Calculation of the heating system for an industrial premises example. Calculation of the heating system of an industrial building - heating system. Basic calculation methods

Based on the combination of convenience and cost-effectiveness criteria, probably no other system can compare with one running on natural gas. This determines the wide popularity of such a scheme - whenever possible, the owners country houses they choose her. And recently, owners of city apartments are increasingly striving to achieve complete autonomy in this matter by installing gas boilers. Yes, there will be significant initial costs and organizational hassle, but in return, homeowners get the opportunity to create the required level of comfort in their properties, and with minimal operating costs.

However, verbal assurances about the efficiency of gas are not enough for a prudent owner. heating equipment– I still want to know what kind of energy consumption you should be prepared for, so that, based on local tariffs, you can express the costs in monetary terms. This is the subject of this publication, which was initially planned to be called “gas consumption for heating a house - formulas and examples of calculations for a room of 100 m².” But still, the author considered this not entirely fair. Firstly, why only 100 square meters. And secondly, consumption will depend not only on the area, and one might even say that not so much on it, as on a number of factors predetermined by the specifics of each particular house.

Therefore, we will rather talk about the calculation method, which should be suitable for any residential building or apartment. The calculations look quite cumbersome, but don’t worry - we have done everything possible to make them easy for any homeowner, even if they have never done this before.

General principles for calculating heating power and energy consumption

Why are such calculations carried out at all?

The use of gas as an energy carrier for the operation of the heating system is advantageous from all sides. First of all, they are attracted by the quite affordable tariffs for “blue fuel” - they cannot be compared with the seemingly more convenient and safe electric one. In terms of cost, only available types of solid fuel can compete, for example, if there are no special problems with the procurement or purchase of firewood. But in terms of operating costs - the need for regular delivery, organization proper storage and constant monitoring of the boiler load, solid fuel heating equipment is completely inferior to gas heating equipment connected to the network supply.

In a word, if it is possible to choose this particular method of heating your home, then there is hardly any doubt about the feasibility of the installation.

It is clear that when choosing a boiler one of key criteria is always its thermal power, that is, the ability to generate a certain amount of thermal energy. To put it simply, the purchased equipment according to its intended technical parameters must ensure the maintenance comfortable conditions living in any, even the most unfavorable conditions. This indicator is most often indicated in kilowatts, and, of course, is reflected in the cost of the boiler, its dimensions, and gas consumption. This means that the task when choosing is to purchase a model that fully meets the needs, but, at the same time, does not have unreasonably inflated characteristics - this is both disadvantageous for the owners and not very useful for the equipment itself.

It is important to understand one more point correctly. This is what the specified nameplate power is gas boiler always shows its maximum energy potential. With the right approach, it should, of course, slightly exceed the calculated data for the required heat input for a particular house. In this way, the same operational reserve is laid down, which may someday be needed under the most unfavorable conditions, for example, during extreme cold, unusual for the area of residence. For example, if calculations show that for country house The need for thermal energy is, say, 9.2 kW, then it would be wiser to opt for a model with a thermal power of 11.6 kW.

Will this capacity be fully utilized? – it’s quite possible that not. But its supply does not look excessive.

Why is all this explained in such detail? But only so that the reader becomes clear with one thing important point. It would be completely wrong to calculate the gas consumption of a specific heating system based solely on the equipment’s nameplate characteristics. Yes, as a rule, in technical documentation accompanying the heating unit, the energy consumption per unit of time (m³/hour) is indicated, but this is again a largely theoretical value. And if you try to get the desired consumption forecast by simply multiplying this passport parameter by the number of hours (and then days, weeks, months) of operation, then you can come to such indicators that it will become scary!..

Often, passports indicate a consumption range - the boundaries of minimum and maximum consumption are indicated. But this probably will not be of great help in calculating real needs.

But it is still very useful to know gas consumption as close to reality as possible. This will help, firstly, in planning the family budget. Well, secondly, the possession of such information should, wittingly or unwittingly, stimulate zealous owners to search for reserves for saving energy - it may be worth taking certain steps to reduce consumption to the possible minimum.

Determining the required thermal power for efficient heating of a house or apartment

So, the starting point for determining gas consumption for heating needs should still be the thermal power that is required for these purposes. Let's start our calculations with it.

If you look through the mass of publications on this topic posted on the Internet, you will most often find recommendations to calculate the required power based on the area of the heated premises. Moreover, for this a constant is given: 100 watts per 1 square meter of area (or 1 kW per 10 m²).

Comfortable? - undoubtedly! Without any calculations, without even using a piece of paper and a pencil, you perform simple arithmetic operations in your head, for example, for a house with an area of 100 “squares” you need at least a 10-watt boiler.

Well, what about the accuracy of such calculations? Alas, in this matter everything is not so good...

Judge for yourself.

For example, will rooms of the same area, say, be equivalent in thermal energy requirements? Krasnodar region or regions of the Server Urals? Is there a difference between a room bordering on heated premises, that is, having only one external wall, and a corner one, and also facing the windward north side? Will a differentiated approach be required for rooms with one window or those with panoramic glazing? You can list a few more similar, quite obvious, by the way, points - in principle, we will deal with this practically when we move on to the calculations.

So, there is no doubt that the required amount of thermal energy for heating a room is influenced not only by its area - it is necessary to take into account a number of factors related to the characteristics of the region and the specific location of the building, and the specifics of a particular room. It is clear that rooms within even the same house can have significant differences. Thus, the most correct approach would be to calculate the need for thermal power for each room where heating devices will be installed, and then, summing them up, find general indicator for a house (apartment).

The proposed calculation algorithm does not claim to be a professional calculation, but has a sufficient degree of accuracy, proven by practice. To make the task extremely simple for our readers, we suggest using the online calculator below, the program of which has already included all the necessary dependencies and correction factors. For greater clarity, the text block below the calculator will show brief instructions for carrying out calculations.

Calculator for calculating the required thermal power for heating (for a specific room)

The calculation is carried out for each room separately.
Enter the requested values sequentially or mark the desired options in the proposed lists.
Click “CALCULATE THE REQUIRED THERMAL POWER”

Room area, m²

100 W per sq. m

Indoor ceiling height

Up to 2.7 m 2.8 ÷ 3.0 m 3.1 ÷ 3.5 m 3.6 ÷ 4.0 m more than 4.1 m

Quantity external walls

No one two three

External walls face:

The position of the outer wall relative to the winter “wind rose”

Level negative temperatures air in the region during the coldest week of the year

35 °C and below from - 30 °C to - 34 °C from - 25 °C to - 29 °C from - 20 °C to - 24 °C from - 15 °C to - 19 °C from - 10 °C up to - 14 °C not colder than - 10 °C

What is the degree of insulation of external walls?

External walls are not insulated. Average degree of insulation. External walls have high-quality insulation

What's underneath?

Cold floor on the ground or above an unheated room Insulated floor on the ground or above an unheated room A heated room is located below

What's on top?

Cold attic or unheated and uninsulated room Insulated attic or other room Heated room

Type of installed windows

Number of windows in the room

Window height, m

Window width, m

Doors facing the street or cold balcony:

Explanations for thermal power calculations

We start with the area of the room. And we will still take the same 100 W per square meter as the initial value, but many correction factors will be introduced as the calculation progresses. In the input field (using the slider) you must indicate the area of the room, in square meters.
Of course, the required amount of energy is influenced by the volume of the room - for standard ceilings of 2.7 m and for high ceilings of 3.5÷4 m, the final values will differ. Therefore, the calculation program will introduce a correction for the height of the ceiling - you must select it from the proposed drop-down list.
The number of walls in the room that are in direct contact with the street is of great importance. Therefore, the next point is to indicate the number of external walls: options are offered from “0” to “3” - each value will have its own correction factor.
Even on a very frosty, but clear day, the sun can affect the microclimate in the room - the amount of heat loss is reduced, direct rays penetrating the windows sensitively heat the room. But this is typical only for walls facing south. As the next data entry point, indicate the approximate location of the external wall of the room - and the program will make the necessary adjustments.

Many houses, both country and urban, are located in such a way that the outer wall of the room is windward most of the winter. If the owners know the direction of the prevailing winter wind rose, then this circumstance can be taken into account in the calculations. It is clear that the windward wall will always cool more strongly - and the calculation program calculates the corresponding correction factor. If there is no such information, then you can skip this point - but in this case, the calculation will be carried out for the most unfavorable location.

The next parameter will adjust for the climatic specifics of your region of residence. We are talking about temperature indicators that are typical in a given area for the coldest ten days of winter. It is important that we are talking specifically about those values that are the norm, that is, they are not included in the category of those abnormal frosts that every few years, no, no, and even “visit” any region, and then, due to their atypicality, remain for a long time in memory.

The level of heat loss is directly related to the degree. In the next data entry field, you must evaluate it by choosing one of three options. At the same time, a wall can be considered fully insulated only if thermal insulation work has been carried out in full, based on the results of thermal engineering calculations.

Prices for PIR boards

The average degree of insulation includes walls made of “warm” materials, for example, natural wood (logs, beams), gas silicate blocks 300-400 mm thick, hollow bricks - masonry of one and a half or two bricks.

The list also includes uninsulated walls, but, in fact, in a residential building this should not happen at all by definition - no heating system will be able to effectively maintain a comfortable microclimate, and energy costs will be “astronomical”.

A considerable amount of heat loss always occurs in the ceilings - floors and ceilings of rooms. Therefore, it would be quite reasonable to evaluate the “neighborhood” of the room being calculated, so to speak, vertically, that is, above and below. The next two fields of our calculator are devoted precisely to this - depending on the specified option, the calculation program will introduce the necessary corrections.

An entire group of data entry fields is dedicated to windows.

— Firstly, you should evaluate the quality of the windows, since this always determines how quickly the room will cool down.

— Then you need to indicate the number of windows and their sizes. Based on this data, the program will calculate the “glazing coefficient”, that is, the ratio of the area of the windows to the area of the room. The resulting value will become the basis for making appropriate adjustments to the final result.

Finally, the room in question may have a door “to the cold” - directly to the street, to the balcony or, say, leading to an unheated room. If this door is used regularly, then each opening will be accompanied by a considerable influx of cold air. This means that the heating system of this room will not have the additional task of compensating for such heat losses. Select your option from the list provided and the program will make the necessary adjustments.

After entering the data, all that remains is to click on the “Calculate” button - and you will receive an answer expressed in watts and kilowatts.

Now let’s talk about how such a calculation would be most conveniently carried out in practice. This seems to be the best way:

— First, take a plan of your house (apartment) - it probably contains all the necessary dimensional indicators. As an example, let's take a completely derivative floor plan of a suburban residential building.

— Next, it makes sense to create a table (for example, in Excel, but you can just do it on a sheet of paper). The table is of any form, but it must list all the rooms covered by the heating system and indicate characteristics each of them. It is clear that the value of winter temperatures for all rooms will be the same value, and it is enough to enter it once. Let, for example, it be -20 °C.

For example, the table might look like this:

Room	Area, ceiling height	External walls, number, location relative to cardinal directions and wind rose, degree of thermal insulation	What's above and below	Windows - type, quantity, size, presence of a door to the street	Required thermal power
TOTAL FOR HOUSE	196 m²				16.8 kW
1ST FLOOR
Hallway	14.8 m², 2.5 m	one, North, windward, y/n – full-fledged	below - warm floor on the ground, above – heated room	There are no windows one door	1.00 kW
Pantry	2.2 m², 2.5 m	one, North, windward, y/n – full-fledged	the same	Single, double glazing, 0.9×0.5 m, no door	0.19 kW
Dryer	2.2 m², 2.5 m	one, North, windward, y/n – full-fledged	the same	Single, double glazing, 0.9×0.5 m, no door	0.19 kW
Children's	13.4 m², 2.5 m	Two, North-East, windward, y/n – full-fledged	the same	Two, triple glazing, 0.9×1.2 m, no door	1.34 kW
Kitchen	26.20 m², 2.5 m	Two, East - South, parallel to the direction of the wind, y/n – full-fledged	the same	Single, double glazing, 3×2.2 m, no door	2.26 kW
Living room	32.9 m², 3m	One, South, leeward, y/n – full-fledged	the same	Two, triple glazing, 3×2.2 m, no door	2.62 kW
Dining room	24.2 m², 2.5 m	Two, South-West, leeward, y/n – full-fledged	the same	Two, triple glazing, 3×2.2 m, no door	2.16 kW
Guest room	18.5 m², 2.5 m	Two, West-North, windward, y/n – full-fledged	the same	Single, triple glazing, 0.9×1.2 m, no door	1.65 kW
Total for the first floor in total:	134.4 m²				11.41 kW
2nd FLOOR
… and so on

- All you have to do is open the calculator - and the whole calculation will take a matter of minutes. And then you need to summarize the results (you can first by floors - and then for the entire building as a whole) to get the desired thermal power necessary for proper heating.

By the way, pay attention - the table shows an example real results calculation. And they differ quite significantly from those that could be obtained using the ratio 100 W → 1 m². So, only on the first floor with an area of 134.4 m², this difference, to a lesser extent, turned out to be about 2 kW. But for other conditions, for example, for a more severe climate or for less perfect thermal insulation, the difference may be completely different and even have a different sign.

So, why do we need the results of this calculation:

First of all, the required amount of thermal energy obtained for each specific room allows you to correctly select and arrange heat exchange devices - this means radiators, convectors, and “warm floor” systems.
The total value for the entire house becomes a guideline for choosing and purchasing the optimal heating boiler - as mentioned above, take a little more power than the calculated one so that the equipment never operates at the limit of its capabilities, and at the same time is guaranteed to cope with its direct task even with the most unfavorable conditions.
And finally, the same total indicator will become our starting point for further calculations of the planned gas consumption.

Carrying out calculations of gas consumption for heating needs

Calculation of network natural gas consumption

So, let's move directly to the calculations of energy consumption. To do this, we need a formula showing how much heat is produced during the combustion of a certain volume ( V) fuel:

W = V × H × η

To get the specific volume, let’s imagine this expression a little differently:

V = W / (H × η)

Let's look at the quantities included in the formula.

V– this is the same required volume of gas (cubic meters), the combustion of which will give us the required amount of heat.

W- the thermal power required to maintain comfortable living conditions in a house or apartment - the same one that we just calculated.

The same one, it seems, but still not quite. A few clarifications are required:

Prices for heated floors

warm floor

Firstly, this is by no means the rated capacity of the boiler - many people make a similar mistake.
Secondly, the above calculation of the required amount of heat, as we remember, was carried out for the most unfavorable external conditions- for maximum cold, and even along with a constantly blowing wind. In fact, there are not so many such days during the winter, and, in general, frosts often alternate with thaws, or are established at a level very far from the indicated critical level.

Further, a correctly adjusted boiler will never operate continuously - the temperature level is usually monitored by automation, choosing the most optimal mode. And if so, then to calculate the average gas consumption (not peak, mind you) this calculated value will be too much. Without any particular fear of making a serious mistake in the calculations, the resulting total power value can be safely “halved”, that is, 50% of the calculated value can be taken for further calculations. Practice shows that on a global scale heating season, especially considering the reduced consumption in the second half of autumn and early spring, this is usually the case.

H– under this designation lies the heat of combustion of fuel, in our case, gas. This parameter is tabular and must comply with certain standards.

True, there are several nuances in this issue.

Firstly, you should pay attention to the type of natural network gas used. As a rule, in household networks gas supply uses a gas mixture G20. However, there are chains that serve consumers a mixture G25. Its difference from G20– higher concentration of nitrogen, which significantly reduces the calorific value. You should check with your regional gas utility to find out what kind of gas is supplied to your homes.
Secondly, the specific heat of combustion may also vary slightly. For example, you can find the designation Hi- this is the so-called lower specific heat, which is used to calculate systems with conventional heating boilers. But there is also a quantity Hs– highest specific heat of combustion. The point is that combustion products natural gas contain very a large number of water vapor, which have considerable thermal potential. And if it is also used usefully, the thermal output from the equipment will increase noticeably. This principle is implemented in modern boilers, in which the latent energy of water vapor, due to its condensation, is also transferred to heating the coolant, which gives an increase in heat transfer by an average of 10%. This means that if a condensing boiler is installed in your house (apartment), then it is necessary to operate with the highest calorific value - Ns.

IN various sources magnitude specific heat Gas combustion is indicated either in megajoules or in kilowatts per hour per cubic meter of volume. In principle, translation is not difficult if you know that 1 kW = 3.6 MJ. But to make it even easier, the table below shows the values in both units:

Table of values for the specific heat of combustion of natural gas (according to the international standardDINEN 437)

η – this symbol usually denotes the coefficient useful action. Its essence is that it shows how fully the generated thermal energy in a given model of heating equipment is used specifically for heating needs.

This indicator is always indicated in the passport characteristics of the boiler, and often two values are given at once, for the lower and higher calorific value of gas. For example, you can find the following entry Hs / Hi – 94.3 / 85%. But usually, in order to get a result closer to reality, they still operate with the Hi value.

In principle, we have decided on all the initial data, and we can proceed to calculations. And to simplify the task for the reader, below is a convenient calculator that will calculate the average consumption of “blue fuel” per hour, per day, per month and for the whole season.

Calculator for calculating network gas consumption for heating needs

It is necessary to enter only two values - the total required thermal power obtained according to the algorithm given above, and the boiler efficiency. In addition, you need to select the type of network gas and, if necessary, indicate that your boiler is a condensing boiler.

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In a rather unfavorable climate, any building needs good heating. And if heating a private house or apartment is not difficult, heating industrial premises will require a lot of effort.

Heating industrial premises and enterprises is a rather labor-intensive process, which is facilitated by a number of reasons. Firstly, when creating heating circuit It is imperative to comply with the criteria of cost, reliability and functionality. Secondly, industrial buildings usually have quite large dimensions and are designed to perform certain work, for which special equipment is installed in the buildings. These reasons significantly complicate the installation of the heating system and increase the cost of work. Despite all the difficulties, industrial buildings still require heating, and in such cases it performs several functions:

ensuring comfortable working conditions, which directly affects the performance of staff;
protection of equipment from temperature changes to prevent overcooling and subsequent breakdown;
creating a suitable microclimate in warehouse areas so that manufactured products do not lose their properties due to improper storage conditions.

What is the result? Heating industrial workshops will allow you to save on various types of expenses, for example, for repairs or sick leave payments. In addition, if the heating system is chosen correctly, then its maintenance and repair will be much cheaper, and a minimum number of interventions will be required for its operation. It is only important to know that the specific heating characteristics of industrial buildings can be different, and it must be initially calculated.

Choosing a system for heating industrial premises

Heating of industrial premises is carried out using different types of systems, each of which requires detailed consideration. Centralized liquid or air systems are the most popular, but local heaters can also often be found.

The choice of heating system type is influenced by the following parameters:

dimensions of the heated room;
amount of thermal energy required to comply temperature regime;
ease of maintenance and availability of repairs.

Each system has its pros and cons, and the choice will primarily depend on the compliance of the functionality of the selected system with the requirements that apply to it. When choosing the type of system, it is necessary to calculate the heating system of an industrial building in order to have a clear understanding of how much heat the building needs.

Central water heating

In the case of a central heating system, heat generation will be provided by the local boiler house or unified system, which will be installed in the building. The design of this system includes a boiler, heating devices and piping.

The operating principle of such a system is as follows: the liquid is heated in the boiler, after which it is distributed through pipes to all heating devices. Liquid heating can be single-pipe or double-pipe. In the first case, temperature control is not carried out, but in the case of two-pipe heating, the temperature regime can be adjusted using thermostats and radiators installed in parallel.

The boiler is the central element of a water heating system. It can run on gas, liquid fuel, solid fuel, electricity or a combination of these types of energy resources. When choosing a boiler, you must first take into account the availability of one or another type of fuel.

For example, the ability to use mains gas allows you to immediately connect to this system. In this case, you need to take into account the cost of the energy resource: gas reserves are not unlimited, so its price will increase every year. In addition, gas mains are very susceptible to accidents, which will negatively affect the production process.

Using a liquid fuel boiler also has its pitfalls: to store liquid fuel, you need to have a separate tank and constantly replenish the reserves in it - and this is an additional expense of time, effort and finance. Solid fuel boilers They are generally not recommended for heating industrial buildings, except in cases where the building area is small.

True, there are automated versions of boilers that are capable of independently taking fuel, and in this case the temperature is adjusted automatically, but maintenance of such systems cannot be called simple. For different models of solid fuel boilers, different types of raw materials are used: pellets, sawdust or firewood. The positive quality of such structures is low cost installation and resources.

Electric heating systems are also poorly suited for heating industrial buildings: despite their high efficiency, these systems use too much energy, which will greatly affect the economic side of the issue. Of course, for heating buildings up to 70 sq.m. Electrical systems are fine, but you need to understand that electricity also tends to go out regularly.

But what you can really pay attention to is combined heating systems. Such designs can have good performance and high reliability. A significant advantage over other types of heating in this case is the possibility of uninterrupted heating of an industrial building. Of course, the cost of such devices is usually high, but in return you can get reliable system, which will provide the building with heat in any situation.

Combined heating systems usually have several types of burners built in, which allow the use different kinds raw materials.

It is by the type and purpose of the burners that the following designs are classified:

gas-wood boilers: equipped with two burners, they allow you not to worry about rising fuel prices and problems with the gas supply line;
gas-diesel boilers: demonstrate high efficiency and work very well with large areas;
gas-diesel-wood boilers: extremely reliable and can be used in any situation, but power and efficiency leave much to be desired;
gas-diesel-electricity: a very reliable option with good power;
gas-diesel-wood-electricity: combines all types of energy resources, allows you to control fuel consumption in the system, has a wide range of settings and adjustments, is suitable in any situation, requires a large area.

The boiler, although it is the main element of the heating system, cannot independently provide heating to the building. Can a water heating system provide the necessary heating for a building? The heat capacity of water is much higher when compared with the heat capacity of air.

This suggests that the pipeline can be much smaller than in the case of air heating, which indicates better efficiency.

In addition, a water system makes it possible to control the temperature in the system: for example, setting the heating at night at 10 degrees Celsius can significantly save resources. More accurate figures can be obtained by calculating the heating of industrial premises.

Air heating

Despite the good characteristics of the liquid heating system, air heating is also in good demand on the market. Why is this happening?

This type of heating system has positive qualities that allow us to appreciate such heating systems for industrial premises:

absence of pipelines and radiators, instead of which air ducts are installed, which reduces installation costs;
increased efficiency due to more competent and uniform distribution of air throughout the room;
An air heating system can be connected to a ventilation and air conditioning system, which makes it possible to ensure constant air movement. As a result, exhaust air will be removed from the system, and clean and fresh air will be heated and enter the heating of the production workshop, which will have a very good effect on the working conditions of the working personnel.

Such a system can be additionally equipped with one more advantage: for this it is necessary to install combined air heating, which combines natural and mechanical air impulses.

What is hidden under these concepts? The natural impulse is to take in warm air directly from the street (this possibility exists even when the temperature outside is sub-zero). Mechanical impulse takes in cold air, warms it up to required temperature and in this form he is sent to the building.

Air heating is excellent for heating buildings with large footage, and heating industrial premises based on air system, turns out to be very effective.

In addition, some types of production, for example chemical, simply do not make it possible to use any other type of heating system.

Infrared heating

If it is not possible to install liquid or air heating, or in the case when these types of systems do not suit the owners of industrial buildings, infrared heaters come to the rescue. The principle of operation is described quite simply: the IR emitter produces thermal energy, directed at a certain area, as a result of which this energy is transferred to objects located in this area.

In general, such installations make it possible to create a mini-sun in work area. Infrared heaters are good because they heat only the area they are directed at and do not allow the heat to dissipate throughout the entire room.

When classifying IR heaters, the method of installation is first considered:

ceiling;
floor;
wall;
portable.

Infrared heaters also differ in the type of waves emitted:

shortwave;
medium wave;
light (such models have a high operating temperature, so they glow during operation;
long wave;
dark.

IR heaters can be divided into types according to the energy resources used:

electrical;
gas;
diesel

IR systems running on gas or diesel have much greater efficiency, due to which they cost much less. But such devices negatively affect indoor air humidity and burn oxygen.

There is a classification according to the type of work item:

halogen: heating is carried out by a fragile vacuum tube, which is very easy to damage;
carbon: heating element is carbon fiber hidden in a glass tube, which is also not very durable. Carbon heaters consume approximately 2-3 times less energy;
Tenovye;
ceramic: heating is carried out by ceramic tiles, which are combined into one system.

Infrared heaters are well suited for use in all types of buildings, from private homes to bulky industrial buildings. The convenience of using such heating lies in the fact that these structures are able to heat individual zones or areas, which makes them incredibly comfortable.

IR heaters affect any objects, but do not affect the air and do not affect the movement of air masses, which eliminates the possibility of drafts and other negative factors that can affect the health of personnel.

In terms of warming up speed, infrared emitters can be called leaders: they must be started while at the workplace, and there is almost no need to wait for heat.

Such devices are very economical and have a very high efficiency, which allows them to be used as the main heating of production workshops. IR heaters are reliable, capable of operating for a long period of time, and take virtually no usable space, are light in weight and require no effort during installation. In the photo you can see different types of infrared emitters.

Conclusion

This article discussed the main types of heating for industrial buildings. Before installing any selected system, it is necessary to calculate the heating of industrial premises. Making a choice always falls on the owner of the building, and knowledge of the tips and recommendations outlined will allow you to truly choose suitable option heating system.

Whether it is an industrial building or a residential building, you need to carry out competent calculations and draw up a diagram of the heating system circuit. At this stage, experts recommend paying special attention to calculating the possible thermal load on the heating circuit, as well as the volume of fuel consumed and heat generated.

Thermal load: what is it?

This term refers to the amount of heat given off. A preliminary calculation of the thermal load will allow you to avoid unnecessary costs for the purchase of heating system components and their installation. Also, this calculation will help to correctly distribute the amount of heat generated economically and evenly throughout the building.

There are many nuances involved in these calculations. For example, the material from which the building is built, thermal insulation, region, etc. Experts try to take into account as many factors and characteristics as possible to obtain a more accurate result.

Calculation of heat load with errors and inaccuracies leads to inefficient operation of the heating system. It even happens that you have to redo sections of an already working structure, which inevitably leads to unplanned expenses. And housing and communal services organizations calculate the cost of services based on data on heat load.

Main Factors

An ideally calculated and designed heating system should maintain the set temperature in the room and compensate for the resulting heat losses. When calculating the heat load on the heating system in a building, you need to take into account:

Purpose of the building: residential or industrial.

Characteristics of the structural elements of the building. These are windows, walls, doors, roof and ventilation system.

Dimensions of the home. The larger it is, the more powerful the heating system should be. It is imperative to take into account the area of window openings, doors, external walls and the volume of each internal room.

Availability of special purpose rooms (bath, sauna, etc.).

Degree of equipment with technical devices. That is, the availability of hot water supply, ventilation system, air conditioning and type of heating system.

For a separate room. For example, in rooms intended for storage, it is not necessary to maintain a temperature that is comfortable for humans.

Number of feed points hot water. The more there are, the more the system is loaded.

Area of glazed surfaces. Rooms with French windows lose a significant amount of heat.

Additional terms and conditions. In residential buildings this may be the number of rooms, balconies and loggias and bathrooms. In industrial - the number of working days in a calendar year, shifts, technological chain production process etc.

Climatic conditions of the region. When calculating heat loss, street temperatures are taken into account. If the differences are insignificant, then a small amount of energy will be spent on compensation. While at -40 o C outside the window it will require significant expenses.

Features of existing methods

The parameters included in the calculation of the thermal load are found in SNiPs and GOSTs. They also have special heat transfer coefficients. From the passports of the equipment included in the heating system, digital characteristics relating to a specific heating radiator, boiler, etc. are taken. And also traditionally:

Heat consumption, taken to the maximum per hour of operation of the heating system,

The maximum heat flow emanating from one radiator is

Total heat consumption in a certain period (most often a season); if an hourly calculation of the load on the heating network is required, then the calculation must be carried out taking into account the temperature difference during the day.

The calculations made are compared with the heat transfer area of the entire system. The indicator turns out to be quite accurate. Some deviations do happen. For example, for industrial buildings it will be necessary to take into account the reduction in thermal energy consumption on weekends and holidays, and in residential premises - at night.

Methods for calculating heating systems have several degrees of accuracy. To reduce the error to a minimum, it is necessary to use rather complex calculations. Less accurate schemes are used if the goal is not to optimize the costs of the heating system.

Basic calculation methods

Today, the calculation of the heat load for heating a building can be carried out using one of the following methods.

Three main

For calculations, aggregated indicators are taken.
The indicators of the structural elements of the building are taken as the basis. Here, the calculation of the internal volume of air used for heating will also be important.
All objects included in the heating system are calculated and summed up.

One example

There is also a fourth option. It has a fairly large error, because the indicators taken are very average, or there are not enough of them. This formula is Q from = q 0 * a * V H * (t EN - t NRO), where:

q 0 - specific thermal characteristic of the building (most often determined by the coldest period),
a - correction factor (depends on the region and is taken from ready-made tables),
V H is the volume calculated along the external planes.

Example of a simple calculation

For a building with standard parameters (ceiling heights, room sizes and good thermal insulation characteristics) you can apply a simple ratio of parameters adjusted for a coefficient depending on the region.

Let's assume that a residential building is located in the Arkhangelsk region, and its area is 170 square meters. m. The heat load will be equal to 17 * 1.6 = 27.2 kW/h.

This definition of thermal loads does not take into account many important factors. For example, design features of the structure, temperature, number of walls, ratio of wall areas to window openings, etc. Therefore, such calculations are not suitable for serious heating system projects.

It depends on the material from which they are made. Most often today, bimetallic, aluminum, steel, and much less often cast iron radiators are used. Each of them has its own heat transfer (thermal power) indicator. Bimetallic radiators with a distance between the axes of 500 mm, on average they have 180 - 190 W. Aluminum radiators have almost the same performance.

The heat transfer of the described radiators is calculated per section. Steel plate radiators are non-separable. Therefore, their heat transfer is determined based on the size of the entire device. For example, the thermal power of a double-row radiator with a width of 1,100 mm and a height of 200 mm will be 1,010 W, and a steel panel radiator with a width of 500 mm and a height of 220 mm will be 1,644 W.

The calculation of a heating radiator by area includes the following basic parameters:

Ceiling height (standard - 2.7 m),

Thermal power (per sq. m - 100 W),

One external wall.

These calculations show that for every 10 sq. m requires 1,000 W of thermal power. This result is divided by the thermal output of one section. The answer is the required number of radiator sections.

For the southern regions of our country, as well as for the northern ones, decreasing and increasing coefficients have been developed.

Average calculation and accurate

Taking into account the described factors, the average calculation is carried out according to the following scheme. If per 1 sq. m requires 100 W of heat flow, then a room of 20 sq. m should receive 2,000 watts. A radiator (popular bimetallic or aluminum) of eight sections produces about Divide 2,000 by 150, we get 13 sections. But this is a rather enlarged calculation of the thermal load.

The exact one looks a little scary. Nothing complicated really. Here's the formula:

Q t = 100 W/m 2 × S(room)m 2 × q 1 × q 2 × q 3 × q 4 × q 5 × q 6 × q 7, Where:

q 1 - type of glazing (regular = 1.27, double = 1.0, triple = 0.85);
q 2 - wall insulation (weak or absent = 1.27, wall laid with 2 bricks = 1.0, modern, high = 0.85);
q 3 - the ratio of the total area of window openings to the floor area (40% = 1.2, 30% = 1.1, 20% - 0.9, 10% = 0.8);
q 4 - outside temperature(the minimum value is taken: -35 o C = 1.5, -25 o C = 1.3, -20 o C = 1.1, -15 o C = 0.9, -10 o C = 0.7);
q 5 - number of external walls in the room (all four = 1.4, three = 1.3, corner room= 1.2, one = 1.2);
q 6 - type of calculation room above the calculation room (cold attic = 1.0, warm attic = 0.9, heated residential room = 0.8);
q 7 - ceiling height (4.5 m = 1.2, 4.0 m = 1.15, 3.5 m = 1.1, 3.0 m = 1.05, 2.5 m = 1.3).

Using any of the described methods, you can calculate the heat load of an apartment building.

Approximate calculation

The conditions are as follows. The minimum temperature in the cold season is -20 o C. Room 25 sq. m. m with triple glazing, double-glazed windows, ceiling height of 3.0 m, two-brick walls and an unheated attic. The calculation will be as follows:

Q = 100 W/m 2 × 25 m 2 × 0.85 × 1 × 0.8(12%) × 1.1 × 1.2 × 1 × 1.05.

The result, 2,356.20, is divided by 150. As a result, it turns out that 16 sections need to be installed in a room with the specified parameters.

If calculation in gigacalories is required

In the absence of a thermal energy meter on an open heating circuit, the calculation of the heat load for heating the building is calculated using the formula Q = V * (T 1 - T 2) / 1000, where:

V - the amount of water consumed by the heating system, calculated in tons or m 3,
T 1 - a number indicating the temperature of hot water, measured in o C and for calculations the temperature corresponding to a certain pressure in the system is taken. This indicator has its own name - enthalpy. If in practical terms we remove temperature indicators It is not possible, they resort to the average indicator. It is within 60-65 o C.
T 2 - temperature cold water. It is quite difficult to measure it in the system, so constant indicators have been developed that depend on the temperature outside. For example, in one of the regions, in the cold season this indicator is taken equal to 5, in the summer - 15.
1,000 is the coefficient for obtaining the result immediately in gigacalories.

In the case of a closed circuit, the heat load (gcal/hour) is calculated differently:

Q from = α * q o * V * (t in - t n.r.) * (1 + K n.r.) * 0.000001, Where

The calculation of the heat load turns out to be somewhat enlarged, but this is the formula given in the technical literature.

Increasingly, in order to increase the efficiency of the heating system, they are resorting to buildings.

This work is carried out in the dark. For a more accurate result, you need to observe the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors: it should be at least 15 o. Fluorescent and incandescent lamps turn off. It is advisable to remove carpets and furniture as much as possible; they knock down the device, causing some error.

The survey is carried out slowly and data is recorded carefully. The scheme is simple.

The first stage of work takes place indoors. The device is moved gradually from doors to windows, paying special attention to corners and other joints.

The second stage is an inspection of the external walls of the building with a thermal imager. The joints are still carefully examined, especially the connection with the roof.

The third stage is data processing. First, the device does this, then the readings are transferred to the computer, where the corresponding programs complete the processing and produce the result.

If the survey was carried out by a licensed organization, it will issue a report with mandatory recommendations based on the results of the work. If the work was carried out in person, then you need to rely on your knowledge and, possibly, the help of the Internet.

Create a heating system in own home or even in a city apartment - an extremely responsible occupation. It would be completely unreasonable to purchase boiler equipment, as they say, “by eye,” that is, without taking into account all the features of the housing. In this case, it is quite possible that you will end up in two extremes: either the boiler power will not be enough - the equipment will work “to the fullest”, without pauses, but still not give the expected result, or, on the contrary, an overly expensive device will be purchased, the capabilities of which will remain completely unchanged. unclaimed.

But that's not all. It is not enough to correctly purchase the necessary heating boiler - it is very important to optimally select and correctly arrange heat exchange devices in the premises - radiators, convectors or “warm floors”. And again, relying only on your intuition or the “good advice” of your neighbors is not the most reasonable option. In a word, it’s impossible to do without certain calculations.

Of course, ideally, such thermal calculations should be carried out by appropriate specialists, but this often costs a lot of money. Isn't it fun to try to do it yourself? This publication will show in detail how heating is calculated based on the area of the room, taking into account many important nuances. By analogy, it will be possible to perform, built into this page, it will help to perform the necessary calculations. The technique cannot be called completely “sinless”, however, it still allows you to obtain results with a completely acceptable degree of accuracy.

The simplest calculation methods

In order for the heating system to create comfortable living conditions during the cold season, it must cope with two main tasks. These functions are closely related to each other, and their division is very conditional.

The first is maintaining optimal level air temperature in the entire volume of the heated room. Of course, the temperature level may vary somewhat with altitude, but this difference should not be significant. An average of +20 °C is considered quite comfortable conditions - this is the temperature that is usually taken as the initial one in thermal calculations.

In other words, the heating system must be able to warm up a certain volume of air.

If we approach it with complete accuracy, then for separate rooms In residential buildings, standards for the required microclimate have been established - they are defined by GOST 30494-96. An excerpt from this document is in the table below:

Purpose of the room	Air temperature, °C		Relative humidity, %		Air speed, m/s
	optimal	acceptable	optimal	permissible, max	optimal, max	permissible, max
For the cold season
Living room	20÷22	18÷24 (20÷24)	45÷30	60	0.15	0.2
The same, but for living rooms in regions with minimum temperatures of - 31 °C and below	21÷23	20÷24 (22÷24)	45÷30	60	0.15	0.2
Kitchen	19÷21	18÷26	N/N	N/N	0.15	0.2
Toilet	19÷21	18÷26	N/N	N/N	0.15	0.2
Bathroom, combined toilet	24÷26	18÷26	N/N	N/N	0.15	0.2
Facilities for recreation and study sessions	20÷22	18÷24	45÷30	60	0.15	0.2
Inter-apartment corridor	18÷20	16÷22	45÷30	60	N/N	N/N
Lobby, staircase	16÷18	14÷20	N/N	N/N	N/N	N/N
Storerooms	16÷18	12÷22	N/N	N/N	N/N	N/N
For the warm season (Standard only for residential premises. For others - not standardized)
Living room	22÷25	20÷28	60÷30	65	0.2	0.3

The second is compensation of heat losses through building structural elements.

The most important “enemy” of the heating system is heat loss through building structures

Alas, heat loss is the most serious “rival” of any heating system. They can be reduced to a certain minimum, but even with the highest quality thermal insulation it is not yet possible to completely get rid of them. Thermal energy leaks occur in all directions - their approximate distribution is shown in the table:

Building design element	Approximate value of heat loss
Foundation, floors on the ground or above unheated basement (basement) rooms	from 5 to 10%
“Cold bridges” through poorly insulated joints of building structures	from 5 to 10%
Entry points for utilities (sewage, water supply, gas pipes, electrical cables, etc.)	up to 5%
External walls, depending on the degree of insulation	from 20 to 30%
Poor quality windows and external doors	about 20÷25%, of which about 10% - through unsealed joints between the boxes and the wall, and due to ventilation
Roof	up to 20%
Ventilation and chimney	up to 25 ÷30%

Naturally, in order to cope with such tasks, the heating system must have a certain thermal power, and this potential must not only correspond common needs buildings (apartments), but also to be correctly distributed among the premises, in accordance with their area and a number of other important factors.

Usually the calculation is carried out in the direction “from small to large”. Simply put, the required amount of thermal energy is calculated for each heated room, the obtained values are summed up, approximately 10% of the reserve is added (so that the equipment does not work at the limit of its capabilities) - and the result will show how much power the heating boiler is needed. And the values for each room will become the starting point for calculating the required number of radiators.

The most simplified and most frequently used method in a non-professional environment is to adopt a norm of 100 W of thermal energy per square meter of area:

The most primitive way of calculating is the ratio of 100 W/m²

Q = S× 100

Q– required heating power for the room;

S– room area (m²);

100 — specific power per unit area (W/m²).

For example, a room 3.2 × 5.5 m

S= 3.2 × 5.5 = 17.6 m²

Q= 17.6 × 100 = 1760 W ≈ 1.8 kW

The method is obviously very simple, but very imperfect. It is worth mentioning right away that it is conditionally applicable only at a standard ceiling height - approximately 2.7 m (acceptable - in the range from 2.5 to 3.0 m). From this point of view, the calculation will be more accurate not from the area, but from the volume of the room.

It is clear that in this case the specific power value is calculated per cubic meter. It is taken equal to 41 W/m³ for reinforced concrete panel house, or 34 W/m³ - in brick or made of other materials.

Q = S × h× 41 (or 34)

h– ceiling height (m);

41 or 34 – specific power per unit volume (W/m³).

For example, the same room, in a panel house, with a ceiling height of 3.2 m:

Q= 17.6 × 3.2 × 41 = 2309 W ≈ 2.3 kW

The result is more accurate, since it already takes into account not only all the linear dimensions of the room, but even, to a certain extent, the features of the walls.

But still, it is still far from real accuracy - many nuances are “outside the brackets”. How to perform calculations closer to real conditions is in the next section of the publication.

You may be interested in information about what they are

Carrying out calculations of the required thermal power taking into account the characteristics of the premises

The calculation algorithms discussed above can be useful for an initial “estimate,” but you should still rely on them completely with great caution. Even to a person who does not understand anything about building heating engineering, the indicated average values may certainly seem dubious - they cannot be equal, say, for Krasnodar region and for the Arkhangelsk region. In addition, the room is different: one is located on the corner of the house, that is, it has two external walls, and the other is protected from heat loss by other rooms on three sides. In addition, the room may have one or more windows, both small and very large, sometimes even panoramic. And the windows themselves may differ in the material of manufacture and other design features. And this is not a complete list - it’s just that such features are visible even to the naked eye.

In a word, there are quite a lot of nuances that affect the heat loss of each specific room, and it is better not to be lazy, but to carry out a more thorough calculation. Believe me, using the method proposed in the article, this will not be so difficult.

General principles and calculation formula

The calculations will be based on the same ratio: 100 W per 1 square meter. But the formula itself is “overgrown” with a considerable number of various correction factors.

Q = (S × 100) × a × b× c × d × e × f × g × h × i × j × k × l × m

The Latin letters denoting the coefficients are taken completely arbitrarily, in alphabetical order, and have no relation to any quantities standardly accepted in physics. The meaning of each coefficient will be discussed separately.

“a” is a coefficient that takes into account the number of external walls in a particular room.

Obviously, the more external walls there are in a room, the larger the area through which heat losses. In addition, the presence of two or more external walls also means corners - extremely vulnerable places from the point of view of the formation of “cold bridges”. Coefficient “a” will correct for this specific feature of the room.

The coefficient is taken equal to:

— external walls No (interior space): a = 0.8;

- external wall one: a = 1.0;

— external walls two: a = 1.2;

— external walls three: a = 1.4.

“b” is a coefficient that takes into account the location of the external walls of the room relative to the cardinal directions.

You might be interested in information about what types of

Even on the coldest winter days, solar energy still has an impact on the temperature balance in the building. It is quite natural that the side of the house that faces south receives some heat from the sun's rays, and heat loss through it is lower.

But walls and windows facing north “never see” the Sun. The eastern part of the house, although it “grabs” the morning Sun rays, still does not receive any effective heating from them.

Based on this, we introduce the coefficient “b”:

- the outer walls of the room face North or East: b = 1.1;

- the external walls of the room are oriented towards South or West: b = 1.0.

“c” is a coefficient that takes into account the location of the room relative to the winter “wind rose”

Perhaps this amendment is not so mandatory for houses located on areas protected from winds. But sometimes the prevailing winter winds can make their own “hard adjustments” to the thermal balance of a building. Naturally, the windward side, that is, “exposed” to the wind, will lose significantly more body compared to the leeward, opposite side.

Based on the results of long-term weather observations in any region, a so-called “wind rose” is compiled - a graphic diagram showing the prevailing wind directions in winter and summer time of the year. This information can be obtained from your local weather service. However, many residents themselves, without meteorologists, know very well where the winds predominantly blow in winter, and from which side of the house the deepest snowdrifts usually sweep.

If you want to carry out calculations with higher accuracy, you can include the correction factor “c” in the formula, taking it equal to:

- windward side of the house: c = 1.2;

- leeward walls of the house: c = 1.0;

- walls located parallel to the wind direction: c = 1.1.

“d” is a correction factor that takes into account the climatic conditions of the region where the house was built

Naturally, the amount of heat loss through all building structures will greatly depend on the level of winter temperatures. It is quite clear that during the winter the thermometer readings “dance” in a certain range, but for each region there is an average indicator of the most low temperatures, characteristic of the coldest five-day period of the year (usually this is characteristic of January). For example, below is a map diagram of the territory of Russia, on which approximate values are shown in colors.

Usually this value is easy to clarify in the regional weather service, but you can, in principle, rely on your own observations.

So, the coefficient “d”, which takes into account the climate characteristics of the region, for our calculations is taken equal to:

— from – 35 °C and below: d = 1.5;

— from – 30 °С to – 34 °С: d = 1.3;

— from – 25 °С to – 29 °С: d = 1.2;

— from – 20 °С to – 24 °С: d = 1.1;

— from – 15 °С to – 19 °С: d = 1.0;

— from – 10 °С to – 14 °С: d = 0.9;

- no colder - 10 °C: d = 0.7.

“e” is a coefficient that takes into account the degree of insulation of external walls.

The total value of heat losses of a building is directly related to the degree of insulation of all building structures. One of the “leaders” in heat loss are walls. Therefore, the value of thermal power required to maintain comfortable living conditions in a room depends on the quality of their thermal insulation.

The value of the coefficient for our calculations can be taken as follows:

— external walls do not have insulation: e = 1.27;

- average degree of insulation - walls made of two bricks or their surface thermal insulation is provided with other insulation materials: e = 1.0;

— insulation was carried out with high quality, based on thermal engineering calculations: e = 0.85.

Below in the course of this publication, recommendations will be given on how to determine the degree of insulation of walls and other building structures.

coefficient "f" - correction for ceiling heights

Ceilings, especially in private homes, can have different heights. Therefore, the thermal power to warm up a particular room of the same area will also differ in this parameter.

It would not be a big mistake to accept the following values for the correction factor “f”:

— ceiling heights up to 2.7 m: f = 1.0;

— flow height from 2.8 to 3.0 m: f = 1.05;

- ceiling heights from 3.1 to 3.5 m: f = 1.1;

— ceiling heights from 3.6 to 4.0 m: f = 1.15;

- ceiling height more than 4.1 m: f = 1.2.

« g" is a coefficient that takes into account the type of floor or room located under the ceiling.

As shown above, the floor is one of the significant sources of heat loss. This means that it is necessary to make some adjustments to account for this feature of a particular room. The correction factor “g” can be taken equal to:

- cold floor on the ground or above an unheated room (for example, a basement or basement): g= 1,4 ;

- insulated floor on the ground or above an unheated room: g= 1,2 ;

— the heated room is located below: g= 1,0 .

« h" is a coefficient that takes into account the type of room located above.

The air heated by the heating system always rises, and if the ceiling in the room is cold, then increased heat loss is inevitable, which will require an increase in the required heating power. Let us introduce the coefficient “h”, which takes into account this feature of the calculated room:

— the “cold” attic is located on top: h = 1,0 ;

— there is an insulated attic or other insulated room on top: h = 0,9 ;

— any heated room is located on top: h = 0,8 .

« i" - coefficient taking into account the design features of windows

Windows are one of the “main routes” for heat flow. Naturally, much in this matter depends on the quality of the window design. Old wooden frames, which were previously universally installed in all houses, are significantly inferior in terms of their thermal insulation to modern multi-chamber systems with double-glazed windows.

Without words it is clear that the thermal insulation qualities of these windows differ significantly

But there is no complete uniformity between PVH windows. For example, a two-chamber double-glazed window (with three glasses) will be much “warmer” than a single-chamber one.

This means that it is necessary to enter a certain coefficient “i”, taking into account the type of windows installed in the room:

- standard wooden windows with conventional double glazing: i = 1,27 ;

- modern window systems with single-chamber double-glazed windows: i = 1,0 ;

— modern window systems with two-chamber or three-chamber double-glazed windows, including those with argon filling: i = 0,85 .

« j" - correction factor for the total glazing area of the room

Whatever quality windows No matter how they were, it will still not be possible to completely avoid heat loss through them. But it’s quite clear that you can’t compare a small window with panoramic glazing covering almost the entire wall.

First you need to find the ratio of the areas of all the windows in the room and the room itself:

x = ∑SOK /SP

∑ SOK– total area of windows in the room;

SP– area of the room.

Depending on the obtained value, the correction factor “j” is determined:

— x = 0 ÷ 0.1 →j = 0,8 ;

— x = 0.11 ÷ 0.2 →j = 0,9 ;

— x = 0.21 ÷ 0.3 →j = 1,0 ;

— x = 0.31 ÷ 0.4 →j = 1,1 ;

— x = 0.41 ÷ 0.5 →j = 1,2 ;

« k" - coefficient that corrects for the presence of an entrance door

A door to the street or to an unheated balcony is always an additional “loophole” for the cold

A door to the street or to an open balcony can make adjustments to the thermal balance of the room - each opening is accompanied by the penetration of a considerable volume of cold air into the room. Therefore, it makes sense to take into account its presence - for this we introduce the coefficient “k”, which we take equal to:

- no door: k = 1,0 ;

- one door to the street or to the balcony: k = 1,3 ;

- two doors to the street or balcony: k = 1,7 .

« l" - possible amendments to the heating radiator connection diagram

Perhaps this may seem like an insignificant detail to some, but still, why not immediately take into account the planned connection diagram for the heating radiators. The fact is that their heat transfer, and therefore their participation in maintaining a certain temperature balance in the room, changes quite noticeably when different types insertion of supply and return pipes.

Illustration	Radiator insert type	The value of the coefficient "l"
	Diagonal connection: supply from above, return from below	l = 1.0
	Connection on one side: supply from above, return from below	l = 1.03
	Two-way connection: both supply and return from below	l = 1.13
	Diagonal connection: supply from below, return from above	l = 1.25
	Connection on one side: supply from below, return from above	l = 1.28
	One-way connection, both supply and return from below	l = 1.28

« m" - correction factor for the peculiarities of the installation location of heating radiators

And finally, the last coefficient, which is also related to the peculiarities of connecting heating radiators. It is probably clear that if the battery is installed openly and is not blocked by anything from above or from the front, then it will give maximum heat transfer. However, such an installation is not always possible - more often the radiators are partially hidden by window sills. Other options are also possible. In addition, some owners, trying to fit heating elements into the created interior ensemble, hide them completely or partially with decorative screens - this also significantly affects the thermal output.

If there are certain “outlines” of how and where radiators will be mounted, this can also be taken into account when making calculations by introducing a special coefficient “m”:

Illustration	Features of installing radiators	The value of the coefficient "m"
	The radiator is located openly on the wall or is not covered by a window sill	m = 0.9
	The radiator is covered from above with a window sill or shelf	m = 1.0
	The radiator is covered from above by a protruding wall niche	m = 1.07
	The radiator is covered from above by a window sill (niche), and from the front part - by a decorative screen	m = 1.12
	The radiator is completely enclosed in a decorative casing	m = 1.2

So, the calculation formula is clear. Surely, some of the readers will immediately grab their head - they say, it’s too complicated and cumbersome. However, if you approach the matter systematically and in an orderly manner, then there is no trace of complexity.

Any good homeowner must have a detailed graphic plan of his “possessions” with dimensions indicated, and usually oriented to the cardinal points. Climatic features region is easy to determine. All that remains is to walk through all the rooms with a tape measure and clarify some of the nuances for each room. Features of housing - “vertical proximity” above and below, location entrance doors, the proposed or existing installation scheme for heating radiators - no one except the owners knows better.

It is recommended to immediately create a worksheet where you can enter all the necessary data for each room. The result of the calculations will also be entered into it. Well, the calculations themselves will be helped by the built-in calculator, which already contains all the coefficients and ratios mentioned above.

If some data could not be obtained, then you can, of course, not take them into account, but in this case the calculator “by default” will calculate the result taking into account the least favorable conditions.

Can be seen with an example. We have a house plan (taken completely arbitrary).

A region with minimum temperatures ranging from -20 ÷ 25 °C. Predominance of winter winds = northeast. The house is one-story, with an insulated attic. Insulated floors on the ground. The optimal diagonal connection of radiators that will be installed under the window sills has been selected.

Let's create a table something like this:

The room, its area, ceiling height. Floor insulation and “neighborhood” above and below	The number of external walls and their main location relative to the cardinal points and the “wind rose”. Degree of wall insulation	Number, type and size of windows	Availability of entrance doors (to the street or to the balcony)	Required thermal power (including 10% reserve)
Area 78.5 m²				10.87 kW ≈ 11 kW
1. Hallway. 3.18 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Floor laid on the ground. Above is an insulated attic.	One, South, average degree of insulation. Leeward side	No	One	0.52 kW
2. Hall. 6.2 m². Ceiling 2.9 m. Insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic	No	No	No	0.62 kW
3. Kitchen-dining room. 14.9 m². Ceiling 2.9 m. Well-insulated floor on the ground. Upstairs - insulated attic	Two. South, west. Average degree of insulation. Leeward side	Two, single-chamber double-glazed windows, 1200 × 900 mm	No	2.22 kW
4. Children's room. 18.3 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well-insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic	Two, North - West. High degree of insulation. Windward	Two, double-glazed windows, 1400 × 1000 mm	No	2.6 kW
5. Bedroom. 13.8 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well-insulated floor on the ground. Above - insulated attic	Two, North, East. High degree of insulation. Windward side	Single, double-glazed window, 1400 × 1000 mm	No	1.73 kW
6. Living room. 18.0 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well-insulated floor. Above is an insulated attic	Two, East, South. High degree of insulation. Parallel to the wind direction	Four, double-glazed window, 1500 × 1200 mm	No	2.59 kW
7. Combined bathroom. 4.12 m². Ceiling 2.8 m. Well-insulated floor. Above is an insulated attic.	One, North. High degree of insulation. Windward side	One. Wooden frame with double glazing. 400 × 500 mm	No	0.59 kW
TOTAL:

Then, using the calculator below, we make calculations for each room (already taking into account the 10% reserve). It won't take much time using the recommended app. After this, all that remains is to sum up the obtained values for each room - this will be the required total power of the heating system.

The result for each room, by the way, will help you choose the right number of heating radiators - all that remains is to divide by the specific thermal power of one section and round up.