Ventilation of clean rooms: what you need to know when designing. The air exchange rate in the room is determined by the greatest
Our company carries out all work on the design and installation of ventilation and air conditioning for clean rooms in Vladimir and the region.
Technologically clean rooms have become a part of human life. Thus, in rooms of this kind, microelectronic circuits, especially precision instruments are assembled, medicines are made, food products and much more. To ensure the necessary air parameters in a technologically clean rooms The latest equipment is used.
The concept of a technologically clean room
A clean room is a room in which the concentration of suspended particles and microorganisms does not exceed the required value (each type of room has its own standards). Simply put, this is a room in which the air is supplied with very careful filtration (cleaning from particles and microorganisms), and to ensure the necessary parameters there is also a system for regulating the supplied air.
Under particles understand various solid or liquid objects, microorganisms, whose sizes range from 0.005 to 100 microns. Therefore, only specialized equipment can cope with this task - filtering particles of these sizes.
Ventilation system in technologically clean rooms of hospitals
IN Everyday life many visit clean rooms in hospitals. Air filtration in hospitals occurs in almost all rooms, but the most thorough cleaning supplied air is produced in operating rooms, intensive care rooms, maternity wards, and burn therapy wards.
In the hospital to ventilation system have the following requirements:
- The system must ensure the removal of air pollutants. This is necessary to prevent the spread of pathogens.
- The ventilation and air conditioning system in technologically clean rooms of hospitals must provide the necessary air parameters that must satisfy patients and hospital staff (temperature, mobility of air masses, humidity, concentration of harmful impurities).
- The ventilation system must prevent the accumulation of static voltage in the air.
Filtration in the ventilation system of technologically clean rooms
To ensure the necessary air parameters in the ventilation system of technologically clean rooms Special attention paid to the filtration system. It is with the help of installed filters that the required amount particles and microorganisms in the air.
On this moment A three-stage air filtration system is used. It includes the stage of coarse, fine and absolutely fine cleaning, which allows you to adjust the necessary air parameters. This system allows you to extend the service life of filters and achieve perfect result when cleaning the supplied air.
FINAL TEST IN OBJECTIVENESS
- The activity of a radioactive substance is measured in SI units:
o + Becquerel
- In what units is absolute air humidity measured?
o + g/m3
- Basically, the release of excess heat in the human body occurs due to:
o cooling
o + radiation
o evaporation
- As a result of exposure electric current per person may occur:
o electric signs, blinded by electric convection
o + all of the above actions
o burns, mechanical damage
o metallization of leather
- Harmful factors lead to:
o + disease
o microclimate disturbance
- The time a person spends in an electrostatic field of intensity E without protective equipment is calculated by the formula:
o + t= (60/E)2
- To protect your eyes when working with alpha and beta sources, use:
o + plexiglass shields
o plastic bags
o safety glasses
- To protect hands when working with radioactive substances with activity above 18 8 Bq, the following are used:
o + gloves with lead rubber sleeves
o cotton gloves
o plastic gloves
- To protect the respiratory system when working with radioactive substances, use:
o cloth bandage
o + respirators and hose gas masks*
- Allowable voltage value alternating current touch at 400 Hz for normal mode industrial equipment should not exceed in B:
- Permissible value of DC touch voltage at a frequency of 400 Hz for normal value industrial equipment should not exceed B:
- The permissible value of alternating current voltage when touched at a frequency of 50 Hz for normal operation of industrial equipment should not exceed in V:
- Which substances according to the degree of impact does chlorine belong to:
o little dangerous
o moderately dangerous
o + highly dangerous
o extremely dangerous
- Which substances according to the degree of impact does manganese belong to:
o little dangerous
o moderately dangerous
o + extremely dangerous
o highly dangerous
- Which substances according to the degree of influence does tobacco belong to:
o extremely dangerous
o little dangerous
o highly dangerous
o + moderately dangerous
- Which substances according to the degree of impact does acetone belong to?:
o highly dangerous
o + little dangerous
o moderately dangerous
o extremely dangerous
- Which substances according to the nature of the effect does acetone belong to:
o toxic
o carcinogenic
o not to any
o + annoying
- Which substances, based on the nature of their effects, include lead:
o not to any
o annoying
o carcinogenic
o + toxic
- Which substances by nature of exposure does asbestos belong to:
o toxic
o + carcinogenic
o annoying
- Which substances according to the nature of their effects are solvents:
o mutagenic
o carcinogenic
o + sensitizing
- How do 1 degree Celsius and Kelvin relate:
o they are equal
o + Kelvin is 2730 more
o degrees Celsius more by 2730
- Which jobs are considered light (in terms of physical severity), measured in W:
o + 152-176
- What kind of work is considered moderate (in terms of physical severity), measured in W:
o + 176-234
- What work is considered heavy (in terms of physical severity), measured in W:
o + more than 292
- What kind of work is classified as moderate when moving small objects:
o + up to 10 kg
- What kind of heaviness is considered light during sedentary work:
o + up to 1 kg
- What factors are more dangerous for humans in domestic conditions:
o + harmful
o dangerous
o critical
- What is the maximum permissible concentration for extremely dangerous harmful substances (mg/m3):
o + less than 0.1
- What is the maximum permissible concentration for highly hazardous hazardous substances (mg/m3):
o + 0,1-1,0
- What is the maximum permissible concentration for moderately hazardous harmful substances (mg/m3):
o + 1-10
- What is the maximum permissible concentration for low-hazardous harmful substances (mg/m3):
o + more than 10
- What law governs the amount of heat emitted by a body:
o Gay-Lussac
o Mendeleev-Cliperon
o + Stefan-Boltzmann
o 1Р=2*5*10-4 C/kg
o + 1P (X-ray) = 2.58*10-4 C/kg
o 1Р=2*10-4Кл/kg
- Which ratio is correct:
o 1 rem=1003 V
o + 1 rem=0.013 V
- Which ratio is correct:
o 1 Gy = 10 rad
o 1 Gy = 50 rad
o + 1 Gy = 100 rad
o 1 Gy = 1000 rad
- What is the ratio between Curie and Becquerel:
o 1 KU=3.7*107Bq
o + 1KU=3.7*1010Bq
o 1KU=3.7*108Bq
- What effect does it have by causing electric current to decompose blood and other fluids of the human body:
o electrical injuries
o biological
o + electrolytic
o thermal
- What effect does electric current have, causing excitation of living tissues of the human body, accompanied by convulsions, muscle spasms, cessation of breathing and cardiac activity:
o thermal
o + biological
o electrical injuries
o electrolytic
- What is the optimal relative humidity for humans in %:
o + 40-60
- What concentration of harmful substances is meant by maximum permissible concentration (MAC):
o maximum
o optimal
o + not causing disease
- Kcal/hour is a unit of measurement of which physical quantity:
o amount of heat
o energy
o + power
- The amount of heat emitted by a body is proportional to what degree of temperature:
- PC designs must ensure that the exposure dose rate of ionized radiation at any point at a distance of 0.05 of the screen and the PC body at any position of the control devices must not exceed the equivalent dose in microR/h:
- Control of ionizing radiation is carried out using:
o ionization chambers
o Geiger counters
o + all of the above
o scintillation counters
o dosimeters
- The dose rate of gamma radiation in premises under construction in μSv/h must exceed the dose rate in open areas by more than:
- Mutagenic substances cause:
o + changes in genes
o allergies
o poisoning
- The most dangerous electric current for humans is in the frequency range in Hz:
o + 20-100
- The static electricity intensity in kV/m at the workplace should not exceed within an hour:
- The electrostatic field strength in kV/m should not exceed for adult PC users:
- The electromagnetic field strength according to the electrical component at a distance of 0.5 m from the video monitor is in V/m:
- The electromagnetic field strength of the magnetic component at a distance of 0.5 m from the video monitor in A/m should not exceed:
- The electrostatic field is normalized in accordance with:
o GOST 121036-81
o + GOST 121045-84
o GOST 121003-89
o GOST 122020-84
53. Standardization of maximum permissible touch voltages and currents flowing through a person (AC frequency 50 and 400 Hz):
o + GOST 121038-82
o GOST 121045-85
o GOST 121045-84
o GOST 121045-83
- A dangerous factor can lead to:
o disease
o microclimate disturbance
o + injury
- The optimal temperature in degrees Celsius for a room with and a PC in the cold period of the year for work category 1a is:
o + 22-24
- Optimal temperature for rooms with and PC during the warm period of the year for work category 1a in degrees Celsius:
o + 23-25
- Optimal temperature for rooms with and PC in the cold season for work category 1 b in degrees Celsius:
o + 21-23
- Optimal temperature for rooms with and PC during the warm period of the year for work category 1 b in degrees Celsius:
o + 22-24
- The optimal air humidity in percentage for rooms with and PC is:
o + 40-60
- The optimal speed of air movement in the room with and PC in the cold (1 a, 1 b) and warm periods (category 1 a) of the year for the category is in m/s:
- The optimal speed of air movement in the room with and PC during the warm period for category 1 b is in m/s:
- The optimal ratio of negative and positive ions indoors with and PC is:
- As you move away from ground, the step voltage will become zero at a distance in meters:
o + > 20
- The absorbed dose of ionizing radiation is measured in SI units:
o + Gray
o X-ray
- Permanent workplace– the place where the employee is located:
o 30% of the time
o 90% of the time
o + > 2 hours continuously
- At high voltages(>500V) more dangerous:
o + D.C.
o alternating current
o both of the above
- When performing basic work on a PC, the noise level in the workplace should not exceed in dBA:
- At what effective dose rate of radioactive radiation in mSv/year is resettlement (alienation) carried out?
o + more than 50
- At what effective dose rate of radioactive radiation in mSv/year is voluntary resettlement carried out:
o + 20-50
- At what effective dose rate of radioactive radiation in mSv/year is routine monitoring carried out:
- At what effective dose rate of radioactive radiation in mSv/year is radiation monitoring carried out:
- At what effective dose rate of radioactive radiation in mSv/year is this place considered a restricted residence zone:
o + 5-20
- At what current strength in mA does a person feel its flow:
o + 0,6-1,5
- At what current strength in mA flowing through a person does convulsive contraction of the arm muscles begin:
o + 10-15
- At what current strength in mA flowing through a person does breathing become difficult:
o + 20-25
- At what current strength in mA flowing through a person can cardiac fibrillation begin:
- The disposal site for radioactive substances should be located no closer to the city:
o + 20 km
- With what confidence level do MPCs establish a safe level:
o + 0,95
- Sensitizing substances cause:
o change in genes
o + allergies
- The resistance of grounding devices used only for protection against static electricity is in Ohms:
- Temperature is above optimal, humidity is below optimal. What microclimate is this?
o heatstroke
o chilly weather
o hypothermia
o + sauna
- Temperature is above optimal, humidity is above optimal. What microclimate is this?
o + heatstroke
o chilly weather
o hypothermia
- Temperature below optimal, humidity below optimal. What kind of microclimate is this?:
o heatstroke
o + hypothermia
o chilly weather
- Temperature below optimal, humidity above optimal. What microclimate is this?
o heatstroke
o + chilly weather
o heatstroke
- Toxic substances cause:
o allergies
o + poisoning
o changes in genes
- Step voltage is the potential difference between two points on the ground in the grounding area at a distance in m:
- What is meant by work area:
o platform 2m*2m
o volume 2m*2m*2m
o + space up to 2m above floor level
- The equivalent dose of ionizing radiation is measured in SI units:
o + Sievert
o X-ray
- The effective dose of ionizing radiation is measured in SI units:
o + Sievert
o X-ray
- Electric current only affects a person:
o biological effect
o + all of the above actions
o thermogenic effect
o electrolytic action
Test 1. "Man and the environment"
1. Work performed while sitting, standing or associated with walking and some physical exertion in the classification of work according to the degree of physical severity is classified as light if the employee’s energy expenditure does not exceed, kcal/h:
2. Work associated with constant walking, or performed while standing or sitting and associated with moving objects weighing up to 1 kg in the classification of work according to the degree of physical severity are classified as medium, if the employee’s energy expenditure does not exceed, kcal/h:
3. Which work in the classification of work according to the degree of physical severity would include work in which the energy consumption is 253 kcal/h:
1) neutral;
2) light;
3) moderate;
4) average;
5) heavy.
4. When performing work that is easy to classify according to the degree of physical severity of the work maximum weight moved items should not exceed, kg:
1) 0.5 kg;
5. Objects weighing 11.5 kg carried during work are considered in the classification of work according to the degree of physical severity:
1) small; light 5kg
Average; 6-15 kg
3) large; 16-40kg
4) significant;< 40кг…
5) moderate.
6. The work area is:
1) the area in which the production equipment is directly located;
2) an area measuring 2 m by 2 m around the installed machine;
3) an area with a volume of 2 m by 2 m by 2 m in the immediate vicinity of dangerous units production equipment;
4) a space up to 2 m high above the floor or work platform on which permanent workplaces are located;
5) the space around production equipment, within which the movement of tools, raw materials, final products and dangerous units occurs.
7. If an employee continuously studies for 2.5 hours labor activity at the same workplace, then this workplace is:
1) official;
2) duty officer;
3) permanent;
4) operational;
5) temporary.
8. What environmental parameters are standardized as microclimate parameters:
1) temperature of the air and surrounding surfaces, relative humidity, air speed;
2) air temperature, absolute air humidity, air speed, natural light;
3) temperature of surrounding surfaces, air pressure, maximum air humidity, general illumination;
4) temperature of the air and surrounding surfaces, relative humidity, air pressure;
5) relative air humidity, air pressure, air speed, the share of natural light in the total illumination.
9. The most favorable value of relative air humidity, %, for a person is in the range:
1) less than 30;
3) 40–60;
10. What microclimate will a person feel if the air temperature exceeds the optimal value and the relative air humidity is below the optimal:
1) heat and dryness;
2) dankness;
3) very damp;
4) very dry;
5) cold and damp.
11. A person’s feeling of cold and dampness at the same time corresponds to a combination of air temperature and relative humidity at which:
1) temperature is higher than optimal, humidity is also higher than optimal;
2) temperature is below optimal, humidity is also below optimal;
Cold and damp.
13. Heat stroke is promoted by a combination of air temperature and relative humidity at which:
1) temperature is above optimal, humidity is optimal;
2) temperature is above optimal, humidity is below optimal;
3) temperature is higher than optimal, humidity is also higher than optimal;
4) temperature is optimal, humidity is below optimal;
5) temperature is below optimal, humidity is optimal.
14. The main process that ensures heat exchange between the human body and the environment in the process physical work is:
1) cooling;
2) convection;
3) evaporation;
4) condensation;
5) radiation.
15. Determine the period of the year if the average daily temperature for 5 days was plus 120C:
1) neutral;
2) moderate;
3) warm;
4) hot;
5) cool.
16. On what parameter does body recoil depend? environment heat due to convection:
1) the speed of the air flow blowing over the body;
2) body weight;
3) air pressure;
4) body temperature;
5) air temperature around the body.
17. The amount of heat released by the body into the environment as a result of evaporation depends on:
1) absolute humidity air;
2) air pressure;
23.If heated parts technological equipment 48% of the worker’s body is irradiated, the intensity of thermal radiation should be no more than, W/m2:
24. In the case of irradiation of 70% of the human body by heated parts of technological equipment, the intensity of thermal irradiation should not exceed, W/m2:
25. The permissible radiation intensity of the operator in the presence of an open source of thermal radiation at the workplace should be no more than, W/m2:
26. If the temperature inside the device body is 115 0C, then the temperature of the heated external surfaces with which the worker must come into contact should not exceed 0C:
27.If the temperature inside the device body is 45 0C, then Maximum temperature heated external surfaces with which the worker must come into contact should be 0C:
28. If the temperature of the structure exceeds the permissible by 2.5 0C, the workplace must be located at a distance of more than m from it:
29. What time of day (on average) is it celebrated? highest performance person:
1) from 8 to 11 a.m. and from 12 to 3 p.m.;
2) from 9 to 12 hours and from 15 to 17 hours;
3) from 10 to 12 hours and from 16 to 18 hours;
4) from 8 to 12 hours and from 14 to 17 hours;
5) from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m.
30. On what days of the week (on average) is a person’s performance maximum?
1) Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday;
2) Tuesday, Wednesday Thursday;
3) Monday, Wednesday, Friday;
4) Monday, Tuesday, Thursday;
5) Wednesday, Thursday, Friday.
Test 2. "Safety of industrial activities"
1. With the help of what devices is organized natural ventilation:
1) air conditioning installations;
2) windows, transoms, deflectors;
3) mechanical filters and heaters;
4) electric fans;
5) humidifiers and air ionizers.
2. Supply and exhaust ventilation relates to ventilation:
1) natural organized;
2) aeration;
3) infiltration;
4) artificial;
5) natural, unorganized.
3. What kind of ventilation should be used in technologically clean rooms:
1) natural organized;
2) supply;
3) natural, unorganized;
4) exhaust;
5) supply and exhaust.
4. At least what volume of incoming air per employee should be provided mechanical ventilation in the absence of natural, m3/h:
5. At least what volume of incoming air per employee should be provided by natural air with a room volume of 35 m3/h, m3/h:
6. To what color of light does a person’s eye have maximum sensitivity:
1) blue-violet;
2) red-orange;
3) yellow-green;
4) orange-yellow;
5) green-blue.
7. The illumination on the surface of the table with the video display terminal and PC in the area where the working document is placed should be, lux:
4) 300–500;
8. Why is the stroboscopic effect dangerous?
1) vision deteriorates;
2) performance decreases;
3) there is an illusion of immobility or a changed direction of movement of the rotating units;
4) health worsens;
5) fatigue increases.
9. At what value of illumination, lux, created natural light, must be additionally included artificial lighting:
1) less than 500;
2) less than 1000;
3) less than 1500;
4) less than 3000;
Less than 5000.
10. What value of the natural illumination coefficient is normalized for side lighting:
1) minimal;
2) average;
3) root mean square;
4) maximum;
5) complete.
11.What impact do hazardous production factors have on the human body:
1) under certain conditions, to injury or a sharp deterioration in health;
2) to injury;
3) to a sharp deterioration in health;
5) in certain conditions to an occupational or occupationally-related disease.
12.What are the consequences for human health caused by exposure to harmful production factors:
1) in certain conditions to an occupational or occupationally-related disease;
2) to a sharp deterioration in health;
3) to injury;
4) to an occupational or occupationally-related disease;
5) under certain conditions, to injury or a sharp deterioration in health.
13. At what distance from the operator’s eyes should the monitor screen or video display terminal be, mm:
4) 600–700;
14. What are the values of the maximum permissible concentrations of extremely dangerous harmful substances and are, mg/m3:
1) more than 15;
4) 0,1–1;
5) less than 0.1.
15. How do sensitizing agents affect the human body? harmful substances:
1) cause poisoning of the entire body;
2) cause irritation of the respiratory center and mucous membranes;
3) cause changes in hereditary characteristics;
4) cause allergic reactions;
5) affect reproductive function.
16. What is the maximum time of continuous operation of the operator on the video display terminal and PC, h:
5) not limited.
17. Zones with what level sound pressure must be marked with signs, and the personnel working in them must be provided with means personal protection, dBA:
1) more than 30;
2) more than 40;
3) more than 50;
4) more than 85;
5) more than 135.
18. In areas with what sound pressure level even short-term stay is prohibited, dBA:
1) more than 85;
2) more than 90;
3) more than 100;
4) more than 135;
5) more than 140.
19. At night in residential premises the noise level should not exceed, dBA:
20. At the workplaces of operators working with video terminals and personal computers, the maximum noise level should not exceed, dBA:
21. Which vibration has the most dangerous effect on the human body:
2) local;
3) centralized;
4) general;
5) focused.
22. Maximum permissible voltage value electric field industrial frequency inside residential buildings is, kV/m:
23. The presence of personnel in areas affected by an electric field of industrial frequency with a strength of up to 5 kV/m is allowed for hours:
5) unlimited.
24. The time spent by personnel in areas of influence of an electric field of industrial frequency with a strength of 20 to 25 kV/m should not exceed:
3) 1 hour;
5) not limited.
25. What is the value of the electric field strength of industrial frequency, above which personnel is not allowed to stay in this zone without protective equipment, kV/m:
26. The value of the electrostatic field strength at the workplace should not exceed within an hour, kV/m:
27. The most dangerous frequency range of electric current for the human body is, Hz:
3) 20–100;
28. At what voltage value, V, is direct current the greatest danger to the human body:
1) more than 220;
2) more than 380;
3) more than 450;
4) more than 500;
5) more than 1000.
29. At what distance from the ground electrode, m, does the step voltage drop to zero:
More than 20.
30. The value of alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz, at which cardiac fibrillation can begin, is, mA:
5) more than 150.
Test 3. "Safety in emergency situations. Civil defense"
1. What subsystems does it consist of? Russian system warnings and emergency actions:
1) federal and territorial;
2) regional and district;
3) urban and local;
4) territorial and functional;
5) facility and production.
2. What levels does the Russian system of warning and action in emergency situations have:
1) federal, regional, territorial, local, object;
2) federal, regional, regional, district, city;
3) city, district, local, industrial, facility;
4) functional, territorial, industrial, household, special;
5) departmental, interdepartmental, non-departmental, sectoral federal.
3. In what mode does the Russian system of warning and action in emergency situations operate when receiving a forecast about the possibility of an emergency situation:
1) daily activities;
2) constant readiness;
3) high alert;
4) operational;
5) emergency situation.
4. Which emergency situations, by nature of occurrence, are caused by erroneous actions of people:
1) natural disasters;
2) technogenic;
3) anthropogenic;
4) social;
5) sudden.
5. Which man-made emergency situations include accidents on heating networks in the cold season:
1) accidents on electric power networks;
2) transport accidents;
3) accidents on communal life support systems;
4) hydrodynamic accidents;
5) accidents at wastewater treatment plants.
6. What places in buildings should be used as shelter in case of an earthquake:
1) under window sills, corners internal partitions;
2) at columns, openings and corners of capital interior walls, doorways;
3) ventilation shafts and ducts;
4) balconies and loggias;
5) built-in wardrobes.
7. What to do when receiving advance warning of a possible natural disaster:
1) leave your home as quickly as possible and move away from it for safe distance;
2) turn on the TV, radio, broadcast and wait for further orders and instructions;
3) open windows, doors and go out onto the balcony;
4) turn off electricity, water and gas to the home;
5) tightly close all windows and doors in the home.
8. During a hurricane in an open area, the safest natural place to take shelter is:
1) forest area;
2) a separate large tree;
3) the top of a hill;
4) large stone;
5) relief depressions.
9. What poses the greatest danger in a fire:
1) open flame;
2) deterioration of visibility due to smoke;
3) toxic combustion products;
4) heat;
5) destruction of structures.
10. What factors are necessary for combustion to occur:
1) fuel and ignition source;
2) ignition source and oxidizer;
3) fuel and oxidizer;
4) fuel, oxidizer and ignition source;
5) high temperature, high pressure air and a large number of flammable gases.
11. The most dangerous ionizing radiation during external irradiation of the human body are:
1) alpha and beta radiation;
2) beta and gamma radiation;
3) gamma and neutron radiation;
4) neutron and alpha radiation;
5) X-ray and beta radiation.
12. In case of internal irradiation of the human body, the most dangerous ionizing radiations are:
1) alpha, beta and gamma radiation;
2) beta, gamma and x-ray radiation;
3) alpha, gamma and neutron radiation;
4) beta, neutron and alpha radiation;
5) X-ray, neutron and beta radiation.
13.What ionizing radiation creates induced activity in materials:
1) alpha radiation;
2) beta radiation;
3) neutron radiation;
4) gamma radiation;
5) X-ray radiation.
14. To remove radioactive substances from objects, it is necessary to:
1) degassing;
2) decontamination;
3) disinfection;
4) deratization;
5) detoxification.
15.For what purpose is iodine prophylaxis carried out in the first ten days after a radiation accident from releases of radioactive substances:
1) for prevention infectious diseases;
2) to protect the thyroid gland;
3) to prevent the accumulation of radioactive substances in bone tissue;
4) to increase immunity;
5) for general strengthening of the body.
16. Chlorine cloud spreading from the accident area:
2) moves with the wind, clinging to the ground;
3) moves with the wind, rising upward;
17. An ammonia cloud spreading from the accident area:
1) expands to the sides, practically remaining in place;
2) moves with the wind, clinging to the ground;
3) moves with the wind, rising upward;
4) moves with the wind at almost the same height;
5) moves in accordance with the degree of vertical stability of the atmosphere.
18. For emergency chemical neutralization hazardous substances it is necessary to carry out:
1) demercurization;
2) decontamination;
3) hygienic washing;
4) degassing;
5) deratization.
19. To remove droplets of hazardous chemical substances from clothing, open areas of skin and personal protective equipment:
1) individual anti-chemical package;
2) individual first aid kit;
3) individual dressing package;
4) general protective kit;
5) special protective kit.
20. What kind of warning signal is transmitted using sirens and intermittent beeps? industrial enterprises And Vehicle:
1) "Radiation hazard!";
2) "Chemical hazard!";
3) "Danger!";
4) "Attention everyone!";
5) "Alarm!"
21.According to the principle protective action protective equipment is divided into:
1) collective and individual;
2) anti-radiation and anti-chemical;
3) universal and specialized;
4) filtering and insulating;
5) peacetime and wartime.
22. Which damaging factor A nuclear explosion is the main one when affecting objects:
1) light radiation from a nuclear explosion;
2) penetrating radiation;
3) electromagnetic pulse;
4) air shock wave;
5) radioactive contamination of the area.
The amount of air required to be removed from the room for
a) ensuring clean air in work area;
b) maintaining meteorological conditions indoors;
c) removal of harmful gases, dust, vapors, substances from the premises;
d) removing excess sensible heat and harmful substances from the premises.
14. Device for measuring air humidity:
a) aspirator; b) anemometer; c) psychrometer; d) lux meter.
15. The amount of heat transfer by convection depends on the following microclimate parameters:
a) on relative humidity and air temperature;
b) from atmospheric pressure and relative air humidity;
c) on temperature and air speed;
d) on relative humidity and air speed and movement;
16. Artificial ventilation:
a) conditioning; b) infiltration;
c) aerodynamic filtration; d) aeration.
Microclimate of the room. Option 3
1. Air temperature in production premises depending on the severity of work in cold and transition periods year should be:
a) from 20 to 21 °C, in warm weather – from 17 to 25 °C;
b) from 18 to 20 °C, in warm weather – from 20 to 25 °C;
c) from 20 to 25 °C, in warm weather – from 25 to 28 °C;
d) from 14 to 21 °C, in warm weather – from 17 to 25 °C;
e) from 17 to 20 °C, in warm weather – from 18 to 26 °C.
2. What environmental parameters are standardized as microclimate parameters:
a) temperature of the air and surrounding surfaces, relative humidity, air speed;
b) air temperature, absolute air humidity, air speed, natural light;
c) temperature of surrounding surfaces, air pressure, maximum air humidity, general illumination;
d) temperature of the air and surrounding surfaces, relative humidity, air pressure;
e) relative air humidity, air pressure, air speed, the share of natural illumination in the total illumination.
3. Relative humidity is measured in:
a) percent (%); b) kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3);
c) meters per second; d) watts (W); e) watts per cubic meter (W/m3).
4. A person’s feeling of cold and dampness at the same time corresponds to a combination of air temperature and relative humidity at which:
a) temperature is higher than optimal, humidity is also higher than optimal;
b) temperature is below optimal, humidity is also below optimal;
c) temperature below optimal, humidity above optimal;
d) temperature is above optimal, humidity is below optimal;
5. What microclimate will a person feel if the air temperature is lower? optimal value and its relative humidity is below optimal:
a) heat and dryness; b) dankness; c) very dry; d) very damp; e) cold and damp.
6. Heat stroke is promoted by a combination of air temperature and relative humidity at which:
a) temperature is above optimal, humidity is optimal;
b) temperature is above optimal, humidity is below optimal;
c) temperature is higher than optimal, humidity is also higher than optimal;
d) temperature is optimal, humidity is below optimal;
e) temperature is below optimal, humidity is optimal.
7. The main process that ensures heat exchange between the human body and the environment during physical work is:
a) cooling; b) convection; c) evaporation; d) condensation; e) radiation.
8. Determine the period of the year if the average daily temperature for 5 days was plus 120C:
a) neutral; b) moderate; c) warm; d) hot; d) cool.
9. What parameter determines the transfer of heat by the body to the environment as a result of convection:
a) the speed of the air flow blowing over the body; b) body weight;
c) air pressure; d) body temperature; e) air temperature around the body.
10. The amount of heat released by the body into the environment as a result of evaporation depends on:
a) absolute air humidity; b) air pressure;
c) relative air humidity; d) body temperature; e) air density.
11. What devices are used to provide organized natural ventilation: a) air conditioning installations;
b) windows, transoms, deflectors; c) mechanical filters and heaters;
d) electric fans; e) humidifiers and air ionizers.
12. Supply and exhaust ventilation refers to ventilation:
a) natural organized; b) aeration; c) infiltration;
d) artificial; e) natural, unorganized.
13. What kind of ventilation should be used in technologically clean rooms:
a) natural organized; b) supply; c) natural, unorganized;
d) exhaust; d) supply and exhaust.
14. At least what volume of incoming air per employee should be provided by mechanical ventilation in the absence of natural ventilation, m3/h:
a) 30; b) 40; c) 60; d) 80; e) 100.
15. At least what volume of incoming air per employee should be provided by natural air with a room volume of 35 m 3 / h, m 3 / h:
a) 15; b) 20; c) 25; d) 30; e) 35.
16 . How are comfortable living conditions achieved?
a) it is impossible to achieve comfortable living conditions;
b) each person individually achieves comfortable conditions through trial and error;
c) are achieved through illegal impacts on the environment in general and on technosphere objects in particular;
d) are achieved by using latest technologies, marketing and management in the sphere of human activity;
e) are achieved by introducing environmental comfort criteria, surrounding a person, and subsequent maintenance of these criteria at the established level through meaningful, targeted impacts on the environment in general and on technosphere objects in particular.
With the increasing volume of construction in our country of healthcare facilities, laboratories, enterprises for the production of microelectronics, medicines etc., the demand for ventilation systems for “clean rooms”, which will be discussed in this publication, has sharply increased.
Clean room concept
A clean room (CH) is usually called a room or group of rooms with all related structures, in which the countable concentration of suspended particles and microorganisms in the air mixture is maintained at a strictly defined level, determined by GOST ISO 14644-1-2002; SNiP 41-01-2003(8); sanitary standards and the required cleanliness class. The USA, Germany, France, Great Britain and the European Union have their own standards for the purity of the air mixture.
Depending on the countable number of suspended particles ranging in size from 0.1 to 5.0 microns per 1 m 3 in a state of emergency, and the concentration of microorganisms in it, 9 classes of sterility have been defined.
Based on the maximum permissible concentration of microorganisms, class 5 iso is divided into two subtypes:
- “A” - maximum permissible concentration of microorganisms no more than 1/m 3;
- “B” - MPC of microorganisms no more than 5/m 3.
For an emergency, its iso class and state are used: “operated”; "built" and "equipped".
Equipment for creating “clean air exchange”
Creating competent ventilation and air conditioning systems for clean rooms is difficult process, requiring knowledge of the features of air exchange, special equipment and specific technical solutions.
The air in such a room must be supplied already purified of contaminants, bacteria and microorganisms, therefore a special role in creating a sterile microclimate in “clean rooms” is played by a filtration system for the supply air mixture. A popular cleaning system is the installation of three groups of filter elements after the blower fan:
- The first group consists of a coarse filter to remove mechanical impurities.
- The second group of filters consists of a set of fine filter elements and an antibacterial filter.
- The third group consists of HEPA microfilters with absolute purification of the supply air.
In addition to filter elements, the following components are involved in the ventilation of clean rooms: fans, air intake and air distribution equipment, devices for automatically maintaining the required humidity and temperature, shut-off and control equipment, airlocks, etc. The choice of a particular set of equipment depends on the purpose of the emergency situation and the requirement for its operation. object of air purity class.
When designing emergency ventilation systems, much attention is paid to the design and coating of air ducts and filter chambers, which must undergo periodic antimicrobial treatment.
Features of air exchange
To maintain air purity, in technologically clean rooms ventilation with an excess volume of inflow should be used, compared to the exhaust in adjacent rooms.
- If the room has no windows, then the inflow should prevail over the exhaust by 20%.
- If the emergency situation has windows that allow infiltration, then the air supply capacity should be 30% higher than the hood.
It is this air exchange system that prevents the penetration of contaminants and ensures the movement of air from the clean room to the adjacent rooms. Much attention designers pay attention to methods of supplying the air mixture to such objects and depends on their purpose. 
The inflow into emergency situations with cleanliness class from 1 to 6 must be supplied by an air distribution device from top to bottom, creating uniform unidirectional air flows of low speed, from 0.2 to 0.45 m/s. In rooms with a lower cleanliness class, it is possible to create a non-unidirectional flow through several ceiling diffusers. The air exchange rate for emergency situations is set depending on their purpose, from 25 to 60 times per hour.
Most common schemes
When designing ventilation for clean rooms, one of the main problems is proper organization air mixture flows. Today, designers use several solutions for the location of air distribution devices, the choice of which depends on the purpose of the emergency. Let's consider the most common schemes for organizing ventilation in the operating room. 
- A) unidirectional air flow through an inclined ventilation grille;
- B) non-unidirectional flow of air mixture is produced through the use of ceiling diffusers;
- IN) supply air supplied to the operating room through a perforated ceiling panel with the creation of a vertical unidirectional air flow;
- D) the supply air mixture is supplied through a ceiling air distributor, which creates a unidirectional air flow into the work area;
- D) the air is not unidirectional through the ring air hose.
Exhaust ventilation of clean rooms in operating rooms is carried out using exhaust fans and cross-flow wall grilles with check valves.
As practice has shown, the best device to create a unidirectional laminar air flow in the operating room, mesh air distributors are used ceiling type. For example, a laminar ceiling with dimensions of 1.8 by 2.4 m in an operating room with an area of 40 m 2 will create a 25-fold air exchange with an air exit speed from the device of 0.2 m/s. These indicators are sufficient to assimilate excess heat from the operation of equipment and the number of personnel in the operating room.
Designing ventilation and air conditioning systems in emergency situations is a complex process that requires knowledge of air exchange processes and the intricacies of using air distribution equipment. That is why, to create ventilation at such facilities, you should contact only professionals.
Clean rooms are usually understood as rooms with a strict amount of germs, dust, chemical vapors and other components. The purpose of ventilation in a clean room in a global sense is no different from the ventilation of any other room, since it is aimed at regulation of humidity, air temperature and pressure.
Strict rules are observed even during the construction of the premises, since a minimum amount of dust must penetrate there. Such strict rules sterility is required in various medical institutions , in the production of pharmaceuticals or electronics.
Clean room in terms of terminology
An approximate description of a clean room was above - this is a room with a certain concentration of particles and microorganisms, and this concentration does not go beyond the established value. Based on these concentrations, the room is assigned a cleanliness class.
The following categories are distinguished:
- Clean rooms that are completely free of harmful substances, microbial contamination, heat and moisture release. This implies that the specified substances are within the MPC limits.
- The so-called especially clean rooms, which have their own criteria for ensuring sterility.
- Concerning dirty rooms, then these are rooms where there is at least one of the harmful factors that makes it impossible to fall into one of the categories listed above.
Ventilation and air conditioning of clean rooms
You need to immediately understand that ventilation must be used in technologically clean rooms autonomous type. General systems in this case they are not suitable for a number of objective reasons. It is necessary to ensure that microclimate parameters comply with established standards. This includes the need to create a physical barrier in the form of an airlock, ensuring a difference in air pressure and creating an air flow that will become a barrier to the entry of dirty air flow into the room.
Air sterility is ensured by a filter, but in this case it is necessary take into account the special requirements for the room. This means that you will need to use a three-stage system cleaning air flows. Streams will pass through the filter coarse, fine and absolutely fine cleaning.
How is cleanliness ensured?
In order for the flows to be directed correctly, it is necessary to organize an air imbalance in the clean room, which is expressed in the difference between pull and exhaust flow. The amount of supply air must exceed the exhaust air at least 20%, but in some situations this difference may be greater.
Filters must be so sensitive so that almost all particles with a volume were caught and did not enter the room. If we consider the operation of air conditioners, then the speed of air movement per second should be within the limit from 0.35 to 0.51 meters per second.
The error can be no more than 20%. Deviation in bottom side only permissible if there will be a relatively small number of employees in the room, and the work that these employees will perform is predominantly sedentary. Otherwise, you will need to keep the specified parameters within the acceptable range.
GOST clean rooms ventilation
Room classification occurs in accordance with clearly regulated requirements. Based on the documentation, then You will have to adhere to the following:
- Clean rooms and environments. You should be interested in the classification of air purity. GOST clean room ventilation is based on this standard.
- Rules for the manufacture of medicines.
- Rules for organizing the production of medicines.
As for the table, the rules for determining the purity class are quite simple. In room, having class 1 cleanliness, there must be no more than 1000 particles of 0.1 microns and 8 particles equal to 1 micron. These indicators are measured with special equipment. American standard 209D is used by many countries, and in accordance with this standard, it is possible to create an air purification system that is required in this particular room.
Class 1 is required for creating integrated circuits, class 100 is for complex surgical operations related to the heart and brain. Class 10000 required for indoors, where the production of high-precision watch movements will be carried out.
The most commonly used ventilation schemes
As already mentioned, air purification should be based on three-stage filtration, and in order for the air purity to always remain at the same level, it is necessary to provide an air flow more powerful than its hood. A lot depends on the class of the room, since air flow can be provided in different ways.
For rooms with class from 1 to 6 have to do air flow only from top to bottom, and the air flows should be uniform and unidirectional. Speed may vary from 0.2 to 0.45 meters per second. For lower classes, it is possible to create multidirectional flows - ceiling diffusers can be responsible for this. As for the frequency of air exchange, it can reach 60 times in one hour.
Clean room ventilation system
Proper organization of air flows is the main requirement that a cleanroom ventilation system receives, since if scheme is incorrect, then air purity will not be maintained. There are several basic schemes for organizing air flows. For example, you can make it unidirectional flow through inclined grate, which will be located at an angle to the selected point.
The flow may not be unidirectional if ceiling diffusers are used. When using a perforated ceiling panel, the supply air may create unidirectional flow. It is also possible to create non-unidirectional air through a ring air hose. Exhaust must be carried out using exhaust fans that have a non-return valve.
At such facilities, professionals should be involved in the creation of ventilation systems, since there are many nuances associated with the intricacies of the process air exchange and with the intricacies of the operation of the equipment itself.
The specialist will also take into account the specific features of the room. For a conventional operating room, you can organize a unidirectional air flow, which will come from ceiling-type air distributors. If the room has an area of 40 sq. m, then laminar ceiling with dimensions 1.8 by 2.4 m., subject to the use of the above equipment, will create a 25-fold air exchange. This will be enough for the operating room.
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