home · Installation · Types and types of electrical sockets and switches. Review of modern light switches - in simple words about the complex Elements of any outlet

Types and types of electrical sockets and switches. Review of modern light switches - in simple words about the complex Elements of any outlet

To be able to turn lighting devices on and off, a switch should be provided in the electrical circuit. If we are talking about apartments or private houses, then switches are used in them different designs. The assortment presented to the consumer’s attention is quite diverse in functionality and design, but when choosing a suitable product you should pay attention Special attention its quality.

What is an electric switch, its scope

Essentially, switches are switching devices that have two operating positions (on-off) and determine the state:

  • open electrical circuit, in which the supply of voltage to lighting fixture terminated
  • a closed circuit that supplies power to the electric lighting device.

Typically, household switches are manually operated; their scope of application is limited to installation in household electrical wiring that operates within the network's rated parameters.

The design of a household electrical switch does not allow it to be used to cut off currents under excessive loads or short circuits. To perform protective functions, special automatic devices should be installed - apartment panel switches; they are equipped with current releases, a cut-off mechanism and a system for extinguishing the electric arc.

Types of switches, their features

Each of the switch models is created:

  • under a certain voltage or current in the network,
  • may have special Climatic performance, have an increased degree of moisture or dust resistance,
  • differ in the method of connecting wires or installation option,
  • switching and control method.

Most switch models provide for connecting wires using various types of screw terminals. This time-tested option is being replaced today by a simpler option with spring-loaded terminal blocks; they make it possible to speed up and simplify the process of inserting the wire lug into the clamping device.

However, experts recommend using switches with screw terminals for networks with aluminum wires, which begin to flow over time when heated, this leads to sparking and weakening of the contact. In order to correct the situation, it will be enough to simply tighten the screws.

It is better to fasten with screwless clamps copper wires- their fastening with a special terminal will be reliable, its implementation is extremely simple and fast.

Depending on the functionality, the switches can be:

  • ordinary,
  • indicator,
  • dimmer.

The design of the switches allows them to be divided into:

  • rotary,
  • changeover,
  • push-button,
  • light-regulating.

Options for installing switches for open and hidden wiring

Wiring in an apartment or private house can be open or closed; depending on its type, you should choose a specific switch model.

Most often, open wiring can be found in country house or in old houses built at the beginning of the last century, the wires in this case are on the surface of the wall, then the switches will need to be installed on surfaces.

IN modern construction It is customary to carry out the wiring hidden, the wires go inside the walls, and the switches are installed in specially prepared recesses. In older models of switches, to fix the entire structure in a certain position, “legs” were provided, which, when installed, rested against the wall.

Modern switches have a more reliable fastening - an installation box is first installed in the wall cavity, and the switch is fixed on it using screws.

Single-, double- and multi-key switches

In stores you can most often find a two-key or one-key switch, but if you set your mind to it, you can find three-key models. In practice, if necessary, have a large number of lighting control keys, they resort to installing several single-key switches and unite them with a common frame.

Manufacturers of electrical equipment from South Korea and the USA produce switches with a large number of keys, from 1 to 6, and each key is equipped with an indicator light. In models manufactured in European countries, indicator lamps are installed in single-key versions.

In practice, a double switch turns out to be quite convenient; with its help, you can control the operation of two lighting devices from one point.

The advantage of two key switch is the possibility:

  • location of a large number of control points in a fairly limited space,
  • groupings of control of lighting devices with separately switched sections, for example, multi-arm chandeliers.

Direction of on/off keys on two-button switch always matches.

The switch should be connected in such a way that there is a break phase wire. Its off position de-energizes electrical appliances and allows for safe servicing. Connection neutral wire produced directly to the devices.

Touch switch, its advantages

The design of the touch device allows you to control electrical devices without mechanical impact. To perform the on or off procedure, just touch the special panel located on the front side switch.

The design of the touch panel includes a sensitive element; touching it is perceived as a command to be processed immediately. Arriving at electronic circuit the signal is converted into a form that can be perceived by the switching part, which provides power switching.


Particularly attractive are models configured in such a way that to activate them, it is enough to bring your hand to a distance of 3-5 cm; such switches are indispensable in the kitchen, they eliminate the need to touch their surface with wet or dirty hands.

Built-in touch switches are usually equipped with LED backlight, allowing you to easily find the location of the switch in an unlit room.

The appearance of the touch switches is quite refined, it is a smooth plate with markings, this design allows you to use the touch device in any interior design.

Using this switch you can:

  • turn electrical appliances on and off,
  • change the lighting intensity,
  • change direction luminous flux.

Among the advantages of touch switches, let us recall:

  • simplicity and ease of use,
  • possibility of connecting to different types lamps,
  • fire safety,
  • extending the life of lighting bulbs,
  • efficiency.

Features of models with remote control

A remote light switch is a receiving device that cuts into the wire that supplies power to the lighting fixture. It is controlled contactlessly - using a radio signal coming from the remote control. The remote control is powered by batteries; the operating mode assumes that they can operate without replacement for quite a long period.


The expanded functionality of the remote switch is ensured by the presence of microprocessor controllers in its circuit, which:

  • are able to ensure smooth starting,
  • allows you to change the intensity of light,
  • Allows you to set a timer.

The remote switch is connected depending on what lamps are used for lighting:

  • incandescent lamps - connected like a regular switch,
  • If the lamps are LED or energy-saving, it is recommended to install the switch as close to them as possible.

The advantages of a contactless device include:

  • Possibility of control using any remote control,
  • installation does not require replacement of wiring; installation can be performed at the site where the old device was located,
  • the ability to adjust the level of illumination, which has a beneficial effect on the life of the light bulbs, in addition, it allows you to choose a lighting intensity that is gentle on the eyes,
  • Possibility of switching on and off at a specified frequency.

Touch switches equipped remote control allow you to perform control procedures for lighting devices at a distance of about 25 - 30 m, i.e. within an apartment or house, without moving from one room to another. The range is determined by the design of the building and the materials used in its construction.

The latest developments by engineers in this area make it possible to control lighting fixtures using mobile devices- iPad or iPhone.

Switch with sensor

The light switch can be equipped with a motion sensor that monitors movements in the room and independently turns on the lighting devices when there are people in the room, or it can have a sound sensor and respond to words, clicks, claps, etc.

Reaction to certain types of stimulus - activation of a contact device responsible for connecting or opening the contacts of an electrical circuit.

The sensor is equipped electronic components which analyze:

  • ambient light level,
  • presence of moving objects.

Features of twilight switches

This type of switches is distinguished by a design that operates on the principle of a photo relay that responds to changes in the intensity of illumination by a sensor. A decrease in the luminous flux causes the sensor to trigger and the subsequent switching on of the lighting device; when the natural shutdown intensity is restored, the lamp will be turned off automatically.

To make the operation of luminaires more economical, twilight switches can be supplemented with presence or motion sensors.

Pass-through switch

The invention of walk-through switches was facilitated by the need to turn the lighting device on and off from different points in the room, this is especially convenient in the case of long corridors - the light can be turned on when starting to move along the corridor, and, accordingly, turned off when moving to the end of this corridor.

This option involves installing two pass-through switches in the network, one at the entrance to the room, the second at the exit. Most often this option is used in long corridors, stairs or on garden plot, on illuminated walking paths.

If earlier is a reason to install pass-through switch served certain architectural features premises, today it is customary to install them in rooms of any configuration - for example, at the entrance to the living room and near your favorite chair or sofa - so that you can turn off the lights without getting up.

In appearance, pass-through switches do not differ from ordinary ones; their functionality is ensured by the special structure of the contact system.

Dimmers

A separate type of switches are dimmers, which are light-control devices. They are designed to turn lighting devices on and off and adjust their brightness.

The selection criterion will be the load for which the device is designed, for example, if “300 W” is indicated on the dimmer, then with such a dimmer it will be possible to regulate a five-arm chandelier with sixty-watt light bulbs. Experts recommend purchasing such devices with some power reserve.

Electrical switch, secrets of choosing the best electrical switch

  • on inside products must indicate the current strength and voltage for which the device is designed, it is desirable that there is a sign of Rostest, which is a kind of guarantee of the state,
  • To ensure trouble-free operation, you can buy products from well-known manufacturers, visually they are distinguished by clear lines of shape and a smooth, durable surface, the product should not be light - thin, loose plastic in structure will quickly lose its attractive appearance,
  • a quality product must be disassembled into spare parts - body, latches, frame, standardized modules,
  • the kit must contain assembly instructions; its text can be printed on the film packaging of the switch,
  • you should choose models that correspond to the type of wiring and wire material,
  • when choosing, it is advisable to be guided by your knowledge and experience or get advice from electrical specialists - sometimes sellers recommend purchasing the most expensive product that is not popular with consumers,
  • It would not be amiss to make sure that there is no smell of plastic emitted by the switch - an unpleasant aroma is evidence that the plastic is cheap and of low quality; in a confined space of a room such a product can pose a danger to humans,
  • model suitable design should be selected exclusively from products that are suitable for technical parameters,
  • Taking care of your own comfort, you should give preference to backlit models - using them at night is much more convenient.

If the light switch is selected for a sauna or bathroom, or will be installed outdoors, then the requirements should include a point about increased moisture resistance, equipped with a special rubber or plastic casing.

When installing the switch in public premises It is rational to purchase anti-vandal models - they are made of metals or heavy-duty plastics, inner part made from non-conductive durable composite materials. It is almost impossible to damage such a switch.

Today it is customary to classify products according to the following criteria:

  • type of instalation;
  • method of fastening wires;
  • control method.

Let's take a closer look at what types of light switches there are.

type of instalation

Based on the type of installation, devices are divided into hidden and external. The first option is used when laying wires inside walls (). The second option is used if the line is conducted in an open way (in a bathhouse, wooden house, garage).

Hidden Outdoor

Advantage hidden switches is more attractive appearance. External ones are much more convenient to maintain and repair.

Method of fastening wires

According to the method of fastening the conductors, products can have a design that allows the conductors to be fixed using special screws or in a screwless manner.

Screw connection (example shows socket)

In the first case, a special clamping plate is used, which securely fixes the cores in the input hole. The disadvantage of this type of fastening is that over time the screw may become loose and will need to be tightened. A screw connection is used if the wire cores are aluminum. For copper conductors, it is recommended to use a screwless clamping mechanism.

Control method

Here we come to the most basic type of light switches.

According to this classification, mechanisms are divided into the following types:

  • keyboards;
  • push-button;
  • dimmers;
  • rotary;
  • rope;
  • sensory;
  • acoustic (they are also called cotton or sound);
  • remote;
  • checkpoints;
  • cross.

Keyboard light switches are classics of the genre. This type is the leader in the electrical products market and is most often used to connect lamps. The principle of operation is quite simple - the circuit is closed when the rocker key is pressed. Usually the case is installed in such a way that in the idle position the key takes the upper position. There are one-, two- and three-key models.

The advantage of this type:

  • Not high price;
  • convenient use;
  • easy repair, installation and replacement.

There are no particular disadvantages, but compared to modern models the following can be distinguished:

  • not such a long service life;
  • there is no way to adjust the lighting intensity;
  • do not have energy saving properties.

Push-button products also appeared on the electrical appliance market a long time ago. They are a little more expensive than classic look light switches, but at the same time do not have any special advantages. The only thing that can be noted is that the buttons fit more original into the interior of the room. There are models with different amounts buttons, with LED indicator and additional decorative finishing, so you can choose a product for any interior.

Dimmers are relatively modern look light switch. The principle of their operation is that you need to turn the wheel to adjust the light intensity. This feature makes them unique and in demand, because the lighting range can be adjusted from 0% to 100%.

Advantage:

  • allow ;
  • convenient to use (for example, if someone is sleeping in the room, you can dim the lighting, but you won’t wake the person up and you can do your business);
  • with additional automation, dimmers (microcontroller) can simulate human presence and also turn off when there are no people in the room.

The disadvantage is higher price and operational problems when connecting the product to .

Rotary electrical switches used to create a retro-style interior. This type of product can also be seen at. They have simple design and low price. The disadvantage is that it is not very functional compared to modern types.

Rope-type products, like the previous version, are more often used exclusively in decorative purposes. You can also note the fact that a rope switch is more convenient than a keyboard switch, because the rope is easier to find in the dark, and if the device is installed too high, the child will be able to turn on the light independently. Most often, this type of device is used for, as in the photo.

Innovation in the world of electrical appliances – touch switches. This type has the highest service life and is also more convenient to use the sensor. Touch models are used to create a “Smart Home”, as well as in modern apartments. Most touch models have additional functions, for example, self-shutdown. An important advantage of this variety is its absence, which undoubtedly makes them the safest for home electrical wiring.

Acoustic switches are convenient because they can be activated by a simple clap of your hands. With this feature they have won the hearts of many people, because there is no longer a need to grope for electrical accessories in the dark. The disadvantage of the acoustic model is frequent cases does not work the first time, but such reviews can only be heard from buyers of cheap products.

The remote model also belongs to the group of modern objects. In order to turn on the light in the room, you just need to press the corresponding key on the remote control. Convenient and at the same time safe (if you take into account the nightly search for the button). Among the disadvantages of this type of switches is the increased price and the fact that the remote control, according to the classics of the genre, likes to get lost in the room, and sometimes searching for the remote control at night takes more time than groping for a regular keyboard product. It should also be noted that remote control products can have many modern functions: imitation of presence, automatic shutdown etc.

The lighting equipment market is constantly evolving, and the range of switches is being updated with innovative developments that provide maximum comfort. However traditional devices do not lose popularity. Agree, among such variety it is not easy to decide on the purchase of a suitable light switch.

To make choosing easier, we have prepared detailed review existing switching devices, classified the types and types of light switches according to the main technical parameters, and also described the features of their installation and use.

In addition, the article lists best manufacturers lighting devices. This information will help you choose a high-quality and reliable option for specific operating conditions.

A switch is a switching device that is responsible for closing/opening the electrical circuit that powers the lighting fixture. It is always installed in the area where the phase wire breaks.

You cannot trust illiterate “electricians” who claim that neutral and phase wires must be connected to the switch. This will lead to short circuit and wiring problems.

Household switch models are designed to work with wiring using regulatory burden. They cannot be connected to a network with other parameters. Each of the switches can only operate with a certain operating voltage and current. These parameters are always specified in technical documentation and on the device body.

The main task of the device is to supply power to electrical appliance and stop it when there is no need to use the lamp. Switches are available in a wide variety of designs. They differ significantly from each other in a number of ways. Let's take a closer look at these differences.

A standard switch is connected to the area where the phase wire is broken. The purpose of the device is to close or open electrical circuit, thereby turning on the lighting fixture

Switching methods used in switches

When installing switches, only two methods of connecting wires are used, which have certain features.

Screw clamp mechanism

To switch wires, this type of switch has special clamps that are secured with ordinary screws. This connection method is more difficult to install, but the result is a high-quality contact. Over time, this connection may loosen a little and then you will have to slightly tighten the screw.

Pass-through or reversible models

They allow you to control lighting from several places remote from each other at once. One or more lighting fixtures can be connected to such devices.

Popular manufacturers: who to prefer

The quality of switches, like any other product, largely depends on the manufacturer. Companies that have earned a good reputation strictly monitor the quality of their products, guaranteeing customers long-term, trouble-free service for their products.

Therefore, when choosing a switch for your home, it is important to pay attention to this point and, if possible, choose products from famous manufacturer. Let's talk about the best of them.

Legrand company from France

The French brand entered the market in the mid-19th century with table porcelain. After the advent of electricity, porcelain became in demand as an insulator, and the company began producing electrical products.

Management initially relied on use in production latest technologies, which yielded good results - the company is one of the five best European electrical manufacturers.

Products Legrand known in more than 150 countries around the world, it is sold under various trademarks among which Contactor, BTicino, Sarlam, Legrand and others. The company's products are distinguished by the highest quality, safety and reliability.

The product range is very wide, it includes the most different types wall switches. Among them you can find traditional models, as well as unusual combination devices.

They are a three-key or standard switch installed in a common housing with a socket. The company pays special attention to the quality of components.

In addition, the housings of all devices, regardless of their cost, are made only of self-extinguishing plastic. This significantly increases the operating safety of the devices. Legrand produces its own devices different designs that fit into any interior.

Swedish company ABB

It appeared at the end of the last century as a result of the merger of two large Swedish concerns. Today it is one of the leading manufacturers of electrical installation products. Their distinctive feature is the highest safety and quality.

The brand offers comfortable modular solutions, allowing you to collect the necessary variations from the proposed elements. For the production of cases, only impact-resistant, UV-resistant materials are used.

ABB brand products are distinguished not only by the highest quality, but also stylish design. True, the cost of such electrical installation devices is quite high.

Among them are natural ones, such as steel, wood or bronze. The structural simplicity of the products allows for simple and quick installation.

Brand assortment ABB includes several product lines, each of which has a special, easily recognizable design. Eg, Reflex made in traditional strict geometric shapes, and here Impuls has soft rounded lines.

Collections of electrical installation products are diverse. Moreover, even in basic collections, the manufacturer offers not only standard solutions.

For example, all have frames with a fluorescent coating, which illuminate the body of the device in the dark. ABB products are different high cost, which some consider significant shortcomings.

French brand Schneider Electric

Founded in the 19th century as a weapons production company, it has long mastered the electricity markets and become a leader in the production of electrical installation products.

In the product range Schneider switches with light indication, walk-through switches, with remote control, with sensors and other complex variations. Moreover, they are all of the highest quality.

The Schneider company has launched the production of combined electrical installation devices assembled on a common basis

The signature feature of Schneider products is the presence of spring contacts made of bronze. This allows you to avoid using an additional clamp without losing the quality of the contact created. Thanks to this, installation of products from the French brand is extremely simple and fast.

The design of electrical installation devices is widely varied. Here you can find interesting models in a different range: from laconic classics to catchy avant-garde.

All brand collections include removable horizontal and vertical frames of various colors. The company's products are represented by several model lines. Very popular Unica, offering modular devices that allow you to create the most different combinations elements.

We compare electrical installation devices from different manufacturers:

What does the housing protection degree marking mean:

Modern switches are complex devices that make a person’s life as comfortable as possible. At the same time, they also help save energy; this applies to high-tech models equipped with light and motion sensors.

Manufacturers produce products of different designs, which allows them to easily fit into interiors of any style. It’s easy to choose from a range of models suitable option, you just need to determine which switch is needed for existing conditions operation.

Do you have anything to add or have questions about choosing a light switch? You can leave comments on the publication and participate in discussions. The contact form is located in the lower block.

A single-key light switch is a switching lighting control device designed to perform two operations, closing and opening an electrical circuit. Used exclusively for operation in lighting circuits with voltages up to 1000 V. Has manual drive management. Does not have protection functions against overloads and short circuit currents. It is not equipped with arcing chambers, and as a result is not intended for high current loads. The single-key light switch is one of the most common and well-known lighting elements. Of all the switching devices used to control light, this type switch is the simplest in design and connection. You can verify this by reading this article. Here we will analyze the design in detail single-key switch, the principle of its operation, and also get acquainted with its connection diagram.

Design options for single-key switches

Single-key switches household use can be of the following design:

  • external;
  • internal;
  • modular;
  • waterproof.

Switches for internal installation, used for hidden electrical wiring, under plaster or inside frame walls. The switch mechanism is installed in a socket box pre-installed in the wall. For internal electrical wiring, and are used.

External switches are used for external electrical wiring, open on walls or using additional protection cable ducts, metal or plastic pipes, as well as flexible corrugated tubes. This type of electrical wiring is used mainly where it is not possible to carry out hidden installation wires

Modular switches are mainly used only in certain series of cable ducts. This type of switches is used mainly in office, industrial and commercial premises. Available only for installation in a cable channel.

Waterproof switches, used in rooms with high humidity, for example, a bathroom, basement, and also where there is a possibility of direct contact with the water switch, for example, the street. They can be both internal and external.

Operating principle of a single-key light switch

For the easiest understanding of the principle of operation of the device, I suggest that you familiarize yourself with the figure presented below.

Figure 1. Light switch operating principle

It shows, in the simplest and most visual form possible, the principle of operation of a single-key switch.

As can be seen from the figure, inside the mechanism of a single-key switch there is a movable contact, which, when the key is pressed, can take one of two positions. The first position is “on”, the second is “off”. In this case, the moving contact will either connect the circuit or disconnect it.

In the figure presented above, the key is in the “off” position, the contact is open, the phase is not supplied to the lamp, the lamp does not light.

Now, let's see how the circuit changes when the switch is turned to the "on" position.

Figure 2. Light switch operating principle

Well, we’ve figured out the design of the light switch, let’s move on to the next point.

Single-key switch connection diagram

The figure below shows circuit diagram connecting a single-key switch.

I came across an article on the Internet about electrical wiring for home handyman. In it, the author wrote that on ordinary household switch lighting, zero and phase of the network are supplied. This erroneous statement can mislead an inexperienced person and lead to a short circuit in the electrical wiring.

Any apartment switch is always mounted in a phase wire break according to the following diagram.

Switches are used for home lighting various designs. All of them belong to switching devices with two positions of the working body, defining the following boundary states:

1. opening the electrical circuit;

2. supply voltage to the lamp.

Lighting control is done manually in most cases. Apartment switches are designed to operate in home wiring at nominal network parameters and are not intended to disconnect currents of excess loads and short circuits.

This protective function perform circuit breakers apartment panel, which are equipped with current releases, cut-off mechanisms and electric arc extinguishing systems.

Any light switch model is created for specific technical tasks:

    operating current;

    mains voltage;

    Climatic performance;

    degree of dust and moisture protection (IP code);

    installation method;

    fastening wires;

    switching method;

    type of management and other goals.

In the vast majority of designs, the wires are connected to the terminals with a variety of screw terminals. This method has stood the test of time. Nowadays, to facilitate installation, they have become popular, which allow faster installation by inserting the conductor tip into the clamping device.

Ways to switch the light

Apartment switches can be controlled by:

    by pressing a key;

    switching the toggle switch;

    by pulling or releasing the cord (chain);

    moving the slider;

    turning on the button;

    built-in motion sensor;

    touch panel;

    intensity of the incident light flux;

    remote control.

They are most often wall mounted for outdoor or indoor installation electrical wiring.

At in a hidden way placement, the switch is hidden in a socket inside the wall, and the wires are connected to the terminals after the housing is secured. For open wiring use a socket box. The base is attached to it with screws.

Keyboard designs

Structurally, a light switch, controlled by pressing a key (toggle switch), consists of permanently fixed contacts in the housing and a movable swinging mechanism, pressed by a spring operating on:

1. compression;

2. stretching.

In the first case, the pressing force on the key is transferred to the ball, which compresses the spring. It slides along the rocker arm's swing axis, rolls over its shoulder and moves the moving mechanism with contacts in the opposite direction.

In the second method, a frame is attached to the switch key, pressed by a spring to the base. It swings around an axis and with its movement creates or breaks an electrical contact.

In both cases, the moving part, under the action of a spring, switches the switch from one state to another, depending on the location of pressing the lower or top part keys.

Common types of such switches and internal diagrams of the contact system are shown in the picture.

With correctly selected electrical parameters and compliance with operating conditions, the switch can operate without failure for many decades. As an example, below is a picture of an old keyboard single-lever model half a century old, which, despite the dust, cobwebs and atmospheric moisture (corrosion of the screws and fastening washers is clearly visible copper wires), has retained its functionality to this day.

This switch worked in an unheated wooden veranda extension to a private house with virtually no maintenance. Of course, the quality of its design does not meet modern requirements. But insulation from the wall with a dielectric socket, a strong plastic case and a design for external mounting that meets the requirements of the old GOST completely ensured its long-term, reliable operation.

Inside the housing there is a spring-loaded movable jumper that switches stationary contacts connected to the lighting wires. In the upper position of the lever, the jumper creates an electrical circuit, and in the lower position it opens.

Changeover and pass-through switches

They are a type of flip-flop keyboard design. When the key is manipulated, one of the two lamps connected to them lights up.

But such schemes are practically not used for household lighting. They are used in technical devices. Most often, such models are used from several remote locations. The simplest example of their use is shown in the picture below.

In this diagram, to simplify understanding of the operating principle, distribution boxes for joining cable ends.

This principle can be used, but you will have to add a two-key rocker switch.

Cord switches

Another type of old outdoor switches for ceiling mounting is shown in the following picture.

Such models were massively installed inside panel multi-storey buildings in the 70÷80s. They, at correct operation, continue to work now. The peculiarity of their device is a nylon cord hanging down from the body, which is tied to a rotary lever connected to a movable contact block. The return of the block is ensured by the compression energy of the spring after the cord is released.

Among similar models, there are designs that, by pulling the cord (turning the lever), control two groups of chandelier lamps: with the first pull, one block of lamps is turned on, with the second, another, and then they are turned off sequentially.

Push-button devices

They can be found at the base table lamp, above which rises a button with a clip.

The cylindrical part of the switch at the bottom of the panel is brought out through a technological hole. Prepared ends electrical wires are inserted into the sockets and clamped with screws from the ends of the housing.

They work in the same way floor models for lamps such as sconces.

The table lamp button can be made larger decorative form, convenient to use as shown in the photo.

Twilight switches

This design is based on the principle of a photo relay, which responds to changes in illumination with a special sensor. When the luminous flux decreases, such a switch automatically turns on the lamp, which will remain on until the outdoor lighting increases.

For economical work twilight switches are complemented with motion or presence sensors.

Remote controlled switches

They allow you to control the lamp from a distance using a small remote control, which is a transmitter that emits commands via a radio channel. The switch itself is a receiver, which, with its own switching contacts, cuts into the power supply wire of the lamp.

It can be installed directly near the chandelier mount, or instead of the old key switch, or even inside the apartment panel.

To control energy-saving fluorescent or LED lamps The switch will have to be supplied with phase and neutral for the power supply.

Depending on the command transmitted from the remote control, the light is turned on or off. The range of the transmitter depends on the design and materials of the building, and the average radiation power is sufficient to cover a distance of about 20÷25 meters.

To power the key fob, it is enough to use regular batteries. Considering the economical mode of operation, their service life will be quite long.

The use of microprocessor controllers in the control circuit allows you to expand the functionality of the lamps, carry out their smooth start, adjust the light intensity, use a timer and other mechanisms.