyclically and have a so-called Watch Dog, which is used to prevent the program from freezing. Also, the program runs sequentially and does not have parallel connections and processing steps that could lead to negative consequences.

PKK (Programmable Computer Controllers)

PKK - computer with input/output cards, network cards, which serve for input/output of information.

PACK

PAK ( programmed automated controllers) – PLC+PKK. They have a distributed network structure for data processing (several PLCs and PCs).

· Specialized controllers

Specialized controllers are not freely programmable automation tools, but use standard programs in which only some coefficients can be changed (PID controller parameters, actuator running time, delays, etc.). Such controllers are oriented in advance known system regulation (ventilation, heating, hot water supply). At the beginning of the new millennium, these technical means of automation became widespread.

A feature of ADSP and PKK is the use of standard programming languages: C, C++, Assembler, Pascal, since they are created on a PC. This feature of automation tools is both an advantage and a disadvantage.

The advantage is that using standard programming languages ​​you can write more complex and flexible algorithm. The disadvantage is that to work with them you need to create drivers and use a programming language, which is more complex. The advantage of PLCs and PACs is the use of engineering programming languages ​​that are standardized by IEC 61131-3. These languages ​​are not designed for a programmer, but for an electrical engineer.

Principle of information transformation

Management principles are based on the principle of information transformation.

Converters are devices used to convert quantities of one physical nature into another and vice versa.

Sensors are devices that produce a discrete signal depending on the code technological process or exposure to information.

Information and methods for converting it

The information must have the following properties:

1. Information must be understandable in accordance with the adopted coding system or its presentation.

2. Information transmission channels must be noise-proof and prevent the penetration of false information.

3. Information must be convenient for processing.

4. Information should be convenient for storing it.

To transmit information, communication channels are used, which can be artificial, natural, or mixed.

Rice. 3. Communication channels

We will talk in more detail about communication channels a little later.