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Technical means for automating the operation of feeders. Technical means of automation lecture notes. Panels and control panels

The means of generating and primary processing of information include keyboard devices for applying data to cards, tapes or other information carriers by mechanical (punching) or magnetic methods; the accumulated information is transferred for subsequent processing or reproduction. Keyboard devices, punching or magnetic blocks and transmitters are used to make up production recorders for local and system purposes, which generate primary information in workshops, warehouses and other places of production.

Sensors (primary transducers) are used to automatically extract information. They are very diverse devices in terms of operating principles that sense changes in the controlled parameters of technological processes. Modern measuring technology can directly evaluate more than 300 different physical, chemical and other quantities, but this is not enough to automate a number of new areas of human activity. An economically feasible expansion of the range of sensors in the GPS is achieved by unifying the sensitive elements. Sensitive elements that respond to pressure, force, weight, speed, acceleration, sound, light, thermal and radioactive radiation are used in sensors to control the loading of equipment and its operating modes, the quality of processing, accounting for the release of products, monitoring their movements on conveyors, stocks and consumption of materials, workpieces, tools, etc. The output signals of all these sensors are converted into standard electrical or pneumatic signals, which are transmitted by other devices.

Devices for transmitting information include signal converters into forms of energy convenient for broadcasting, telemechanics equipment for transmitting signals via communication channels over long distances, switches for distributing signals to places where information is processed or presented. These devices connect all peripheral sources of information (keyboard devices, sensors) with the central part of the control system. Their purpose is efficient use communication channels, eliminating signal distortion and the influence of possible interference during transmission over wired and wireless lines.

Devices for logical and mathematical information processing include functional converters that change the nature, shape or combination of information signals, as well as devices for processing information according to given algorithms (including computers) in order to implement laws and control (regulation) modes.

Computers for communication with other parts of the control system are equipped with information input and output devices, as well as storage devices for temporary storage of source data, intermediate and final results of calculations, etc. (see Data input. Data output, Storage device).

Devices for presenting information show the human operator the state of production processes and record it the most important parameters. Such devices are signal boards, mnemonic diagrams with visual symbols on boards or control panels, secondary pointer and digital indicating and recording instruments, cathode ray tubes, alphabetic and digital typewriters.

Devices for generating control actions convert weak information signals into more powerful energy pulses of the required shape, necessary to activate protection, regulation or control actuators.

Security High Quality products is associated with automation of control at all main stages of production. Subjective human assessments are replaced by objective indicators from automatic measuring stations linked to central points where the source of defects is determined and from where commands are sent to prevent deviations outside of tolerances. Automatic control using computers in the production of radio-technical and radio-electronic products is of particular importance due to their mass production and a significant number of controlled parameters. No less important are final tests of finished products for reliability (see Reliability technical devices). Automated stands for functional, strength, climatic, energy and specialized tests allow you to quickly and identically check technical and economic characteristics products (products).

Actuating devices consist of starting equipment, actuating hydraulic, pneumatic or electrical mechanisms (servomotors) and regulatory bodies that act directly on the automated process. It is important that their operation does not cause unnecessary energy losses and reduce the efficiency of the process. For example, throttling, which is usually used to regulate the flow of steam and liquids, based on an increase hydraulic resistance in pipelines, they are replaced by influencing flow-forming machines or other, more advanced methods of changing the flow speed without loss of pressure. Economical and reliable control of the electric drive is of great importance alternating current, the use of gearless electric actuators, contactless ballasts for controlling electric motors.

The idea of ​​constructing instruments for monitoring, regulation and control in the form of units consisting of independent blocks that perform certain functions, implemented in GSP, made it possible to various combinations using these blocks to obtain a wide range of devices for solving diverse problems using the same means. Unification of input and output signals ensures a combination of blocks with various functions and their interchangeability.

The GSP includes pneumatic, hydraulic and electrical devices and devices. The greatest versatility is electrical devices, intended for receiving, transmitting and reproducing information.

The use of a universal system of industrial pneumatic automation elements (USEPPA) made it possible to reduce the development of pneumatic devices mainly to assembling them from standard units and parts with a small number of connections. Pneumatic devices are widely used for control and regulation in many fire and explosion hazardous industries.

GSP hydraulic devices are also assembled from blocks. Hydraulic instruments and devices control equipment that requires high speeds to move control elements with significant effort and high precision, which is especially important in machine tools and automatic lines.

In order to most rationally systematize GSP facilities and to increase the efficiency of their production, as well as to simplify the design and configuration of automated control systems, GSP devices are combined into aggregate complexes during development. Aggregate complexes, thanks to the standardization of input-output parameters and block design of devices, most conveniently, reliably and economically combine various technical means in automated control systems and allow the assembly of a variety of specialized installations from general-purpose automation units.

Targeted aggregation of analytical equipment, testing machines, mass-dosing mechanisms with unified measuring, computing and office equipment facilitates and accelerates the creation of basic designs of this equipment and the specialization of factories for their production.

Automation is a branch of science and technology, covering the theory and principles of construction
control systems for technical objects and processes operating without direct human participation.
Technical object (machine, engine, aircraft, production line, automated section, workshop, etc.) requiring automatic or automated
control, is called a control object (CO) or technical object management
(TOU).
The combination of an op-amp and an automatic control device is called a system
automatic control(ACS) or automated control system (ACS).
Below are the most commonly used terms and their definitions:
element - the simplest component of devices, instruments and other means, in which
one transformation of any quantity is carried out; (we will later give more
precise definition)
node - a part of the device consisting of several more simple elements(details);
converter - a device that converts one type of signal into another in form or type
energy;
device - a collection of a certain number of elements connected to each other
appropriately, serving to process information;
device - a general name for a wide class of devices intended for measurements,
production control, calculations, accounting, sales, etc.;
block - part of the device, which is a collection of functionally combined
elements.

Any control system must perform the following functions:
collecting information about current state technological object
control (OU);
determination of criteria for the quality of operation of the OS;
finding optimal mode functioning of the op-amp and optimal
control actions ensuring the extremum of the criteria
quality;
implementation of the found optimal mode on the op-amp.
These functions can be performed service personnel or TCA.
There are four types of control systems (CS):
informational;
automatic control;
centralized control and regulation;
automated process control systems.

In the self-propelled guns, all functions are performed automatically
using appropriate technical
funds.
Operator functions include:
- technical diagnostics of the condition of the self-propelled guns and
restoration of failed system elements;
- correction of regulatory laws;
- change of task;
- transition to manual control;
- Maintenance equipment.

OPU - operator control center;
D - sensor;
NP - normalizing converter;
KP - encoding and decoding
converters;
CR - central regulators;
MP - multi-channel tool
registration (stamp);
C - alarm device
pre-emergency mode;
MPP - multi-channel showing
devices (displays);
MS - mnemonic diagram;
IM - actuator;
RO - regulatory body;
K – controller.

Automated systems technology management
processes (ACSTP) is a machine system in which TSA
obtain information about the state of objects,
calculate quality criteria, find optimal settings
management.
The operator’s functions are reduced to analyzing the information received and
implementation using local automated control systems or remote
RO management.
Distinguish following types APCS:
- centralized automated process control system (all information processing functions and
control is performed by one computer;
- supervisory automated control system (has a number of local automated control systems built on
TCA database personal use and central
a computer that has an information line of communication with
local systems);
- distributed process control system - characterized by separation of functions
control of information processing and management between several
geographically distributed objects and computers.

Typical automation tools can
be:
-technical;
-hardware;
- software and hardware;
- system-wide.

DISTRIBUTION OF TAS BY LEVELS OF THE ACS HIERARCHY
Information and control computing systems (IUCC)
Centralized information management systems (CIUS)
Local information management systems (LIUS)
Regulating and control devices (RU and CU)
Secondary
converter (VP)
Primary converter (PC)
Sensing element (SE)
Executive
mechanism (IM)
Worker
organ (RO)
OU

IUVK: LAN, servers, ERP, MES systems. All the goals of automated control systems are realized here,
the cost of production and production costs are calculated.
CIUS: industrial computers, control panels, control
complexes, protection and alarm systems.
LIUS: industrial controllers, intelligent controllers.
RU and control unit: microcontrollers, regulators, regulating and signaling
devices.
VP: indicating, recording (voltmeters, ammeters,
potentiometers, bridges), integrating counters.
IM: motor, gearbox, electromagnets, electromagnetic couplings etc.
SE: sensors of thermal technological parameters, movement, speed,
acceleration.
RO: a mechanical device that changes the amount of substance or
energy supplied to the op-amp and carrying information about the control
influence. RO can be valves, dampers, heaters, gates,
valves, flaps.
OU: mechanism, unit, process.

Technical automation equipment (TAA) includes:
sensors;
actuators;
regulatory authorities (RO);
communication lines;
secondary instruments (displaying and recording);
analog and digital control devices;
programming blocks;
logic-command control devices;
modules for collecting and primary data processing and condition monitoring
technological control object (TOU);
modules for galvanic isolation and signal normalization;
signal converters from one form to another;
modules for data presentation, indication, recording and signal generation
management;
buffer storage devices;
programmable timers;
specialized computing devices, preprocessing devices
preparation.

Software and hardware automation tools include:
analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters;
control means;
multi-circuit, analog and analog-to-digital control blocks;
multi-connection program logic control devices;
programmable microcontrollers;
local area networks.
System-wide automation tools include:
interface devices and communication adapters;
shared memory blocks;
highways (buses);
general system diagnostic devices;
direct access processors for storing information;
operator consoles.

In automatic control systems as
signals are usually used electrical and
mechanical quantities (for example, direct current,
voltage, pressure of compressed gas or liquid,
force, etc.), since they make it easy
carry out transformation, comparison, transfer to
distance and information storage. In some cases
signals arise directly as a result
processes occurring during management (changes
current, voltage, temperature, pressure, availability
mechanical movements, etc.), in other cases
they are produced by sensitive elements
or sensors.

An element of automation is called the simplest structurally complete in
functionally, a cell (device, circuit) that performs a specific
independent function of signal (information) conversion in systems
automatic control:
transformation of the controlled quantity into a signal functionally associated with
information about this quantity (sensitive elements, sensors);
conversion of a signal of one type of energy into a signal of another type of energy: electrical
to non-electric, non-electric to electric, non-electric to non-electric
(electromechanical, thermoelectric, electropneumatic, photoelectric and
other converters);
signal conversion based on energy value (amplifiers);
conversion of the signal by type, i.e. continuous to discrete or vice versa
(analog-to-digital, digital-to-analog and other converters);
conversion of the signal according to its form, i.e. signal direct current to AC signal
and vice versa (modulators, demodulators);
functional signal conversion (counting and decision elements, functional
elements);
comparison of signals and creation of a command control signal (comparison elements,
null organs);
performance logical operations with signals (logical elements);
distribution of signals across various circuits (distributors, switches);
storage of signals (memory elements, drives);
use of signals to influence the controlled process (executive
elements).

Complexes of various technical devices and elements included in the system
control and connected by electrical, mechanical and other connections, to
drawings are depicted in the form of various diagrams:
electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic and kinematic.
The diagram serves to obtain a concentrated and fairly complete idea of
composition and connections of any device or system.
According to Unified system design documentation (ESKD) and GOST 2.701 electrical
diagrams are divided into structural, functional, schematic (complete), diagrams
connections (installation), connections, general, location and combined.
The block diagram serves to define the functional parts, their purpose and
relationships.
The functional diagram is intended to determine the nature of the processes occurring
in individual functional circuits or the installation as a whole.
Schematic diagram showing the complete composition of the elements of the installation as a whole and all
connections between them, gives a basic idea of ​​the operating principles of the corresponding
installations.
Wiring diagram illustrates connection components installation using
wires, cables, pipelines.
The wiring diagram shows the external connections of the installation or product.
The general diagram serves to determine the components of the complex and how to connect them
at the place of operation.
A combined scheme includes several schemes different types for the sake of clarity
disclosure of the contents and connections of installation elements.

Let us denote by y(t) the function that describes the change in time of the adjustable
quantities, i.e. y(t) is a controlled quantity.
Let g(t) denote the function characterizing the required law of its change.
The quantity g(t) will be called the reference influence.
Then the main task of automatic regulation comes down to ensuring equality
y(t)=g(t). The controlled value y(t) is measured using sensor D and sent to
element of comparison (ES).
The same comparison element receives a reference influence g(t) from the reference sensor (DS).
In ES, the quantities g(t) and y(t) are compared, i.e., y (t) is subtracted from g(t). At the output of the ES
a signal is generated equal to the deviation of the controlled quantity from the specified value, i.e. an error
∆ = g(t) – y(t). This signal is fed to the amplifier (U) and then fed to the executive
element (IE), which has a regulatory effect on the object of regulation
(OR). This effect will change until the controlled variable y (t)
will be equal to the given g(t).
The object of regulation is constantly influenced by various disturbing influences:
object load, external factors, etc.
These disturbing influences tend to change the value y(t).
But the ACS constantly determines the deviation of y(t) from g(t) and generates a control signal,
seeking to reduce this deviation to zero.

According to the functions performed, the main elements
automation systems are divided into sensors, amplifiers, stabilizers,
relays, distributors, motors and other components (generators
pulses, logic elements, rectifiers, etc.).
By the type of physical processes used in the basis
devices, automation elements are divided into electrical,
ferromagnetic, electrothermal, electric machine,
radioactive, electronic, ion, etc.

Sensor (measuring transducer, sensitive element) -
a device designed to allow information received
to its input in the form of some physical quantity, functional
convert to another physical quantity at the output, more convenient
to influence subsequent elements (blocks).

Amplifier - an element of automation that carries out
quantitative transformation (most often amplification)
physical quantity arriving at its input (current,
power, voltage, pressure, etc.).

Stabilizer - an element of automation that ensures consistency
output quantity y when the input quantity x fluctuates in certain
limits.
Relay is an automation element in which, when the input value is reached,
x of a certain value, the output value y changes abruptly.

Distributor (step finder) - element
automation that performs alternate connections
of the same size to a number of circuits.
Actuators - electromagnets with retractable
and rotary anchors, electromagnetic couplings, as well as
electric motors related to electromechanical
executive elements of automatic devices.
An electric motor is a device that provides
transformation electrical energy into mechanical and
overcoming significant mechanical
resistance from moving devices.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMATION ELEMENTS
Basic concepts and definitions
Each of the elements is characterized by some properties that
determined by the corresponding characteristics. Some of them
characteristics are common to most elements.
The main common characteristic of the elements is the coefficient
conversion (or transmission coefficient, which is
the ratio of the output value of the element y to the input value x, or
the ratio of the increment of the output value ∆у or dy to the increment
input value ∆х or dx.
In the first case, K=y/x is called a static coefficient
transformation, and in the second case K" = ∆у/∆х≈ dy/dx for ∆х →0 -
dynamic conversion factor.
The relationship between the values ​​of x and y is determined by the functional
addiction; the values ​​of the coefficients K and K" depend on the shape
characteristics of the element or type of function y = f (x), as well as on the fact that when
what values ​​of quantities are calculated K and K". In most cases
the output value changes proportionally to the input and
the conversion coefficients are equal to each other, i.e. K= K" = const.

A quantity representing the ratio of relative increment
output value ∆у/у to the relative increment of the input value
∆x/x is called the relative conversion factor η∆.
For example, if a 2% change in input quantity causes a change
output value at
3%, then the relative conversion factor η∆ = 1.5.
In relation to various elements of automation, the coefficients
transformations K", K, η∆ and η have a certain physical meaning and their own
Name. For example, in relation to a sensor, the coefficient
transformation is called sensitivity (static, dynamic,
relative); it is desirable that it be as large as possible. For
amplifiers, the conversion coefficient is usually called the coefficient
amplification; it is desirable that it be as large as possible. For
most amplifiers (including electric) values ​​x and y
are homogeneous, and therefore the gain represents
is a dimensionless quantity.

When the elements operate, the output value y may deviate from the required
values ​​due to changes in their internal properties (wear, aging of materials and
etc.) or due to changes external factors(supply voltage fluctuations,
ambient temperature, etc.), while the characteristics change
element (curve y" in Fig. 2.1). This deviation is called error, which
can be absolute and relative.
Absolute error (error) is the difference between the obtained
the value of the output quantity y" and its calculated (desired) value ∆у = y" - y.
Relative error is the ratio of the absolute error ∆у to
the nominal (calculated) value of the output quantity y. In percentages
the relative error is defined as γ = ∆ y 100/y.
Depending on the reasons causing the deviation, there are temperature,
frequency, current and other errors.
Sometimes they use the given error, which means
ratio of absolute error to highest value output value.
Percentage given error
γpriv = ∆y 100/уmax
If the absolute error is constant, then the reduced error is also
is constant.
The error caused by changes in the characteristics of the element over time,
called element instability.

The sensitivity threshold is the minimum
the quantity at the input of an element that causes a change
output value (i.e. reliably detected using
of this sensor). Appearance of the sensitivity threshold
cause both external and internal factors(friction,
backlash, hysteresis, internal noise, interference, etc.).
In the presence of relay properties, the characteristic of the element
may become reversible. In this case she
also has a sensitivity threshold and zone
insensitivity.

Dynamic mode of operation of elements.
Dynamic mode is the process of transition of elements and systems from one
steady state to another, i.e. such a condition for their operation when the input quantity x, and
therefore, the output value y changes over time. The process of changing the values ​​of x and y
starts from a certain threshold time t = tп and can proceed in inertial and
inertia-free modes.
In the presence of inertia, there is a lag in the change in y relative to the change
X. Then, with an abrupt change in the input value from 0 to x0, the output value y reaches
steady state Yust not immediately, but after a period of time during which the
transition process. In this case, the transient process can be aperiodic (non-oscillatory) damped or oscillatory damped. Time tst (establishment time), during
which the output quantity y reaches a steady-state value depends on the inertia
element characterized by a time constant T.
In the simplest case, the value of y is determined according to the exponential law:
where T is the time constant of the element, depending on the parameters associated with its inertia.
The establishment of the output value y takes longer, the longer more value T. The establishment time tyct is selected depending on the required measurement accuracy of the sensor and is
usually (3... 5) T, which gives an error in dynamic mode no more than 5... 1%. Approximation degree ∆у
usually specified and in most cases ranges from 1 to 10% of the steady-state value.
The difference between the values ​​of the output quantity in dynamic and static modes is called dynamic error. It is desirable that it be as small as possible. In electromechanical and electric machine elements, inertia is mainly determined by the mechanical
inertia of moving and rotating parts. Inertia in electrical elements
determined by electromagnetic inertia or other similar factors. Inertia
may be the cause of the disorder stable operation element or system as a whole.

Management, consulting and entrepreneurship

Lecture 2. General information about technical means of automation. Need to study general issues concerning technical means of automation and the state system of industrial instruments and means of automation, the GSP is dictated by the fact that technical means

Lecture 2.

General information about technical means of automation.

The need to study general issues relating to technical automation equipment and the state system of industrial instruments and automation equipment (GSP) is dictated by the fact that technical automation equipment is an integral part of the GSP. Technical automation equipment represents the basis for the implementation of information and control systems in the industrial and non-industrial spheres of production. The principles of organizing the GSP largely determine the content of the design stage technical support automated process control systems (APCS). In turn, the basis of GSPs are problem-oriented aggregate complexes of technical means.

Typical automation tools can be technical, hardware, software and system-wide.

TO technical means of automation(TSA) include:

  • sensors;
  • actuators;
  • regulatory authorities (RO);
  • communication lines;
  • secondary instruments (displaying and recording);
  • analog and digital control devices;
  • programming blocks;
  • logic-command control devices;
  • modules for collecting and primary processing of data and monitoring the state of a technological control object (TOU);
  • modules for galvanic isolation and signal normalization;
  • signal converters from one form to another;
  • modules for data presentation, indication, recording and generation of control signals;
  • buffer storage devices;
  • programmable timers;
  • specialized computing devices, pre-processor preparation devices.

TO software and hardware automation tools include:

  • analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters;
  • control means;
  • multi-circuit analog and analog-to-digital control blocks;
  • multi-connection program logic control devices;
  • programmable microcontrollers;
  • local area networks.

TO system-wide automation tools include:

  • interface devices and communication adapters;
  • shared memory blocks;
  • highways (buses);
  • general system diagnostic devices;
  • direct access processors for storing information;
  • operator consoles.

Technical means of automation in control systems

Any system control must perform the following functions:

  • collection of information about the current state of the technological control object (TOU);
  • determination of quality criteria for TOU work;
  • finding the optimal mode of operation of the TOU and optimal control actions that ensure the extremum of quality criteria;
  • implementation of the found optimal mode at the TOU.

These functions may be performed by maintenance personnel or TCAs. There are fourtype of control systems(SU):

1) informational;

2) automatic control;

3) centralized control and regulation;

4) automated process control systems.

Information ( manual) control systems(Fig. 1.1) are rarely used, only for reliably functioning, simple technological objects of TOU control.

Rice. 1.1. Structure information system controls:

D - sensor (primary measuring transducer);

VP - secondary indicating device;

OPU - operator control center (boards, consoles, mnemonic diagrams, alarm devices);

Remote control remote control devices (buttons, keys, bypass control panels, etc.);

IM actuator;

RO - regulatory body;

C - alarm devices;

MS mnemonic diagrams.

In some cases, the information management system includes regulators direct action and built into technological equipment regulators.

In automatic control systems(Fig. 1.2) all functions are performed automatically using appropriate technical means.

Operator functions include:

  • technical diagnostics of the ACS condition and restoration of failed system elements;
  • correction of regulatory laws;
  • change of task;
  • transition to manual control;
  • equipment maintenance.

Rice. 1.2. Structure of the automatic control system (ACS):

KP - encoding converter;

LS - communication lines (wires, impulse tubes);

VU - computing devices

Centralized control and regulation systems(SCCR) (Fig. 1.3). ACS are used for simple technical equipment, the operating modes of which are characterized by a small number of coordinates, and the quality of work is characterized by one easily calculated criterion. A special case of self-propelled guns is automatic system regulation (ASR).

A control system that automatically maintains an extreme TOC value belongs to the class of extreme control systems.

Rice. 1.3. Structure of the centralized control and regulation system:

OPU - operator control center;

D - sensor;

NP normalizing converter;

KP - encoding and decoding converters;

CR - central regulators;

MP multi-channel registration tool (print);

C - pre-emergency signaling device;

MPP - multi-channel indicating devices (displays);

MS - mnemonic diagram;

IM - actuator;

RO - regulatory body;

K controller

ASRs that support the specified value of the output adjustable coordinate of the TOU are divided into:

  • stabilizing;
  • software;
  • followers;
  • adaptive.

Extreme regulators are used extremely rarely.

Technical structures of the SCCR can be of two types:

1) with individual TCAs;

2) with collective TCAs.

In the first type of system, each channel is constructed from TCA for individual use. These include sensors, normalizing converters, regulators, secondary devices, actuators, and regulatory bodies.

Failure of one control channel does not lead to a shutdown of the process facility.

This design increases the cost of the system, but increases its reliability.

The second type system consists of TSA for individual and collective use. TSA for collective use includes: switch, CP (encoding and decoding converters), CR (central regulators), MR (multi-channel recording device (print)), MPP (multi-channel indicating devices (displays)).

The cost of a collective system is somewhat lower, but reliability largely depends on the reliability of collective TSAs.

When the communication line is long, individual encoding and decoding converters are used, located near the sensors and actuators. This increases the cost of the system, but improves the noise immunity of the communication line.

Automated process control systems(APCS) (Fig. 1.4) is a machine system in which TSA obtain information about the state of objects, calculate quality criteria, and find optimal control settings. The operator’s functions are reduced to analyzing the received information and implementing it using local automated control systems or remote control of the control room.

The following types of process control systems are distinguished:

  • centralized automated process control system (all information processing and control functions are performed by one control computer UVM) (Fig. 1.4);

Rice. 1.4. Structure of a centralized automated process control system:

USO - communication device with an object;

DU - remote control;

SOI - information display tool

  • supervisory automated process control system (has a number of local automatic control systems built on the basis of individual use TSA and a central computer computer (CUVM), which has an information communication line with local systems) (Fig. 1.5);

Rice. 1.5. Structure of the supervisory control system: LR - local regulators

  • distributed automated process control system - characterized by the division of information processing and management control functions between several geographically distributed objects and computers (Fig. 1.6).

Rice. 1.6. Hierarchical structure of technical means of SHG

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The classification of technical automation equipment is not something too complicated and loaded. However, in general technological means automation have a fairly extensive classification structure. Let's try to figure it out.

Modern means automation are divided into two groups: switched and non-commutated (programmed) technical means of automation:

1) Switched automation equipment

Regulators

Relay circuits

2) Programmed automation tools

ADSP processors

ADSP processors are an automation tool that is used for complex mathematical analysis of processes in the system. These processors have high-speed input/output modules that can transmit data at high frequencies to the central processor, which uses complex mathematics to analyze the operation of the system. An example is vibration diagnostic systems that use Fourier series for analysis, spectral analysis and a pulse counter. As a rule, such processors are implemented in the form of a separate PCI card, which is mounted in the appropriate slot of the computer and uses the CPU for mathematical processing.

PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)

PLCs are the most common automation tools. They have their own power supply, central processor, RAM, network card, input/output modules. The advantage is high reliability of the system, adaptation to industrial conditions. In addition, programs are used that run cyclically and have a so-called Watch Dog, which is used to prevent the program from freezing. Also, the program runs sequentially and does not have parallel connections and processing steps that could lead to negative consequences.

PKK (Programmable Computer Controllers)

PKK - computer with input/output cards, network cards, which serve for input/output of information.

PACK

PAK ( programmed automated controllers) – PLC+PKK. They have a distributed network structure for data processing (several PLCs and PCs).

· Specialized controllers

Specialized controllers are not freely programmable automation tools, but use standard programs in which only some coefficients can be changed (PID controller parameters, actuator running time, delays, etc.). Such controllers are oriented in advance known system regulation (ventilation, heating, hot water supply). At the beginning of the new millennium, these technical means of automation became widespread.

A feature of ADSP and PKK is the use of standard programming languages: C, C++, Assembler, Pascal, since they are created on a PC. This feature of automation tools is both an advantage and a disadvantage.

The advantage is that using standard programming languages ​​you can write more complex and flexible algorithm. The disadvantage is that to work with them you need to create drivers and use a programming language, which is more complex. The advantage of PLCs and PACs is the use of engineering programming languages ​​that are standardized by IEC 61131-3. These languages ​​are not designed for a programmer, but for an electrical engineer.

Principle of information transformation

Management principles are based on the principle of information transformation.

Converters are devices used to convert quantities of one physical nature into another and vice versa.

Sensors are devices that produce a discrete signal depending on the code of the technological process or the impact of information on them.

Information and methods for converting it

The information must have the following properties:

1. Information must be understandable in accordance with the adopted coding system or its presentation.

2. Information transmission channels must be noise-proof and prevent the penetration of false information.

3. Information must be convenient for processing.

4. Information should be convenient for storing it.

To transmit information, communication channels are used, which can be artificial, natural, or mixed.

Rice. 3. Communication channels

We will talk in more detail about communication channels a little later.

Automation tools are technical means designed to assist government officials in solving information and calculation problems. The use of automation tools increases the efficiency of management, reduces the labor costs of government officials, and increases the validity of decisions made. Automation tools include the following groups of tools (Fig. 3.4):

electronic computers (computers);

interface and exchange devices (USD);

information collection and input devices;

information display devices;

devices for documenting and recording information;

automated workstations;

software tools;

facilities software;

information support tools;

means of linguistic support.


Electronic computers classified:

a) as intended – general purpose(universal), problem-oriented, specialized;

b) in size and functionality - supercomputers, large computers, small computers, microcomputers.

Supercomputers provide solutions to complex military-technical problems and

tasks for processing large volumes of data in real time.

Large and small computers provide control of complex objects and systems. Microcomputers are designed to solve information and calculation problems in the interests of specific officials. Currently, the class of microcomputers, which are based on personal computers (PCs), has become widely developed.

In turn, personal computers are divided into stationary and portable. Stationary PCs include: desktop, portable, notepads, pocket. All components of desktop PCs are made in the form of separate blocks. Portable PCs of the “Lop Top” type are made in the form of small suitcases weighing 5 – 10 kilograms. A PC notebook of the ″Note book″ or ″Sub Note book″ type has a size of small book and its characteristics correspond to desktop PCs. Pocket PCs of the “Palm Top” type have the size of a notebook and allow you to record and edit small amounts of information. Portable PCs include electronic

secretaries and electronic notebooks.

Pairing and sharing devices are designed to match the parameters of the signals of the internal computer interface with the parameters of the signals transmitted via communication channels. Moreover, these devices perform both physical matching (shape, amplitude, signal duration) and code matching. Interface and exchange devices include: adapters (network adapters), modems, multiplexers. Adapters and modems provide coordination of computers with communication channels, and multiplexers provide coordination and switching of one computer and several communication channels.

Information collection and input devices. The collection of information for the purpose of its subsequent processing on a computer is carried out by officials of control bodies and special information sensors in weapon control systems. The following devices are used to enter information into a computer: keyboards, manipulators, scanners, graphics tablets, and speech input devices.

A keyboard is a matrix of keys combined into a single whole, and the electronic unit to convert a keystroke into binary code.

Manipulators (pointing devices, cursor control devices) together with the keyboard increase the user experience. Increased usability is primarily due to the ability to quickly move the cursor across the display screen. Currently, the following types of manipulators are used in PCs: a joystick (a lever mounted on the case), a light pen (used to form images on the screen), a mouse-type manipulator, a scanner - for entering images into the PC, graphics tablets - for forming and inputting images into a PC, speech input means.

Information display devices display information without long-term fixation. These include: displays, graphic boards, video monitors. Displays and video monitors are used to display information entered from the keyboard or other input devices, as well as to provide messages to the user and the results of program execution. Graphic displays provide visual display of text information in the form of a creeping line.

Documentation and information recording devices are designed to display information on paper or other media in order to ensure long-term storage. The class of these devices includes: printing devices, external storage devices (ESD).

Printing devices or printers are designed to output alphanumeric (text) and graphic information onto paper or a similar medium. The most widely used are matrix, inkjet and laser printers.

A modern PC contains at least two storage devices: a floppy magnetic disk drive (FMD) and a hard magnetic disk drive (HDD). However, in cases of processing large volumes of information, the above drives cannot ensure their recording and storage. To record and store large amounts of information, additional storage devices are used: magnetic disk and tape drives, optical drives (ODD), DVD drives. GCD type drives provide high density records, increased reliability and durability of information storage.

Automated workstations(AWS) are workplaces of government officials, equipped with communications and automation equipment. The main means of automation as part of the automated workplace is the PC.

Mathematical tools is a set of methods, models and algorithms necessary for solving information and calculation problems.

Software Tools is a set of programs, data and program documents necessary to ensure the functioning of the computer itself and solve information and calculation problems.

Information support tools – This is a set of information necessary to solve information and calculation problems. The information support includes the actual arrays of information, a system for classifying and encoding information, and a system for unifying documents.

Linguistic support tools – a set of means and methods for presenting information that allow it to be processed on a computer. The basis of linguistic support is programming languages.