On this tab of the site, we will try to help you find the right system parts for your home. Any host important role. Therefore, the choice of installation parts must be planned technically competently. The heating system has thermostats, a connection system, fasteners, air vents, an expansion tank, batteries, collectors, boiler pipes, and pressure-increasing pumps. Installation of apartment heating includes various elements.

To make heating calculations, it is necessary to calculate how much heat is required to maintain optimal temperature during the cold season. This value will be equal to the heat that the apartment loses at minimum temperatures (about 30 degrees).

When taking into account heat losses, attention is paid to the level of thermal insulation of windows and doors, the thickness of the walls and the material of the building itself. If the calculation of the apartment heating system is equal to 10 kW in the end, this value will determine not only the power of the boiler, but also the number of radiators.

The higher the energy efficiency of an apartment, the less energy is required to heat it. To achieve this result, it is necessary to replace windows with modern energy-saving ones, pay attention doorways and ventilation system, insulate the walls inside or outside the apartment.

The movement of the coolant depends on the degree of heating of the apartment. Its speed may depend on several factors:

• Pipe section. The larger the diameter, the faster the coolant will move.
• Curves and section length. In a complex pattern, the fluid circulates more slowly
• Pipe material. When comparing iron and plastic, then in the latter option there will be less resistance, which means that the coolant speed is higher.

All these indicators determine the hydraulic resistance.

Calculation of heating in industrial buildings

The most common option is water heating. It has many schemes that should be considered according to individual characteristics buildings. The main calculations are hydraulic and thermal engineering. High-quality laid heat pipelines and heating mains will help to avoid many problems in the future. This type of heating is most suitable for residential and administrative types of buildings, offices.

The air type is based on the operation of a heat generator, which heats the air for its circulation throughout the system. System calculation air heating is the main step to create an effective system. It is advisable to use in the shopping center, in buildings of industrial and industrial type.

Direct calculation of the heating system of an industrial building requires an approach qualified specialists and attention, otherwise there can be many negative consequences.

Common mistakes and how to fix them

The calculation of the heating system itself is an important and complex stage in the development of heating. Special computer programs help specialists to perform all the calculations. However, errors can still occur.

One of the common problems is the incorrect calculation of the heat output of the heating system or the lack thereof. Except high cost on radiators, their high power will cause unprofitability of the entire system. That is, heating will work more than necessary, spending fuel on this. Heat indoors will burn a lot of oxygen, and require regular airing to reduce its rate.

Completed: Art. gr. VI-12

Tsivaty I.I.

Dnepropetrovsk 2011

1 . Ventilation as a means of protection in air environment of production premises

The task of ventilation is to ensure the purity of air and the specified meteorological conditions in industrial premises. Ventilation is achieved by removing polluted or heated air from a room and supplying fresh air to it.

At the place of action, ventilation can be general exchange and local. The action of general exchange ventilation is based on the dilution of polluted, heated, humid air rooms with fresh air up to the limit allowable norms. This ventilation system is most often used in cases where harmful substances, heat, moisture are released evenly throughout the room. With such ventilation, the necessary parameters of the air environment are maintained throughout the entire volume of the room.

Air exchange in the room can be significantly reduced if harmful substances are trapped at the places of their release. To this end technological equipment, which is the source of selection harmful substances, are equipped with special devices from which polluted air is sucked out. Such ventilation is called local exhaust. local ventilation Compared to the general exchange, it requires significantly lower costs for installation and operation.

natural ventilation

Air exchange during natural ventilation occurs due to the temperature difference between the air in the room and the outside air, as well as as a result of the action of the wind. Natural ventilation can be unorganized and organized. With unorganized ventilation, air is supplied and removed through the non-density and pores of external fences (infiltration), through windows, vents, special openings (ventilation). Organized natural ventilation is carried out by aeration and deflectors, and is adjustable.

Aeration is carried out in cold shops due to wind pressure, and in hot shops due to the joint and separate action of gravitational and wind pressures. IN summer time fresh air enters the room through the lower openings located at a low height from the floor (1-1.5 m), and is removed through openings in the building skylight.

mechanical ventilation

In systems mechanical ventilation air movement is carried out by fans and in some cases by ejectors. Forced ventilation. Supply ventilation installations usually consist of the following elements: an air intake device for intake of clean air; air ducts through which air is supplied to the room; dust filters; air heaters; fan; supply nozzles; control devices that are installed in the air intake and on the branches of the air ducts. Exhaust ventilation. Exhaust ventilation installations include: exhaust openings or nozzles; fan; air ducts; device for air purification from dust and gases; a device for ejection of air, which should be located ? 1.5 m above the roof ridge. During the operation of the exhaust system, clean air enters the room through leaks in the building envelope. In some cases, this circumstance is a serious drawback of this ventilation system, since an unorganized influx of cold air (drafts) can cause colds. Supply and exhaust ventilation. In this system, air is supplied to the room by supply ventilation, and removed by exhaust ventilation, operating simultaneously.

local ventilation

Local ventilation is supply and exhaust. Local supply ventilation serves to create the required air conditions in a limited area of ​​the production facility. Local supply ventilation installations include: air showers and oases, air and air-thermal curtains. Air showering is used in hot shops at workplaces under the influence of a radiant heat flux with an intensity of 350 W / m and more. The air shower represents the air stream directed on a working. The blowing speed is 1-3.5 m/s, depending on the irradiation intensity. The effectiveness of showering units is increased by spraying water in an air stream.

Air oases are part of the production area, which is separated from all sides by light movable partitions and filled with air that is colder and cleaner than the air in the room. Air and air-thermal curtains are arranged to protect people from cooling by cold air penetrating through the gate. Curtains are of two types: air curtains with air supply without heating and air-thermal curtains with heating of the supplied air in heaters.

The operation of the curtains is based on the fact that the air supplied to the gate exits through a special air duct with a slot at a certain angle at a high speed (up to 10-15 m/s) towards the incoming cold stream and mixes with it. The resulting mixture of warmer air enters the workplaces or (in case of insufficient heating) deviates away from them. During operation of the curtains, additional resistance is created to the passage of cold air through the gate.

Local exhaust ventilation. Its application is based on the capture and removal of harmful substances directly at the source of their formation. Local exhaust ventilation devices are made in the form of shelters or local suctions. Shelters with suction are characterized by the fact that the source of harmful secretions is inside them.

They can be made as shelters - casings that completely or partially enclose equipment ( fume hoods, showcase shelters, booths and cameras). A vacuum is created inside the shelters, as a result of which harmful substances cannot enter the indoor air. This method of preventing the release of harmful substances in the room is called aspiration.

Aspiration systems are usually blocked with the triggers of technological equipment so that the suction of harmful substances is carried out not only at the place of their release, but also at the time of formation.

Full shelter of machines and mechanisms that emit harmful substances, the most advanced and effective method prevent them from being released into the air. It is important at the design stage to develop technological equipment in such a way that such ventilation devices organically included in the overall design, without interfering technological process and at the same time completely solving sanitary and hygienic problems.

Protective and dedusting covers are installed on machines where the processing of materials is accompanied by dust emission and flying off of large particles that can cause injury. These are grinding, roughing, polishing, grinding machines for metal, woodworking machines, etc.

Fume hoods are widely used in the thermal and galvanic treatment of metals, painting, hanging and packaging of bulk materials, in various operations associated with the release of harmful gases and vapors.

Cabins and chambers are containers of a certain volume, inside which work is carried out related to the release of harmful substances (sandblasting and shot blasting, painting, etc.). and moisture release.

Suction panels are used in cases where the application exhaust hoods unacceptable due to the ingress of harmful substances into the respiratory organs of workers. An effective local suction is the Chernoberezhsky panel used in such operations as gas welding, soldering, etc.

Dust and gas receivers, funnels are used for soldering and welding. They are located in close proximity to the place of soldering or welding. Side suctions. When pickling metals and applying electroplating, acid and alkali vapors are emitted from the open surface of the baths; during zinc plating, copper plating, silver plating - extremely harmful hydrogen cyanide, during chromium plating - chromium oxide, etc.

To localize these harmful substances, onboard suctions are used, which are slot-like air ducts 40-100 mm wide, installed along the periphery of the baths.

2. Initial data for design

heat input exhaust ventilation

· name of the object - woodworking shop;

option - B;

· area of ​​construction - Odessa;

room height -10 m;

Availability of machines:

1 End CPA - 1.9 kW;

2 Planer SP30-І 4-sided - 25.8 kW;

3 Cut-off PDK-4-2- 14.8 kW;

4 Single-sided thickness thicknesser СР6-6- 9.5 kW;

5 Planer SF4-4- 3.5 kW;

6 Tenoning 2-sided SD-15-3- 28.7 kW;

7 Tenoning one-sided SHOIO-A - 11.2 kW;

8 For drilling and patching knots SVSA-2- 3.5 kW;

9 Band saw - 5.9 kW;

10 Horizontal drilling - 5.9 kW;

11 Drilling and grooving SVP-2 - 3.5 kW;

12 Single-sided thicknesser СР12-2- 33.7 kW;

13 Grinding 3-cylinder SPATs 12-2- 30.7 kW;

14 Desktop - drilling - 1.4 kW;

15 For selection of sockets for C-4 loops - 4.4 kW;

16 For selection of sockets for locks C-7 - 3.3 kW;

17 Chain grooving DCA - 6.2 kW;

18 Universal C-6 - 7.8 kW;

Cosiness and comfort of housing do not begin with the choice of furniture, decoration and appearance generally. They start with the heat that heating provides. And just buying an expensive heating boiler () and high-quality radiators for this is not enough - you first need to design a system that will maintain the optimum temperature in the house. But to get a good result, you need to understand what and how to do, what are the nuances and how they affect the process. In this article, you will get to know basic knowledge about this case - what are heating systems, how it is carried out and what factors affect it.

Why is thermal calculation necessary?

Some owners of private houses or those who are just going to build them are interested in whether there is any point in the thermal calculation of the heating system? After all, we are talking about a simple country cottage, and not about an apartment building or industrial enterprise. It would seem that it would be enough just to buy a boiler, install radiators and run pipes to them. On the one hand, they are partially right - for private households, the calculation heating system is not as critical as for industrial premises or multi-unit residential complexes. On the other hand, there are three reasons why such an event is worth holding. , you can read in our article.

1. Thermal calculation greatly simplifies the bureaucratic processes associated with the gasification of a private house.
2. Determining the power required for home heating allows you to select a heating boiler with optimal performance. You will not overpay for excessive product features and will not experience inconvenience due to the fact that the boiler is not powerful enough for your home.
3. Thermal calculation allows you to more accurately select pipes, stop valves and other equipment for the heating system of a private house. And in the end, all these rather expensive products will work for as long as is laid down in their design and characteristics.

Initial data for the thermal calculation of the heating system

Before you start calculating and working with data, you need to get them. Here for those owners country houses, who have not previously been involved in project activities, the first problem arises - what characteristics should you pay attention to. For your convenience, they are summarized in a small list below.

1. Building area, height to ceilings and internal volume.
2. The type of building, the presence of adjacent buildings.
3. The materials used in the construction of the building - what and how the floor, walls and roof are made of.
4. The number of windows and doors, how they are equipped, how well they are insulated.
5. For what purposes will certain parts of the building be used - where the kitchen, bathroom, living room, bedrooms will be located, and where - non-residential and technical premises.
6. Duration heating season, the average temperature minimum during this period.
7. "Wind rose", the presence of other buildings nearby.
8. The area where a house has already been built or is just about to be built.
9. Preferred room temperature for residents.
10. Location of points for connection to water, gas and electricity.

Calculation of the heating system power by housing area

One of the fastest and easiest to understand ways to determine the power of a heating system is to calculate by the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room. A similar method is widely used by sellers of heating boilers and radiators. The calculation of the power of the heating system by area takes place in a few simple steps.

Step 1. According to the plan or already erected building, the internal area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe building in square meters is determined.

Step 2 The resulting figure is multiplied by 100-150 - that is how many watts from total power heating system is needed for every m 2 of housing.

Step 3 Then the result is multiplied by 1.2 or 1.25 - this is necessary to create a power reserve so that the heating system is able to maintain a comfortable temperature in the house even in the most severe frosts.

Step 4 The final figure is calculated and recorded - the power of the heating system in watts, necessary to heat a particular housing. As an example, to maintain comfortable temperature in a private house with an area of ​​​​120 m 2, approximately 15,000 watts will be required.

Advice! In some cases, cottage owners divide the internal area of ​​\u200b\u200bhousing into that part that requires serious heating, and that for which this is unnecessary. Accordingly, different coefficients are applied to them - for example, for living rooms is 100, and for technical premises – 50-75.

Step 5 According to the already determined calculated data, a specific model of the heating boiler and radiators is selected.

It should be understood that the only advantage of this method of thermal calculation of the heating system is speed and simplicity. However, the method has many disadvantages.

1. Lack of consideration of the climate in the area where housing is being built - for Krasnodar, a heating system with a power of 100 W for each square meter would be clearly redundant. And for the Far North, it may not be enough.
2. Failure to take into account the height of the premises, the type of walls and floors from which they are built - all these characteristics seriously affect the level of possible heat losses and, consequently, the required power heating system for the house.
3. The very method of calculating the heating system in terms of power was originally developed for large industrial premises and apartment buildings. Therefore, for a separate cottage it is not correct.
4. Lack of accounting for the number of windows and doors facing the street, and yet each of these objects is a kind of "cold bridge".

So does it make sense to apply the calculation of the heating system by area? Yes, but only as a preliminary estimate, allowing you to get at least some idea of ​​the issue. To achieve better and more accurate results, you should turn to more complex techniques.

Imagine the following method for calculating the power of a heating system - it is also quite simple and understandable, but it has a higher accuracy end result. In this case, the basis for the calculations is not the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room, but its volume. In addition, the calculation takes into account the number of windows and doors in the building, the average level of frost outside. Let's imagine a small example of the application of this method - there is a house with a total area of ​​​​80 m 2, the rooms in which have a height of 3 m. The building is located in the Moscow region. In total there are 6 windows and 2 doors facing the outside. The calculation of the power of the thermal system will look like this. "How to do , you can read in our article".

Step 1. The volume of the building is determined. This can be the sum of each individual room or the total figure. In this case, the volume is calculated as follows - 80 * 3 \u003d 240 m 3.

Step 2 The number of windows and the number of doors facing the street are counted. Let's take the data from the example - 6 and 2, respectively.

Step 3 A coefficient is determined depending on the area in which the house stands and how severe frosts are there.

Table. Values ​​of regional coefficients for calculating the heating power by volume.

Since in the example we are talking about a house built in the Moscow region, the regional coefficient will have a value of 1.2.

Step 4 For detached private cottages, the value of the volume of the building determined in the first operation is multiplied by 60. We make the calculation - 240 * 60 = 14,400.

Step 5 Then the result of the calculation of the previous step is multiplied by the regional coefficient: 14,400 * 1.2 = 17,280.

Step 6 The number of windows in the house is multiplied by 100, the number of doors facing the outside by 200. The results are summed up. The calculations in the example look like this - 6*100 + 2*200 = 1000.

Step 7 The numbers obtained as a result of the fifth and sixth steps are summed up: 17,280 + 1000 = 18,280 W. This is the capacity of the heating system required to maintain the optimum temperature in the building under the conditions indicated above.

It should be understood that the calculation of the heating system by volume is also not absolutely accurate - the calculations do not pay attention to the material of the walls and floor of the building and their thermal insulation properties. Also, no adjustment is made for natural ventilation, which is inherent in any home.

Build a heating system own house or even in a city apartment - an extremely responsible occupation. At the same time, it would be completely unreasonable to purchase boiler equipment, as they say, “by eye”, that is, without taking into account all the features of housing. In this, it is quite possible to fall into two extremes: either the power of the boiler will not be enough - the equipment will work “to its fullest”, without pauses, but will not give the expected result, or, conversely, an overly expensive device will be purchased, the capabilities of which will remain completely unclaimed.

But that's not all. It is not enough to purchase the necessary heating boiler correctly - it is very important to optimally select and correctly place heat exchange devices in the premises - radiators, convectors or "warm floors". And again, relying only on your intuition or the "good advice" of your neighbors is not the most reasonable option. In a word, certain calculations are indispensable.

Of course, ideally, such heat engineering calculations should be carried out by appropriate specialists, but this often costs a lot of money. Isn't it interesting to try to do it yourself? This publication will show in detail how heating is calculated by the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room, taking into account many important nuances. By analogy, it will be possible to perform, built into this page, will help you perform the necessary calculations. The technique cannot be called completely “sinless”, however, it still allows you to get a result with a completely acceptable degree of accuracy.

The simplest methods of calculation

In order for the heating system to create comfortable living conditions during the cold season, it must cope with two main tasks. These functions are closely related, and their separation is very conditional.

• The first is maintaining optimal level air temperature in the entire volume of the heated room. Of course, the temperature level may vary slightly with altitude, but this difference should not be significant. Quite comfortable conditions are considered to be an average of +20 ° C - it is this temperature that, as a rule, is taken as the initial temperature in thermal calculations.

In other words, the heating system must be able to heat a certain volume of air.

If we approach with complete accuracy, then for individual rooms V residential buildings the standards for the required microclimate have been established - they are defined by GOST 30494-96. An excerpt from this document is in the table below:

• The second is the compensation of heat losses through the structural elements of the building.

The main "enemy" of the heating system is heat loss through building structures.

Alas, heat loss is the most serious "rival" of any heating system. They can be reduced to a certain minimum, but even with the highest quality thermal insulation, it is not yet possible to completely get rid of them. Thermal energy leaks go in all directions - their approximate distribution is shown in the table:

Naturally, in order to cope with such tasks, the heating system must have a certain thermal power, and this potential must not only meet the general needs of the building (apartment), but also be correctly distributed among the premises, in accordance with their area and a number of other important factors.

Usually the calculation is carried out in the direction "from small to large". Simply put, the required amount of thermal energy is calculated for each heated room, the obtained values ​​​​are summed up, approximately 10% of the reserve is added (so that the equipment does not work at the limit of its capabilities) - and the result will show how much power the heating boiler needs. And the values ​​​​for each room will be the starting point for calculating the required number of radiators.

The most simplified and most commonly used method in a non-professional environment is to accept the norm of 100 W of thermal energy per square meter of area:

The most primitive way of counting is the ratio of 100 W / m²

Q = S× 100

Q– necessary thermal power for the premises;

S– area of ​​the room (m²);

100 — specific power per unit area (W/m²).

For example, room 3.2 × 5.5 m

S= 3.2 × 5.5 = 17.6 m²

Q= 17.6 × 100 = 1760 W ≈ 1.8 kW

The method is obviously very simple, but very imperfect. It should be noted right away that it is conditionally applicable only when standard height ceilings - approximately 2.7 m (permissible - in the range from 2.5 to 3.0 m). From this point of view, the calculation will be more accurate not from the area, but from the volume of the room.

It is clear that in this case the value of the specific power is calculated for cubic meter. It is taken equal to 41 W / m³ for reinforced concrete panel house, or 34 W / m³ - in brick or made of other materials.

Q = S × h× 41 (or 34)

h- ceiling height (m);

41 or 34 - specific power per unit volume (W / m³).

For example, the same room panel house, with a ceiling height of 3.2 m:

Q= 17.6 × 3.2 × 41 = 2309 W ≈ 2.3 kW

The result is more accurate, since it already takes into account not only all the linear dimensions of the room, but even, to a certain extent, the features of the walls.

But still, it is still far from real accuracy - many nuances are “outside the brackets”. How to perform calculations closer to real conditions - in the next section of the publication.

You may be interested in information about what they are

Carrying out calculations of the required thermal power, taking into account the characteristics of the premises

The calculation algorithms discussed above are useful for the initial “estimate”, but you should still rely on them completely with very great care. Even to a person who does not understand anything in building heat engineering, the indicated average values ​​\u200b\u200bmay certainly seem doubtful - they cannot be equal, say, for the Krasnodar Territory and for the Arkhangelsk Region. In addition, the room - the room is different: one is located on the corner of the house, that is, it has two external walls ki, and the other on three sides is protected from heat loss by other rooms. In addition, the room may have one or more windows, both small and very large, sometimes even panoramic. And the windows themselves may differ in the material of manufacture and other design features. And this is not a complete list - just such features are visible even to the "naked eye".

In a word, there are a lot of nuances that affect the heat loss of each particular room, and it is better not to be too lazy, but to carry out a more thorough calculation. Believe me, according to the method proposed in the article, this will not be so difficult to do.

General principles and calculation formula

The calculations will be based on the same ratio: 100 W per 1 square meter. But that's just the formula itself "overgrown" with a considerable number of various correction factors.

Q = (S × 100) × a × b × c × d × e × f × g × h × i × j × k × l × m

The Latin letters denoting the coefficients are taken quite arbitrarily, in alphabetical order, and are not related to any standard quantities accepted in physics. The meaning of each coefficient will be discussed separately.

• "a" - a coefficient that takes into account the number of external walls in a particular room.

Obviously, the more external walls in the room, the larger the area through which heat loss occurs. In addition, the presence of two or more external walls also means corners - extremely vulnerable places in terms of the formation of "cold bridges". The coefficient "a" will correct for this specific feature of the room.

The coefficient is taken equal to:

- external walls No(indoor): a = 0.8;

- outer wall one: a = 1.0;

- external walls two: a = 1.2;

- external walls three: a = 1.4.

• "b" - coefficient taking into account the location of the external walls of the room relative to the cardinal points.

You may be interested in information about what are

Even on the coldest winter days, solar energy still has an effect on the temperature balance in the building. It is quite natural that the side of the house that faces south receives a certain amount of heat from the sun's rays, and heat loss through it is lower.

But the walls and windows facing north never “see” the Sun. The eastern part of the house, although it "grabs" the morning Sun rays, still does not receive any effective heating from them.

Based on this, we introduce the coefficient "b":

- the outer walls of the room look at North or East: b = 1.1;

- the outer walls of the room are oriented towards South or West: b = 1.0.

• "c" - coefficient taking into account the location of the room relative to the winter "wind rose"

Perhaps this amendment is not so necessary for houses located in areas protected from the winds. But sometimes the prevailing winter winds can make their own “hard adjustments” to the thermal balance of the building. Naturally, the windward side, that is, "substituted" to the wind, will lose much more body, compared to the leeward, opposite.

Based on the results of long-term meteorological observations in any region, the so-called "wind rose" is compiled - a graphic diagram showing the prevailing wind directions in winter and summer. This information can be obtained from the local hydrometeorological service. However, many residents themselves, without meteorologists, know perfectly well where the winds mainly blow from in winter, and from which side of the house the deepest snowdrifts usually sweep.

If there is a desire to carry out calculations with higher accuracy, then the correction factor “c” can also be included in the formula, taking it equal to:

- windward side of the house: c = 1.2;

- leeward walls of the house: c = 1.0;

- wall located parallel to the direction of the wind: c = 1.1.

• "d" - correction factor that takes into account the features climatic conditions home building region

Naturally, the amount of heat loss through all the building structures of the building will greatly depend on the level of winter temperatures. It is quite clear that during the winter the thermometer indicators “dance” in a certain range, but for each region there is an average indicator of the most low temperatures, characteristic of the coldest five-day period of the year (usually this is characteristic of January). For example, below is a map-scheme of the territory of Russia, on which approximate values ​​​​are shown in colors.

Usually this value is easy to check with the regional meteorological service, but you can, in principle, rely on your own observations.

So, the coefficient "d", taking into account the peculiarities of the climate of the region, for our calculations in we take equal to:

— from – 35 °С and below: d=1.5;

— from – 30 °С to – 34 °С: d=1.3;

— from – 25 °С to – 29 °С: d=1.2;

— from – 20 °С to – 24 °С: d=1.1;

— from – 15 °С to – 19 °С: d=1.0;

— from – 10 °С to – 14 °С: d=0.9;

- not colder - 10 ° С: d=0.7.

• "e" - coefficient taking into account the degree of insulation of external walls.

The total value of the heat loss of the building is directly related to the degree of insulation of all building structures. One of the "leaders" in terms of heat loss are walls. Therefore, the value of thermal power required to maintain comfortable conditions living indoors depends on the quality of their thermal insulation.

The value of the coefficient for our calculations can be taken as follows:

- external walls are not insulated: e = 1.27;

- medium degree of insulation - walls in two bricks or their surface thermal insulation with other heaters is provided: e = 1.0;

– insulation was carried out qualitatively, on the basis of heat engineering calculations: e = 0.85.

Later in the course of this publication, recommendations will be given on how to determine the degree of insulation of walls and other building structures.

• coefficient "f" - correction for ceiling height

Ceilings, especially in private homes, may have different height. Therefore, the thermal power for heating one or another room of the same area will also differ in this parameter.

It will not be a big mistake to accept the following values ​​​​of the correction factor "f":

– ceiling height up to 2.7 m: f = 1.0;

— flow height from 2.8 to 3.0 m: f = 1.05;

– ceiling height from 3.1 to 3.5 m: f = 1.1;

– ceiling height from 3.6 to 4.0 m: f = 1.15;

– ceiling height over 4.1 m: f = 1.2.

• « g "- coefficient taking into account the type of floor or room located under the ceiling.

As shown above, the floor is one of the significant sources of heat loss. So, it is necessary to make some adjustments in the calculation of this feature of a particular room. The correction factor "g" can be taken equal to:

- cold floor on the ground or over an unheated room (for example, basement or basement): g= 1,4 ;

- insulated floor on the ground or over an unheated room: g= 1,2 ;

- a heated room is located below: g= 1,0 .

• « h "- coefficient taking into account the type of room located above.

The air heated by the heating system always rises, and if the ceiling in the room is cold, then increased heat losses are inevitable, which will require an increase in the required heat output. We introduce the coefficient "h", which also takes into account this feature of the calculated room:

- a "cold" attic is located on top: h = 1,0 ;

- an insulated attic or other insulated room is located on top: h = 0,9 ;

- any heated room is located above: h = 0,8 .

• « i "- coefficient taking into account the design features of windows

Windows are one of the "main routes" of heat leaks. Naturally, much in this matter depends on the quality of the window construction. Old wooden frames, which were previously installed everywhere in all houses, are significantly inferior to modern multi-chamber systems with double-glazed windows in terms of their thermal insulation.

Without words, it is clear that the thermal insulation qualities of these windows are significantly different.

But even between PVC-windows there is no complete uniformity. For example, a two-chamber double-glazed window (with three glasses) will be much warmer than a single-chamber one.

This means that it is necessary to enter a certain coefficient "i", taking into account the type of windows installed in the room:

— standard wooden windows with conventional double glazing: i = 1,27 ;

– modern window systems with single-chamber double-glazed windows: i = 1,0 ;

– modern window systems with two-chamber or three-chamber double-glazed windows, including those with argon filling: i = 0,85 .

• « j" - correction factor for the total glazing area of ​​the room

Whatever quality windows however they were, it will still not be possible to completely avoid heat loss through them. But it is quite clear that it is impossible to compare a small window with panoramic glazing almost on the entire wall.

First you need to find the ratio of the areas of all the windows in the room and the room itself:

x = ∑SOK /SP

∑ SOK- the total area of ​​windows in the room;

SP- area of ​​the room.

Depending on the value obtained and the correction factor "j" is determined:

- x \u003d 0 ÷ 0.1 →j = 0,8 ;

- x \u003d 0.11 ÷ 0.2 →j = 0,9 ;

- x \u003d 0.21 ÷ 0.3 →j = 1,0 ;

- x \u003d 0.31 ÷ 0.4 →j = 1,1 ;

- x \u003d 0.41 ÷ 0.5 →j = 1,2 ;

• « k" - coefficient that corrects for the presence of an entrance door

The door to the street or to an unheated balcony is always an additional "loophole" for the cold

The door to the street or to an open balcony is able to make its own adjustments to the heat balance of the room - each of its opening is accompanied by the penetration of a considerable amount of cold air into the room. Therefore, it makes sense to take into account its presence - for this we introduce the coefficient "k", which we take equal to:

- no door k = 1,0 ;

- one door to the street or balcony: k = 1,3 ;

- two doors to the street or to the balcony: k = 1,7 .

• « l "- possible amendments to the connection diagram of heating radiators

Perhaps this will seem like an insignificant trifle to some, but still - why not immediately take into account the planned scheme for connecting heating radiators. The fact is that their heat transfer, and hence their participation in maintaining a certain temperature balance in the room, changes quite noticeably with different types tie-in supply and return pipes.

Illustration	Radiator insert type	The value of the coefficient "l"
	Diagonal connection: supply from above, "return" from below	l = 1.0
	Connection on one side: supply from above, "return" from below	l = 1.03
	Two-way connection: both supply and return from the bottom	l = 1.13
	Diagonal connection: supply from below, "return" from above	l = 1.25
	Connection on one side: supply from below, "return" from above	l = 1.28
	One-way connection, both supply and return from below	l = 1.28

• « m "- correction factor for the features of the installation site of heating radiators

And finally, the last coefficient, which is also associated with the features of connecting heating radiators. It is probably clear that if the battery is installed openly, is not obstructed by anything from above and from the front part, then it will give maximum heat transfer. However, such an installation is far from always possible - more often, radiators are partially hidden by window sills. Other options are also possible. In addition, some owners, trying to fit the heating priors into the created interior ensemble, hide them completely or partially with decorative screens - this also significantly affects the heat output.

If there are certain “outlines” on how and where the radiators will be mounted, this can also be taken into account when making calculations by entering a special coefficient “m”:

So, there is clarity with the calculation formula. Surely, some of the readers will immediately take up their heads - they say, it's too complicated and cumbersome. However, if the matter is approached systematically, in an orderly manner, then there is no difficulty at all.

Any good landlord must have a detailed graphic plan of their "possessions" with affixed dimensions, and usually oriented to the cardinal points. Climatic features region is easy to determine. It remains only to walk through all the rooms with a tape measure, to clarify some of the nuances for each room. Features of housing - "vertical neighborhood" from above and below, the location of the entrance doors, the proposed or existing scheme for installing heating radiators - no one except the owners knows better.

It is recommended to immediately draw up a worksheet, where you enter all the necessary data for each room. The result of the calculations will also be entered into it. Well, the calculations themselves will help to carry out the built-in calculator, in which all the coefficients and ratios mentioned above are already “laid”.

If some data could not be obtained, then, of course, they can not be taken into account, but in this case, the “default” calculator will calculate the result, taking into account the least favorable conditions.

It can be seen with an example. We have a house plan (taken completely arbitrary).

The region with the level of minimum temperatures in the range of -20 ÷ 25 °С. Predominance of winter winds = northeasterly. The house is one-story, with an insulated attic. Insulated floors on the ground. The optimal diagonal connection of radiators, which will be installed under the window sills, has been selected.

Let's create a table like this:

Then, using the calculator below, we make a calculation for each room (already taking into account a 10% reserve). With the recommended app, it won't take long. After that, it remains to sum the obtained values ​​\u200b\u200bfor each room - this will be the required total power of the heating system.

The result for each room, by the way, will help you choose the right number of heating radiators - it remains only to divide by the specific heat output of one section and round up.

Whether it is an industrial building or a residential building, you need to make competent calculations and draw up a diagram of the heating system circuit. At this stage, experts recommend paying special attention to the calculation of the possible heat load on the heating circuit, as well as the amount of fuel consumed and heat generated.

Thermal load: what is it?

This term refers to the amount of heat given off. The preliminary calculation of the heat load made it possible to avoid unnecessary costs for the purchase of components of the heating system and for their installation. Also, this calculation will help to correctly distribute the amount of heat generated economically and evenly throughout the building.

There are many nuances in these calculations. For example, the material from which the building is built, thermal insulation, region, etc. Experts try to take into account as many factors and characteristics as possible to obtain a more accurate result.

The calculation of the heat load with errors and inaccuracies leads to inefficient operation of the heating system. It even happens that you have to redo sections of an already working structure, which inevitably leads to unplanned expenses. Yes, and housing and communal organizations calculate the cost of services based on data on heat load.

Main Factors

An ideally calculated and designed heating system must maintain the set temperature in the room and compensate for the resulting heat losses. When calculating the indicator of the heat load on the heating system in the building, you need to take into account:

Purpose of the building: residential or industrial.

Characteristics of the structural elements of the structure. These are windows, walls, doors, roof and ventilation system.

Housing dimensions. The larger it is, the more powerful the heating system should be. Be sure to take into account the area of ​​window openings, doors, exterior walls and the volume of each interior space.

Availability of rooms special purpose(bath, sauna, etc.).

Degree of equipment with technical devices. That is, the presence of hot water supply, ventilation systems, air conditioning and the type of heating system.

For a single room. For example, in rooms intended for storage, it is not necessary to maintain a comfortable temperature for a person.

Number of points with feed hot water. The more of them, the more the system is loaded.

Area of ​​glazed surfaces. Rooms with French windows lose a significant amount of heat.

Additional terms. In residential buildings, this can be the number of rooms, balconies and loggias and bathrooms. In industrial - the number of working days in a calendar year, shifts, technological chain production process etc.

Climatic conditions of the region. When calculating heat losses, street temperatures are taken into account. If the differences are insignificant, then a small amount of energy will be spent on compensation. While at -40 ° C outside the window it will require significant expenses.

Features of existing methods

The parameters included in the calculation of the heat load are in SNiPs and GOSTs. They also have special heat transfer coefficients. From the passports of the equipment included in the heating system, digital characteristics are taken regarding a specific heating radiator, boiler, etc. And also traditionally:

The heat consumption, taken to the maximum for one hour of operation of the heating system,

The maximum heat flow from one radiator,

Total heat costs in a certain period (most often - a season); if you need an hourly calculation of the load on heating network, then the calculation must be carried out taking into account the temperature difference during the day.

The calculations made are compared with the heat transfer area of ​​the entire system. The index is quite accurate. Some deviations happen. For example, for industrial buildings, it will be necessary to take into account the reduction in heat energy consumption on weekends and holidays, and in residential buildings - at night.

Methods for calculating heating systems have several degrees of accuracy. To reduce the error to a minimum, it is necessary to use rather complex calculations. Less accurate schemes are used if the goal is not to optimize the costs of the heating system.

Basic calculation methods

To date, the calculation of the heat load on the heating of a building can be carried out in one of the following ways.

Three main

1. Aggregated indicators are taken for calculation.
2. The indicators of the structural elements of the building are taken as the base. Here, the calculation of the internal volume of air going to warm up will also be important.
3. All objects included in the heating system are calculated and summarized.

One exemplary

There is also a fourth option. It has a fairly large error, because the indicators are taken very average, or they are not enough. Here is the formula - Q from \u003d q 0 * a * V H * (t EH - t NPO), where:

• q 0 - specific thermal characteristic of the building (most often determined by the coldest period),
• a - correction factor (depends on the region and is taken from ready-made tables),
• V H is the volume calculated from the outer planes.

Example of a simple calculation

For a building with standard parameters (ceiling heights, room sizes and good thermal insulation characteristics) you can apply a simple ratio of parameters, corrected by a factor depending on the region.

Suppose that a residential building is located in the Arkhangelsk region, and its area is 170 square meters. m. The heat load will be equal to 17 * 1.6 \u003d 27.2 kW / h.

Such a definition of thermal loads does not take into account many important factors. For example, design features buildings, temperatures, the number of walls, the ratio of the areas of walls and window openings, etc. Therefore, such calculations are not suitable for serious heating system projects.

It depends on the material from which they are made. Most often today, bimetallic, aluminum, steel are used, much less often cast iron radiators. Each of them has its own heat transfer index (thermal power). Bimetallic radiators with a distance between the axes of 500 mm, on average, have 180 - 190 watts. Aluminum radiators have almost the same performance.

The heat transfer of the described radiators is calculated for one section. Steel plate radiators are non-separable. Therefore, their heat transfer is determined based on the size of the entire device. For example, the thermal power of a two-row radiator with a width of 1,100 mm and a height of 200 mm will be 1,010 W, and panel radiator made of steel with a width of 500 mm and a height of 220 mm will be 1,644 watts.

The calculation of the heating radiator by area includes the following basic parameters:

Ceiling height (standard - 2.7 m),

Thermal power (per sq. m - 100 W),

One outer wall.

These calculations show that for every 10 sq. m requires 1,000 W of thermal power. This result is divided by the heat output of one section. The answer is the required number of radiator sections.

For the southern regions of our country, as well as for the northern ones, decreasing and increasing coefficients have been developed.

Average calculation and exact

Given the factors described, the average calculation is carried out according to the following scheme. If for 1 sq. m requires 100 W of heat flow, then a room of 20 square meters. m should receive 2,000 watts. The radiator (popular bimetallic or aluminum) of eight sections allocates about Divide 2,000 by 150, we get 13 sections. But this is a rather enlarged calculation of the thermal load.

The exact one looks a little intimidating. Actually, nothing complicated. Here is the formula:

Q t \u003d 100 W / m 2 × S (rooms) m 2 × q 1 × q 2 × q 3 × q 4 × q 5 × q 6 × q 7, Where:

• q 1 - type of glazing (ordinary = 1.27, double = 1.0, triple = 0.85);
• q 2 - wall insulation (weak or absent = 1.27, 2-brick wall = 1.0, modern, high = 0.85);
• q 3 - the ratio of the total area of ​​window openings to the floor area (40% = 1.2, 30% = 1.1, 20% - 0.9, 10% = 0.8);
• q 4 - outdoor temperature (the minimum value is taken: -35 o C = 1.5, -25 o C = 1.3, -20 o C = 1.1, -15 o C = 0.9, -10 o C = 0.7);
• q 5 - the number of external walls in the room (all four = 1.4, three = 1.3, corner room= 1.2, one = 1.2);
• q 6 - type of calculation room above the calculation room (cold attic = 1.0, warm attic = 0.9, residential heated room = 0.8);
• q 7 - ceiling height (4.5 m = 1.2, 4.0 m = 1.15, 3.5 m = 1.1, 3.0 m = 1.05, 2.5 m = 1.3).

Using any of the methods described, it is possible to calculate the heat load of an apartment building.

Approximate calculation

These are the conditions. The minimum temperature in the cold season is -20 ° C. Room 25 sq. m with triple glazing, double-leaf windows, ceiling height of 3.0 m, two-brick walls and an unheated attic. The calculation will be as follows:

Q \u003d 100 W / m 2 × 25 m 2 × 0.85 × 1 × 0.8 (12%) × 1.1 × 1.2 × 1 × 1.05.

The result, 2 356.20, is divided by 150. As a result, it turns out that 16 sections need to be installed in a room with the specified parameters.

If calculation is required in gigacalories

In the absence of a heat energy meter on an open heating circuit, the calculation of the heat load for heating the building is calculated by the formula Q \u003d V * (T 1 - T 2) / 1000, where:

• V - the amount of water consumed by the heating system, calculated in tons or m 3,
• T 1 - a number showing the temperature of hot water, measured in o C, and for calculations, the temperature corresponding to a certain pressure in the system is taken. This indicator has its own name - enthalpy. If it is not possible to remove temperature indicators in a practical way, they resort to an average indicator. It is in the range of 60-65 o C.
• T 2 - temperature of cold water. It is quite difficult to measure it in the system, so constant indicators have been developed that depend on temperature regime on the street. For example, in one of the regions, in the cold season, this indicator is taken equal to 5, in summer - 15.
• 1,000 is the coefficient for obtaining the result immediately in gigacalories.

In the case of a closed circuit, the heat load (gcal/h) is calculated differently:

Q from \u003d α * q o * V * (t in - t n.r.) * (1 + K n.r.) * 0.000001, Where

The calculation of the heat load turns out to be somewhat enlarged, but it is this formula that is given in the technical literature.

Increasingly, in order to increase the efficiency of the heating system, they resort to buildings.

These works are carried out at night. For a more accurate result, you must observe the temperature difference between the room and the street: it must be at least 15 o. Lamps daylight and the incandescent lamps are switched off. It is advisable to remove carpets and furniture to the maximum, they knock down the device, giving some error.

The survey is carried out slowly, the data are recorded carefully. The scheme is simple.

The first stage of work takes place indoors. The device is moved gradually from doors to windows, giving Special attention corners and other joints.

The second stage is the examination of the external walls of the building with a thermal imager. The joints are still carefully examined, especially the connection with the roof.

The third stage is data processing. First, the device does this, then the readings are transferred to a computer, where the corresponding programs complete the processing and give the result.

If the survey was conducted by a licensed organization, then it will issue a report with mandatory recommendations based on the results of the work. If the work was carried out personally, then you need to rely on your knowledge and, possibly, the help of the Internet.

When designing heating and ventilation for car maintenance enterprises, the requirements of SNiP 2.04.05-86 and these VSNs must be observed

Estimated air temperatures during the cold period in industrial buildings should be taken:

in rolling stock storage rooms - + 5С

in warehouses - + 10С

in other rooms - according to the requirements of Table 1 GOST 12.1.005-86

Category Ib includes work performed while sitting or walking and accompanied by some physical stress (a number of professions in communications enterprises, controllers, masters).

Category IIa includes work associated with constant walking, moving small (up to 1 kg) products or objects in a standing or sitting position and requiring little physical stress (a number of professions in the spinning and weaving industry, machine assembly shops).

Category IIb includes work associated with walking and moving loads weighing up to 10 kg and accompanied by moderate physical stress (a number of professions in mechanical engineering, metallurgy).

Category III includes work associated with constant movement, moving and carrying significant (more than 10 kg) weight and requiring significant physical effort (a number of professions with the performance of manual operations of metallurgical, machine-building, mining enterprises).

Heating of storage rooms, maintenance and repair stations of rolling stock, as a rule, should be provided with air, combined with supply ventilation.

Heating by local heating devices with a smooth surface without ribs is allowed in car storage rooms in one-story buildings, up to 10,000 m 3 inclusive, as well as in car storage rooms in high-rise buildings regardless of volume.

4.4. In storage rooms, maintenance and repair stations of rolling stock, standby heating should be provided using:

Supply ventilation switched to recirculation during non-working hours;

Heating and recirculation units;

Air-thermal curtains;

Local heating appliances with a smooth surface without ribs.

4.5. The need for heat for heating the rolling stock entering the premises should be taken in the amount of 0.029 watts per hour per kg of mass in running order per one degree difference in the temperatures of the outdoor and indoor air.

4.6. External gates of storage rooms, maintenance and repair stations of rolling stock should be equipped with air-thermal curtains in areas with an average design outdoor temperature of 15 С, and below under the following conditions:

With the number of five or more entries or exits per hour per one gate in the premises of the maintenance and repair posts of the rolling stock;

When maintenance posts are located at a distance of 4 meters or less from the outer gate;

With the number of 20 or more entries and exits per hour per one gate in the rolling stock storage room, except for cars owned by citizens;

When storing 50 or more cars owned by citizens indoors.

Switching on and off of air-thermal curtains should be carried out automatically.

4.7. To ensure the required air conditions in the storage rooms, maintenance and repair stations of the rolling stock, general exchange supply and exhaust ventilation with mechanical stimulation should be provided, taking into account the operating mode of the enterprise and the amount of harmful emissions installed in the technological part of the project.

4.8. In rolling stock storage rooms, including ramps, air removal should be provided equally from the upper and lower zones of the room; supply of supply air to the premises should, as a rule, be concentrated along the passages.

4.10. In the premises of the maintenance and repair stations of the rolling stock, the removal of air by general ventilation systems should be provided from the upper and lower zones equally, taking into account the exhaust from the inspection ditches, and the supply supply air- dispersed into the working area and into the inspection ditches, as well as into the pits connecting the inspection ditches, and into the tunnels provided for the exit from the driving ditches.

The temperature of the supply air to the inspection ditches, pits and tunnels during the cold season should not be lower than +16 С and not higher than +25 С.

The amount of supply and exhaust air per cubic meter of the volume of inspection ditches, pits and tunnels should be taken from the calculation of their tenfold air exchange

4.12. In industrial premises that have a connection through doors and gates without a vestibule with storage rooms and maintenance and repair posts, the volume of supply air should be taken with a coefficient of 1.05. At the same time, in the storage rooms and the maintenance and repair posts, the volume of supply air should be correspondingly reduced.

4.13. In the premises of the maintenance and repair stations of the rolling stock at the posts associated with the operation of car engines, local exhausts should be provided.

The amount of air removed from running engines, depending on their power, should be taken:

up to 90 kW (120 hp) inclusive - 350 m 3 / h

St. 90 to 130 kW (120 to 180 hp) - 500 m3/h

St. 130 to 175 kW (180 to 240 hp) - 650 m3/h

St. 175 kW (240 hp) - 800 m3/h

The number of cars connected to the system of local suction with mechanical removal is not limited.

When placing no more than five posts for maintenance and repair of vehicles indoors, it is allowed to design local exhausts with natural removal for vehicles with a power of not more than 130 kW (180 hp)

The amount of exhaust gases from engines breaking into the room should be taken:

with hose suction - 10%

with open suction - 25%

4.16. Air intakes ventilation systems must be located at a distance of at least 12 meters from the gate with the number of entries and exits of more than 10 cars per hour.

When the number of entries and exits is less than 10 vehicles per hour, the intake devices of the supply ventilation systems may be located at a distance of at least one meter from the gate.

Calculation of air exchange in the car wash box is made on the basis of excess moisture. Air exchange in premises with moisture release is determined by the formula, m3/h: L=Lw,z+(W–1.2(dw,z–din)):1.2(dl–din), Lw,z - air flow rate removed local suction, m3/hour;

W - excess moisture in the room, g/h;

tn - initial temperature of flowing water С;

tk - final temperature of flowing water С;

r is the latent heat of evaporation, which is ~ 585 kcal / kg According to the technological process, 3 cars are washed within an hour. 15 minutes to wash the car and 5 minutes to dry. The amount of water used is 510 l/h. Initial water temperature - +40С, final - +16С. For the calculation, we assume that 10% of the water used in the technology remains on the surface of the car and on the floor. The moisture content of the air is determined by i - d diagrams. For supply air, we take the parameters for the most unfavorable period in terms of moisture content - the transitional one: air temperature - + 8С, specific enthalpy - 22.5 kJ / kg. Based on this: W \u003d 0.1 (510 x (40 - 16): 585) \u003d 2.092 kg / h \u003d 2092 g / h. Lvl. \u003d 2092: 1.2 (9 -5.5) \u003d 500 m3 / h.

SNiP 2.01.57-85

ADAPTATION OF VEHICLE WASHING AND CLEANING ROOMS FOR SPECIAL TREATMENT OF ROLLING STOCK

6.1. When designing the adaptation of new or reconstruction of existing motor transport enterprises, centralized car maintenance bases, car service stations, car washing and cleaning posts should be provided with travel cards.

6.2. Special processing of the rolling stock should be carried out on the production lines and travel posts of the car wash and cleaning facilities. At existing enterprises, dead-end posts for washing and cleaning cars should not be adapted for special processing of rolling stock. When designing special handling of rolling stock, it is necessary to take into account the sequence of operations:

control of pollution of the rolling stock (if it is contaminated with RV);

cleaning and washing of the outer and inner surfaces of the rolling stock (if it is contaminated with RS);

application of neutralizing substances to the surface of the rolling stock (during degassing and disinfection);

exposure (during disinfection) of the applied substances on the surface of the rolling stock;

flushing (removal) of disinfectants;

re-control of the degree of contamination of the rolling stock with radioactive substances and, if necessary, the repetition of decontamination;

lubrication of surfaces of parts and tools made of easily corroding materials.

6.3. In case of special processing of rolling stock, at least two sequentially located working posts should be taken.

The working post of the “clean” zone, intended for re-control of contamination and for lubrication, may be located separately from the “dirty” zone in an adjacent room or outside the building - on the territory of the enterprise.

The working posts of the "dirty" and "clean" zones, located in the same room, should be separated by partitions with openings for the passage of cars. Openings must be equipped with waterproof curtains.

6.4. In one room, it is allowed to place two or more parallel flows for special processing of rolling stock, while the posts of "dirty" zones of parallel flows must be isolated from one another by partitions or screens at least 2.4 m high.

The distances between the sides of the rolling stock and the screens must be at least: cars - 1.2 m; trucks and buses - 1.5 m.

The distances between the end sides of the rolling stock, partitions, curtains or external gates should be taken in accordance with the standards.

6.5. At the stations for special processing of rolling stock in the "dirty" zone, it is necessary to provide for the installation of work tables with a metal or plastic coating, as well as metal containers with neutralizing solutions for special processing of components, parts and tools removed from vehicles.

In the "clean" zone, it is necessary to provide for the installation of work tables for re-inspection and lubrication of the removed components, parts and tools.

6.6. Washing equipment and work tables located in the "dirty" and "clean" zones should be provided with cold and hot water supply through the mixer, as well as compressed air.

The water temperature for washing rolling stock using mechanized installations is not standardized. For manual hose washing, the water temperature should be 20 - 40 °C.

6.7. Working posts of "dirty" and "clean" areas for work in the lower part of the rolling stock must be equipped with inspection ditches, overpasses or lifts. The dimensions of the working area of ​​the inspection ditches should be taken in accordance with Table. 6.

Table 6

Steps in the inspection ditch should be provided in the end part from the side of vehicle entrances to working posts without tunnels (crossings).

6.8. The capacity of the section for special processing of rolling stock is given in the mandatory annex 1.

Approximate schemes for the placement and equipment of working posts in the room for two parallel production lines and for one travel post are given in the recommended annex 2.

6.9. In the same building with a room for special processing of rolling stock, it is necessary to provide separate rooms for storing special processing equipment and materials. The area of ​​the room should be taken depending on the capacity of the decontamination section of the composition, but not less than 8 m 2. The entrance to the premises should be provided from the “clean” zone. The room must be equipped with shelving.

6.10. room for service personnel and a sanitary checkpoint, as a rule, should be located in the same building as the stations for special processing of rolling stock.

The room for service personnel should have an entrance from the side of the “clean” zone.

For sanitary checkpoints, it is allowed to adapt sanitary facilities (with two or more shower nets) located in other buildings of the enterprise.

6.11. Requirements for a sanitary checkpoint for servicing personnel, drivers of rolling stock and accompanying persons, for the composition and size of its premises are similar to the requirements set forth in sec. 3.

6.12. The finishing of walls and partitions, as well as the installation of floors in rooms for special processing of rolling stock must comply with the requirements of technological design standards , as well as the requirements of par. 1.5 real norms.

The floors of rooms for special processing of rolling stock must have a slope of 0.02 towards the inspection ditches, the floors of which must have a slope towards the outlet Wastewater.

6.13. In rooms for special treatment of rolling stock, rooms for service personnel and in a warehouse for contaminated clothing, watering taps for washing floors should be provided.

6.14. Wastewater from premises adapted for the special treatment of rolling stock should be fed to treatment facilities for circulating water supply. used in regular time when sanitizing transport, treatment facilities should be transferred to a direct-flow scheme without changing the cleaning scheme.

The residence time of wastewater in the treatment plant should be at least 30 minutes. Wastewater after treatment must be discharged into domestic or rainwater sewers.

Sludge or oils from treatment facilities should be removed to places agreed with the local sanitary and epidemiological station.

6.15. Supply and exhaust ventilation should provide in the "dirty" zone of industrial premises and the sanitary checkpoint an hourly rate of air exchange of at least 10. Supply air should be supplied only to the "clean" zone.

The hood should be concentrated from the upper part of the room, and from the "dirty" zone - 2/3, from the "clean" zone - 1/3 of the volume of exhausted air.

When the working posts of the "clean" zone are located separately from the "dirty" zone (outside the building - on the territory of the enterprise), the supply air should be supplied to the working posts of the "dirty" zone.

The extract air volume must be 20% larger than the supply air volume.

ANNEX 1Mandatory

This mandatory annex provides data to SNiP 2.01.57-85 "Adaptation of public utility facilities for the sanitization of people, special treatment of clothing and rolling stock of vehicles", developed to replace SN 490-77.

3.2 Heating calculation

Calculation of heat for heating the industrial premises is calculated by the formula:

Q t \u003d V * q * (t in - t n), (3.5)

where V is the estimated volume of the room; V =120 m³

q - specific rate of fuel consumption per 1 m 3; q=2.5

t in - air temperature in the room; t in = 18ºС

t n - the minimum temperature of the outside air. t n \u003d -35ºС

Q t \u003d 120 * 2.5 * (18 - (- 35)) \u003d 15900 J / h.

3.3 Ventilation calculation

The required approximate air exchange in the premises can be determined through the air exchange ratio according to the formula:

where L is the air exchange in the room;

V is the volume of the room;

K – air exchange rate, K=3

L \u003d 120 * 3 \u003d 360 m 3 / hour.

We choose a centrifugal fan of the BP series No. 2, the type of electric motor is AOA-21-4.

n - speed - 1.5 thousand rpm;

L в - fan performance - 400 m 3 / hour;

H in - pressure created by the fan - 25 kg / m 2;

η in - coefficient useful action fan - 0.48;

η p - transmission efficiency - 0.8.

The choice of an electric motor according to the installed power is calculated by the formula:

N dv \u003d (1.2 / 1.5) * ------- (3.7)

3600 * 102 * η in * η n

N motor \u003d (1.2 / 1.5) * --------- \u003d 0.091 kW

3600 * 102 * 0,48 * 0,8

We accept power N dv \u003d 0.1 kW

Bibliography.

1. SNiP 2.04.05-86 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

SNiP 21 - 02 - 99 * "Parking"

VSN 01-89 "Vehicle maintenance enterprises" section 4.

GOST 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area"

ONTP-01-91 "All-Union norms for technological design of road transport enterprises" Section 3.

SNiP 2.01.57-85ADJUSTMENT OF OBJECTS OF UTILITIES AND HOUSEHOLDAPPOINTMENTS FOR SANITIZING PEOPLE,SPECIAL CLOTHING AND MOVINGCOMPOSITION OF VEHICLES section 6.

GOST 12.1.005-88 section 1.

GENERAL SANITARY AND HYGIENE REQUIREMENTS FOR WORKING AREA AIR

SNiP 2.04.05-91*

SNiP 2.09.04-87*

SNiP 41-01-2003 section 7.

1. Sp 12.13130.2009 Definition of categories of premises, buildings and outdoor installations for explosion and fire hazard (with Amendment n 1)

2. SNiP II-g.7-62 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Design standards

13. SNiP 23 - 05 - 95. Natural and artificial lighting. -M.: GUP TsPP, 1999

L.1 Supply air flow L, m 3 / h, for the ventilation and air conditioning system should be determined by calculation and take the larger of the costs required to ensure:

a) sanitary and hygienic standards in accordance with L.2;

b) explosion and fire safety standards in accordance with L.Z.

L.2 Air consumption should be determined separately for the warm and cold periods of the year and transitional conditions, taking the largest of the values ​​\u200b\u200bobtained by formulas (L.1) - (L.7) (with a density of supply and exhaust air equal to 1.2 kg / m 3):

a) by excess sensible heat:

With the simultaneous release into the room of several harmful substances that have the effect of summation of action, air exchange should be determined by summing up the air flow calculated for each of these substances:

a) by excess moisture (water vapor):

c) according to the normalized air exchange rate:

d) according to the normalized specific consumption of supply air:

In formulas (L.1) - (L.7):

L wz- consumption of air removed from the serviced or working area of ​​the premises by local suction systems, and for technological needs, m 3 / h;

Q, Q hf - excess apparent and total heat fluxes into the room, W; c - heat capacity of air, equal to 1.2 kJ / (m 3 ∙ ° С);

t wz. - the temperature of the air removed by local suction systems in the serviced or working area premises and technological needs, °С;

t 1 - temperature of the air removed from the premises outside the serviced or working area, °С;

t in- temperature of the air supplied to the room, °C, determined in accordance with L.6;

W - excess moisture in the room, g/h;

d wz- moisture content of air removed from the serviced or working area of ​​the premises by local suction systems, and for technological needs, g/kg;

d 1 - moisture content of air removed from the premises outside the serviced or working area, g/kg;

d in- moisture content of the air supplied to the room, g/kg;

I wz- specific enthalpy of air removed from the serviced or working area of ​​the premises by local suction systems, and for technological needs, kJ / kg;

I 1 - specific enthalpy of air removed from the premises outside the serviced or working area, kJ/kg;

I in- specific enthalpy of the air supplied to the room, kJ / kg, determined taking into account the temperature increase in accordance with L.6;

m ro- consumption of each of the harmful or explosive substances entering the air of the room, mg/h;

q wz , q 1 - the concentration of a harmful or explosive substance in the air removed from the serviced or working area of ​​the premises and outside, respectively, mg/m 3 ;

q in- concentration of a harmful or explosive substance in the air supplied to the room, mg/m 3 ;

V R- the volume of the room, m 3; for rooms with a height of 6 m or more should be taken

A- area of ​​the room, m 2;

N- number of people (visitors), workplaces, pieces of equipment;

n- normalized air exchange rate, h -1;

k- normalized supply air consumption per 1 m 2 of the floor of the room, m 3 / (h ∙ m 2);

m- normalized specific consumption supply air for 1 person, m 3 / h, for 1 workplace, per 1 visitor or piece of equipment.

Air parameters t wz , d wz , I wz should be taken equal to the design parameters in the serviced or working area of ​​the premises in accordance with Section 5 of these standards, a q wz- equal to MPC in the working area of ​​the premises.

L.3 Air consumption to ensure fire safety standards should be determined by the formula (L.2).

At the same time, in formula (L.2) q wz And q 1 , should be replaced by 0.1 q g, mg / m 3 (where q g- the lower concentration limit of flame propagation in gas, vapor and dust-air mixtures).

L.4 Air consumption L he, m 3 / h, for air heating not combined with ventilation, should be determined by the formula

Where Q he – heat flow for space heating, W

t he- the temperature of the heated air, °C, supplied to the room, is determined by calculation.

K.5 Air flow L mt from periodically operating ventilation systems with nominal capacity L d, m 3 / h, is given based on n, min, interrupted by the operation of the system for 1 hour according to the formula

b) with outside air cooled by circulating water in an adiabatic cycle, reducing its temperature by ∆t 1 °С:

d) with outdoor air cooled by circulating water (see subparagraph "b"), and local additional humidification (see subparagraph "c"):

Where R- total fan pressure, Pa;

t ext- outdoor air temperature, °C.