Chapter 4. ENSURING THE SAFETY OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES DURING THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION, RECONSTRUCTION, CAPITAL AND MAINTENANCE REPAIRS

Article 34. Requirements for building materials and products used in the construction of buildings and structures

Commentary on Article 34 of the Federal Law “Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures”

1. Design solutions that meet the requirements of the commented Law are an important guarantee safe operation buildings or structures in the future. At the same time, no less important for the safety of buildings and structures designed and under construction have characteristics of materials and products used for construction. The provisions of Part 1 of the commented article establish requirements for the compliance of building materials and products used in the construction of buildings and structures with the norms of the commented Law and design documentation. Information about the materials used in the construction of buildings and structures, the rationale for their use can be included in the sections of the project documentation: “Architectural solutions” (justification of the adopted volumetric-spatial and architectural-artistic decisions, including in terms of compliance limit parameters permitted construction of a capital construction project; description and justification of the compositional techniques used in the design of facades and interiors of a capital construction project; description of solutions for finishing the premises of the main, auxiliary, service and technical purposes; description architectural solutions, providing natural lighting in rooms with constant occupancy, etc.), “Constructive and space-planning solutions” (aggressiveness groundwater and soil in relation to the materials used in the construction of the underground part of a capital construction project; description and rationale constructive solutions buildings and structures, including their spatial layouts adopted when performing calculations building structures; description and rationale technical solutions, ensuring the necessary strength, stability, spatial immutability of buildings and structures of a capital construction project as a whole, as well as their individual structural elements, components, parts during the manufacturing, transportation, construction and operation of a capital construction project; description of design and technical solutions for the underground part of a capital construction project; description and justification of the adopted space-planning decisions for buildings and structures of a capital construction project, etc.), subsection “Water supply system” of section 5 “Information about engineering equipment, about networks of engineering and technical support, a list of engineering and technical measures, the content of technological solutions” ( information on the materials of pipes of water supply systems, on the material of pipelines and wells), subsection “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning, heating network” (justification of the characteristics of materials for the manufacture of air ducts), etc.

2. Compliance of the building materials used in the construction of buildings and structures with the requirements of the commented Law ensures their safety, due to such qualities of building materials as reliability, strength and durability. Reliability of a construction project is the ability of a construction project to perform the required functions during its design life (GOST R 54257-2010 “Reliability of building structures and foundations. Basic provisions and requirements”). The main indicator of the reliability of construction projects is the impossibility of exceeding their limit states under the influence of the most unfavorable combinations of design loads during the design service life. The reliability of building structures and foundations should be ensured at the stage of developing the general concept of the structure, during its design, manufacture of its structural elements, construction and operation.

The main parameters of the strength of materials are the standard values ​​of their strength characteristics. The provision of standard values ​​for the strength characteristics of a material that has passed acceptance control or sorting should, as a rule, be at least 0.95. Standard values ​​of soil characteristics or parameters that determine the interaction of foundations with soil should be taken equal to their mathematical expectations obtained from the results of processing test results, unless other conditions determining their values ​​are specified.

According to this GOST durability represents the ability of a construction project to maintain physical and other properties established during design and ensuring its normal operation during its design service life with proper maintenance.

Durability and, accordingly, safety throughout the entire life cycle of a building or structure of building materials is ensured by protecting building structures from corrosion. In accordance with SP 28.13330.2012 “Protection of building structures from corrosion. Updated edition of SNiP 2.03.11-85” protection of building structures from corrosion should be ensured by methods of primary and secondary protection and special measures. Primary protection protection of building structures from corrosion should be carried out during the design and manufacture of structures and include the selection of design solutions that reduce aggressive effects and materials that are resistant to the operating environment. Secondary protection building structures includes measures that provide protection against corrosion in cases where primary protection measures are insufficient. Secondary protection measures include the use of protective coatings, impregnations and other methods of insulating structures from aggressive environmental influences. Special protection includes protective measures that are not part of primary and secondary protection, various physical and physical-chemical methods, measures that reduce the aggressive effects of the environment (local and general ventilation, wastewater management, drainage), removal of production with emissions of aggressive substances to isolated rooms etc. Corrosion protection should be prescribed taking into account the most unfavorable values ​​of aggressiveness indicators. The design and implementation of protection of structures exposed to highly aggressive environments must be carried out with the involvement of specialized organizations (section 4 SP 28.13330.2012).

Section 5 of this set of rules contains requirements for primary, secondary and special protection measures concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Depending on the degree of aggressiveness of the environment, you should use the following types protection or a combination thereof: in a slightly aggressive environment - primary and, if necessary, secondary; in moderately aggressive and highly aggressive environments - primary in combination with secondary and special. Measures to protect against biological damage should be developed by specialized organizations at the stage of pre-design work and surveys, during the design, construction, reconstruction and operation of buildings and structures.

Section 6 of the code of practice contains requirements for measures anti-corrosion protection wooden structures. Biological agents can have an aggressive effect on wooden structures, causing biodamage to wood, as well as chemically aggressive environments - gaseous, solid, liquid, causing chemical corrosion of wood. Wooden structures intended for use in chemical environments of moderate and strong degrees of aggressive influence should be made from coniferous wood with increased resistance - spruce, pine, fir, larch, cedar and others. For wooden structures, use debarked wood that is not affected by wood-destroying fungi and insects; Use only dried wood, the humidity of which does not exceed 20%. Protection of wooden structures from biological and chemical corrosion is carried out using structural measures and chemical products (biocides).

Section 7 of SP 28.13330.2012 provides requirements for protective measures stone structures from corrosion. Thus, the seams of masonry in rooms with an aggressive environment must be embroidered. The surface of stone and reinforced stone structures operating in conditions of exposure to aggressive environments should be protected from corrosion with paints and varnishes (on plaster or directly on masonry). For structures located in the above-ground part, protective materials should be used that provide the necessary vapor permeability.

3. The safety of building materials used in the construction of buildings and structures also depends on the degree of fire hazard. Requirements fire safety for the use of building materials in buildings and structures are established in relation to the fire hazard indicators of these materials. The fire hazard of building materials is characterized by the following properties: flammability; flammability; ability to spread flame over a surface; smoke generating ability; toxicity of combustion products. Based on flammability, building materials are divided into combustible (G) and non-combustible (NG). Building materials are classified as non-combustible with the following values ​​of flammability parameters determined experimentally: temperature increase - no more than 50 degrees. C, sample weight loss – no more than 50%, duration of stable flame combustion – no more than 10 s. Construction materials that do not satisfy at least one of the above parameter values ​​are classified as flammable. Combustible building materials are divided into the following groups:

– low-flammable (G1), having a flue gas temperature of no more than 135 degrees. C, the degree of damage along the length of the test sample is not more than 65%, the degree of damage along the mass of the test sample is not more than 20%, the duration of spontaneous combustion is 0 s;

– moderately flammable (G2), having a flue gas temperature of no more than 235 degrees. C, the degree of damage along the length of the test sample is not more than 8%, the degree of damage along the mass of the test sample is not more than 5%, the duration of independent combustion is not more than 30 s;

– normal-flammable (G3), having a flue gas temperature of no more than 450 degrees. C, the degree of damage along the length of the test sample is more than 85%, the degree of damage along the mass of the test sample is not more than 50%, the duration of independent combustion is not more than 300 s;

– highly flammable (G4), having a flue gas temperature of more than 450 degrees. C, the degree of damage along the length of the test sample is more than 85%, the degree of damage along the mass of the test sample is more than 50%, the duration of spontaneous combustion is more than 300 s.

By flammability combustible building materials (including floor carpets), depending on the value of the critical surface heat flux density, are divided into three groups: non-flammable (B1), having a critical surface heat flux density of more than 35 kW/sq. m; moderately flammable (B2), having a critical surface heat flux density of at least 20, but not more than 35 kW/sq. m, and flammable (B3), having a critical surface heat flux density of less than 20 kW/sq. m.

According to the speed of flame spread on the surface, combustible building materials (including floor carpets), depending on the value of the critical surface heat flux density, are divided into four groups: non-propagating (RP1), weakly propagating (RP2), moderately propagating (RP3) and highly propagating (RP4).

According to smoke-forming ability combustible building materials, depending on the value of the smoke generation coefficient, are divided into materials with low smoke generation capacity (D1), with moderate smoke generation capacity (D2), and with high smoke generation capacity (D3). Based on the toxicity of combustion products, combustible building materials are divided into low-hazard (T1); moderately hazardous (T2); highly dangerous (T3) and extremely dangerous (T4).

By flame spread materials are divided into those that do not spread flame over the surface and have a flame propagation index of 0; slowly spreading flame over the surface, having a flame spread index of no more than 20; quickly spreading flame over the surface, having a flame spread index of more than 20 (Article 13 of the Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements).

In accordance with Art. 133 of the Technical Regulations on fire safety requirements the manufacturer (supplier) must develop technical documentation for substances and materials, containing information about safe use of this product. Technical documentation for substances and materials (including passports, technical specifications, technological regulations) must contain information about the fire hazard indicators of substances and materials. Thus, technical documentation for finishing and facing materials for walls, ceilings, incl. coatings made of paints, enamels, varnishes, as well as thermal insulation materials must contain information about the flammability group, flammability group, smoke-forming ability group, toxicity group of combustion products. Technical documentation for flooring materials - information on all of the above groups, as well as on the flame propagation group; for carpeted floor coverings - about the flammability group, the smoke-generating ability group, the toxicity group of combustion products; on roofing materials– about the flammability group, flammability group, flame propagation group; for waterproofing and vapor barrier materials with a thickness of more than 0.2 mm - about the flammability group, flammability group. Along with the technical documentation indicating the fire hazard indicators of building materials, it must contain information about fire safety measures when handling them.

4. The structures and parts of buildings and structures must be made of building materials that are resistant to possible exposure to moisture, low temperatures, aggressive environments, biological and other adverse factors. Thus, for the manufacture of wooden structures, predominantly coniferous wood should be used. Wood solid hardwood should be used for dowels, pillows and other critical parts. For designs wooden supports air lines For power transmission lines, pine and larch wood should be used, and for the structures of power transmission line supports with voltages of 35 kV and below, with the exception of elements of racks and attachments buried in the ground, and traverses, spruce and fir wood may be used. The wood of dowels, inserts and other parts must be straight-grained, without knots and other defects, the wood moisture content should not exceed 12%. Such parts made from wood species that are not very resistant to decay (birch, beech) must be subjected to antiseptic treatment (clauses 4.1, 4.6 SP 64.13330.2011 “Wooden structures. Updated edition of SNiP II-25-80”).

When designing buildings and structures, measures should be taken to ensure the possibility of their construction in winter conditions. Application of silicate bricks, stones and blocks; stones and blocks from cellular concrete; hollow bricks and ceramic stones; clay brick semi-dry pressing is allowed for external walls of rooms with wet conditions, provided that they are applied to internal surfaces vapor barrier coating. The use of these materials for the walls of rooms with wet mode, as well as for external walls of basements and plinths is not allowed. Brick, stones and mortars for stone and reinforced stone structures, as well as concrete for the manufacture of stones and large blocks must meet the requirements of the relevant GOSTs or technical specifications (clauses 4.1 – 4.3, 5.1 SP 15.13330.2012 “Stone and reinforced stone structures. Updated version of SNiP II-22-81” (approved by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia dated December 29, 2011 N 635/5).

When designing public buildings and structures, structures, details and Decoration Materials must be made of materials that are resistant to possible influences of moisture, low and high temperatures, aggressive environment and other unfavorable factors, or protected from corrosion. Butt joints of prefabricated elements and multilayer structures must be designed to withstand thermal deformations and forces arising from uneven settlement of foundations and other operational influences. Sealing and sealing materials used in joints must retain elastic and adhesive properties when exposed to negative temperatures and wetness and be resistant to ultraviolet rays. Sealing materials must be compatible with the materials of protective and protective-decorative coatings of structures in places where they meet (clauses 9.2 - 9.4 SP 118.13330.2012 “Public buildings and structures. Updated edition of SNiP 31-06-2009”).

Construction materials used in the construction of buildings and structures must meet certain sanitary and hygienic requirements to ensure their safety for human health and the environment. For example, polymer materials used in construction should not create specific smell, exceeding permissible norm, by the time buildings are put into operation, as well as release volatile substances into the environment in such quantities that can have a direct or indirect adverse effect on the human body (taking into account the combined effect of all released substances). Polymer building materials should not stimulate the development of microflora (especially pathogenic ones) and should be resistant to wet disinfection when using polymer building materials for interior decoration medical and preventive, sanatorium and resort, children's, preschool, school and other similar buildings. Polymer building materials should not worsen the indoor microclimate. Polymer building materials can be approved for use in construction only based on the results of their hygienic assessment, which is based on the results of sanitary-chemical, toxicological, physical-hygienic studies, observations on people conducted in laboratory and field conditions. Based on the results of the hygienic assessment, the conditions for using polymer building materials are specified: maximum saturation, period for reducing the migration of substances from the material to the maximum permissible concentration, air temperature and humidity, air exchange rate of the premises, which are included in the regulatory and technical documentation and instructions for the use of materials. Draft regulatory and technical documentation and technological documentation for polymer materials intended for use in construction are subject to hygienic examination and approval by Rospotrebnadzor authorities. The regulatory, technical and operational documentation for polymer building materials must reflect the requirements that ensure safety for human health, namely: the area and conditions of use are clearly defined; the recipe, residual monomer content, allowed impurities (types, quantity) are indicated; sanitary and hygienic characteristics are given, incl. indicators of migration of components into environments; the rules and methods for monitoring hygienically significant indicators and characteristics of products are reflected; requirements for storage and transportation conditions are specified; a label has been defined (clauses 5.1 – 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.4, 6.5, 6.7 SanPiN 2.1.2.729-99 “Design, construction and operation of residential buildings, public utility enterprises, educational, cultural, recreational and sports institutions. Polymer and polymer-containing building materials, products and structures. Hygienic safety requirements. Sanitary rules and norms”, approved by the Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated January 27, 1999 N 3).

5. The provisions of Part 2 of the commented article contain a blanket norm, establishing that construction materials and products must comply with the requirements enshrined in the legislation of the Russian Federation on technical regulation. Analysis of the Federal Law “On Technical Regulation” allows us to conclude that safety of building materials, used in the construction of buildings and structures, must be guaranteed by established forms of confirmation of conformity. Main purposes of conformity assessment is a certificate of conformity of products, incl. building materials, technical regulations, standards, codes of practice, contract terms; assistance to purchasers in the competent selection of products, works, services; increasing the competitiveness of products, works, services in the Russian and international markets; creating conditions to ensure the free movement of goods across the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as for the implementation of international economic, scientific and technical cooperation and international trade (Article 18 of the Federal Law “On Technical Regulation”).

Confirmation of compliance on the territory of the Russian Federation can be voluntary or mandatory. The first is carried out in the form of voluntary certification, the second - in two forms: adoption of a declaration of conformity (declaration of conformity) and mandatory certification. Voluntary confirmation of compliance carried out at the initiative of the applicant under the terms of the agreement between the applicant and the certification body and is carried out to establish compliance national standards, standards of organizations, codes of practice, voluntary certification systems, terms of contracts. The objects of voluntary confirmation of conformity are products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, sale and disposal, work and services, as well as other objects for which standards, voluntary certification systems and contracts establish requirements. Certification objects certified in the voluntary certification system may be marked with the mark of conformity of the voluntary certification system.

Mandatory confirmation of compliance is carried out only in cases established by the relevant technical regulations, and exclusively for compliance with the requirements of the technical regulations and only in relation to products released into circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation. The declaration of conformity and the certificate of conformity have equal legal force and are valid throughout the Russian Federation in relation to each unit of product released into circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation during the validity of the declaration of conformity or certificate of conformity, during the shelf life or service life of the product established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. Mandatory certification is carried out by the certification body on the basis of an agreement with the applicant. Product compliance with the requirements of technical regulations is confirmed by a certificate of conformity issued to the applicant by the certification body, which includes: the name and location of the manufacturer of the certified product; name and location of the certification body that issued the certificate of conformity; information about the certification object, allowing to identify this object; name of the technical regulation for compliance with the requirements of which certification was carried out; information about the studies (tests) and measurements carried out; information on documents submitted by the applicant to the certification body as evidence of product compliance with the requirements of technical regulations; validity period of the certificate of conformity.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 1, 2009 N 982 approved the Unified scrollproducts subject to mandatory certification and the Unifiedscrollproducts, confirmation of conformity of which is carried out in the form of acceptance of a declaration of conformity. These lists also include a number of building materials used in the construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures.

In order to protect the country's domestic market from the unjustified use of new materials, products, structures and technologies, on which the reliability, safety and durability of buildings and structures depend, as well as the creation favorable conditions to eliminate technical barriers when introducing progressive domestic and foreign achievements in construction, new, including imported from abroad, materials, products, designs and technologies, the requirements for which are not regulated by current building codes and regulations, state standards, technical specifications and other regulatory documents, can be used in construction(including reconstruction, expansion, technical re-equipment and repair of buildings and structures) after confirming their suitability for use in the construction and operation of facilities on the territory of the Russian Federation. Suitability of new products is confirmed technical certificate of the Gosstroy of Russia. Such a technical certificate is a document authorizing the use of new products in construction on the territory of the Russian Federation, provided that they comply with the requirements specified in the certificate. It is issued taking into account mandatory requirements construction, sanitary, fire, industrial, environmental, and other safety standards approved in accordance with current legislation. New products are subject to testing and confirmation of suitability, on which the operational properties of buildings and structures, their reliability and durability, safety for the life and health of people, their property, and the environment depend, including:

– newly developed on the territory of the Russian Federation and transferred to mass (serial) production;

– requirements for the properties and conditions of use of which are completely or partially absent from the current building codes and regulations, state standards, technical specifications and others regulatory documents;

– first mastered by production using foreign technologies, if it differs (in materials, composition, design, etc.) from products of a similar purpose that meet the requirements of the current regulatory and technical documentation;

– manufactured according to foreign norms and standards and supplied in accordance with the requirements of these norms and standards to the territory of the Russian Federation.

New products do not require testing and confirmation of suitability, designed in full compliance with current building codes and regulations, as well as developed and supplied in accordance with state standards or technical specifications approved in the prescribed manner. A specific list of new products subject to testing and confirmation of suitability for use in construction establishes State Committee Russian Federation on housing and construction policy.

The technical certificate for a new product, depending on its purpose and scope of application, contains a fundamental description of the product, allowing identification; purpose and permitted area of ​​application of the product; indicators and parameters characterizing the reliability and safety of products; additional conditions production, use and maintenance of products, as well as quality control, including by control and supervisory authorities; list of documents (conclusions, examination reports, test reports, etc.) used in the preparation of the technical certificate.

For the use of new products in construction without a technical certificate, the perpetrators will be held accountable, established by law Russian Federation (clauses 3 – 5, 7, 10 of the Rules for confirming the suitability of new materials, products, structures and technologies for use in construction, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 27, 1997 N 1636).

In pursuance of this Resolution, the Gosstroy of Russia, by its Resolution No. 76 dated July 1, 2002, approved the List of new materials, products, structures and technologies subject to testing and confirmation of suitability for use in construction, which includes certain building materials and products, building structures (from concrete and other materials, metal, wood, metal-wood, wood-aluminum and others), buildings and structures, engineering equipment of buildings and structures, external networks.

6. The responsibility for monitoring the compliance of the building materials and products used, including building materials produced on the territory where construction is carried out, with the requirements of design documentation throughout the entire construction process in accordance with the provisions of Part 3 of the commented article rests with the person carrying out the construction of the building or structures. In accordance with Part 1 of Art. 53 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, in the process of construction, reconstruction, major repairs of a capital construction project, the person carrying out the construction must carry out control over the safety of building structures and sections of engineering support networks, if the elimination of those identified during the construction control deficiencies is impossible without dismantling or damaging other building structures and sections of utility networks. Construction control carried out by the contractor involves checking the quality of building materials, products, structures and equipment supplied for the construction of a capital construction project (incoming control). Incoming control is carried out before the use of products during the construction process and includes checking the availability and content of suppliers’ documents containing information about the quality of the products supplied by them, their compliance with the requirements of working documentation, technical regulations, standards and codes of practice. When performing incoming inspection, the Contractor has the right to carry out measurements and tests of the relevant products in the prescribed manner on their own or to entrust them to an accredited organization. If during incoming inspection a product is identified that does not meet the established requirements, its use for construction is not allowed (subparagraph “a”, paragraph 5, paragraph 7 of the Regulations on carrying out construction control during the construction, reconstruction and major repairs of capital construction projects approved Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 21, 2010 N 468 “On the procedure for conducting construction control during construction, reconstruction and major repairs of capital construction projects”). When carrying out construction control over the safety of building materials, the contractor can be guided by the Classifier of the main types of defects in construction and the building materials industry, approved by the Main Inspectorate of the State Architecture and Construction Supervision of the Russian Federation on November 17, 1993, which contains classification characteristics of critical and significant defects for the main types of construction and installation work produced by building materials , structures and products. In accordance with this Classifier, a critical defect is a defect in the presence of which a product or structure is functionally unsuitable and its use may lead to a loss or reduction in the strength, stability, reliability of a building, structure, part or structural element. A critical defect must be unconditionally eliminated before subsequent work begins or with the suspension of work. According to the specified Classifier, a significant defect is recognized as a defect, the presence of which significantly degrades operational characteristics construction products and its durability. Such a defect must be eliminated before it is hidden by subsequent work.

Materials, products, equipment, the non-compliance with established requirements was revealed by incoming inspection, should be separated from suitable ones and marked. Work using these materials, products and equipment should be suspended. The developer (customer) must be notified of the suspension of work and its reasons. In accordance with civil law, one of three decisions can be made.

Animal housing is built to be dry, bright, warm in winter and cool in summer. For construction, local, relatively durable and cheap materials with satisfactory heat-shielding properties. In order to retain heat in the premises and prevent moisture condensation, fences should be erected from building materials with low volumetric mass, with a low coefficient of thermal conductivity and heat absorption, with increased heat capacity, with average vapor and air permeability.

The heat transfer of fencing of livestock buildings should not be higher than 0.8 - 1.0 cal/(h*m2*°C), and the coefficient of thermal resistance to heat transfer (L) should not be lower than 2 - 2.5 kcal/(h*m2*°C). Compliance with these requirements allows you to maintain the required air temperature in the premises and prevent condensation of water vapor on the building fences.

Each structural element of the building must meet the relevant requirements.

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The foundation of the building bears the weight of the walls, ceilings and roof, protects the walls from subsidence and the penetration of moisture from the soil into them. An insulating layer of roofing felt, asphalt, greasy cement mortar, tarred birch bark, and bitumen is laid between the foundation and the wall. The base of the foundation must be below the soil freezing horizon. Concrete and stones are usually used for the foundation.

Walls should be constructed from materials that retain heat well. About 40% of heat is lost through external walls, so they must have good heat-insulating properties. These requirements are most fully met by dry logs, burnt or sand-lime brick, expanded clay concrete, multilayer concrete panels with insulation made of polystyrene foam, polystyrene and other materials.

Building materials used to construct walls must be dry, since damp walls lose more heat and mold develops on them. The microclimate is especially unsatisfactory with damp walls and poor ventilation.

The walls should be smooth, which makes it easier to keep them clean, and it is more convenient to whiten and disinfect them.

Ceilings in modern buildings are usually made of reinforced concrete slabs, they often build rooms with a combined roof. In all cases they must be well insulated. IN attic spaces subject to fire safety measures, it is allowed to store roughage or bedding straw, which significantly improves the thermal insulation qualities of the ceiling.

Floors in livestock premises made of durable, smooth, low thermal conductivity, moisture-proof and non-slip material, resistant to disinfectants and aggressive indoor environment, easy to maintain, economical. Depending on the technology, floors are made solid or lattice. Most often, red brick laid on edge in a herringbone pattern, expanded clay concrete with cement or polymer coating, ceramic tiles.

Wooden floors, which are widespread in older buildings, are far from perfect and expensive. Asphalt floors are only used in cattle sheds, but they are not durable. Concrete floors are very cold and have a negative effect on the growth of hoof horns, so they are used only in passages and driveways. In pigsties, wooden flooring is often used, and in a number of farms, electric floor heating is used using various technical means. In this case, safety precautions must be strictly observed.

In sheds, stalls of stables, in rooms for loose livestock and in buildings where poultry is on deep litter, adobe and clay-crushed stone floors are installed.

Slotted floors can be continuous or partial. Reinforced concrete, metal and plastic gratings are used for their construction. Belarus has mastered the production of reinforced concrete gratings coated with plates made from waste from the rubber industry.

Gates are built in such a way that animals can be quickly removed from the premises, taking into account the use of machines and mechanisms. External exits are equipped with vestibules that protect the premises from cooling. The most convenient gates are carriage type. In any case, the gate should only open outwards. Disinfection mats are installed at the gates.

Windows are placed taking into account uniform lighting building. To reduce heat loss, windows are made with double and even triple glazing. Keeping the glass clean, repairing it, painting the frames and periodically filling the cracks is a necessary requirement for window care.

Practice confirmed economic efficiency keeping poultry, fattening pigs and cattle in windowless buildings with automatically controlled artificial lighting.

The roof serves to protect premises and animals from precipitation, for insulation in winter and protection from overheating in summer. The materials used for roofs are slate, asbestos-cement slabs, roofing felt, roofing felt, etc. Regular roof repairs help maintain a normal microclimate in the room.

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General information and classification of building materials

Construction materials and products

Construction Basics

Construction materials are natural and artificial materials and products used in the construction and repair of buildings and structures. Various conditions The operation and purpose of buildings and structures and their structures determine various requirements for building materials, as well as their wide range. Historically, traditional natural materials– stone and wood, as well as ceramics. With the development of industry, iron, steel and its alloys, concrete and reinforced concrete (monolithic or prefabricated), aluminum and its alloys, etc. appeared and became widespread in the construction industry. In the 20th century, polymeric materials (plastics) and composite materials or composites began to be used in construction .

For rational use building materials, you need to know their properties, methods of production, storage and transportation rules, working conditions in structures.

Construction materials and products are classified according to various criteria.

The most common is the classification of materials according to purpose and technological feature, as well as by chemical composition. The main classification groups are shown in the figure.

Based on the degree of readiness, a distinction is made between building materials and building products. Construction materials called natural stone, wood, metals, cement, concrete, brick, sand, mortar, etc. construction products include prefabricated reinforced concrete structures, window and door blocks, sanitary products, etc.

Based on their origin, building materials are divided into natural And artificial.

Natural materials – wood, natural stone materials, peat, natural bitumen and asphalt, etc. They are obtained from natural raw materials as a result of simple processing without changing their original structure and chemical composition. TO artificial materials include brick, cement, reinforced concrete, glass, etc. These materials are produced using deeper special technological processing of natural and artificial raw materials, industrial and agricultural by-products.

Figure - Classification of building materials

According to their intended purpose, based on the working conditions in buildings and structures, building materials are divided into the following groups:

· structural building materials used in load-bearing structural elements that receive and transmit loads;

· thermal insulation designed to provide the required thermal regime premises;

· acoustic, i.e. sound-absorbing and sound-proofing;

· waterproofing and roofing, serving to protect elements of buildings and structures from exposure to water or water vapor;

· sealing, for waterproofing joints in prefabricated structures;

· finishing designed to improve decorative qualities, as well as protecting structures from external influences;

· special purpose, for example, fireproof, acid-resistant, for protection against radioactive radiation, etc.

Some materials, such as wood, cement, concrete, etc., cannot be clearly assigned to any of the listed groups. Such materials are called general purpose materials. For example, concrete is mainly used as a structural material, but some types of concrete can perform thermal insulation functions or serve as special-purpose materials.

Based on technological characteristics, materials obtained are distinguished:

Sintering – ceramics, expanded clay, cement;

Melting – glass, metals, stone casting;

Monolithization with the help of binders - concrete, mortars;

Mechanical processing of natural raw materials - natural stone, wood products.

Depending on the chemical composition, natural and artificial building materials are usually divided into the following groups:

Organic – wood, bitumen, plastics, etc.

Mineral – natural stone, concrete, ceramics, etc.

Metal – steel, non-ferrous metals, various alloys.

Important characteristic building materials is their fire danger. In accordance with Federal law RF No. 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements" the fire hazard of building materials is characterized by the following properties:

Flammability;

Flammability;

The ability to spread flame over a surface;

Smoke generating ability;

Toxicity of combustion products.

By flammability building materials are divided into combustible and non-combustible.

Low flammable;

Moderately flammable;

Normally flammable;

Highly flammable.

By flammability combustible building materials are divided into the following groups:

Flammable;

Moderately flammable;

Highly flammable.

By flame propagation speed Based on their surface, combustible building materials are divided into the following groups:

Non-proliferating;

Low spreading;

Moderately spreading;

Highly spreading.

By smoke generating ability combustible building materials are divided into the following groups:

With low smoke-generating ability;

With moderate smoke-generating ability;

With high smoke-generating ability.

By toxicity of combustion products combustible building materials are divided into the following groups:

Low hazard;

Moderately dangerous;

Highly dangerous;

Extremely dangerous.

Depending on the chemical composition, building materials are usually divided into:

The requirements for building materials are determined by the purpose of the structure, as well as the conditions in which it must work.

The structural elements of buildings are influenced by various operational factors (atmospheric influences, static and dynamic loads, biological influences, etc.) given in the table.

Materials are subject to requirements for strength and ability to resist various influences (mechanical, physical, chemical and electrochemical influences of the external environment).

Table ___ - Requirements for materials of building structures

Requirements for housing layout and building materials

One of the most important problems of a large city is the insufficient supply of housing. Housing ranks 3rd in terms of its impact on human health (after food and working conditions). Housing is an artificially created human habitat, which reduces the pressure of nature on human survival and restores his strength for industrial, social and cultural life in society.

The sanitary and hygienic condition of housing is determined by 6 indicators:

the orientation of windows to the cardinal directions, which determines the insolation of the premises;

heat and air insulating properties of enclosing structures (wood, concrete, etc.);

quality of plumbing fixtures and kitchen equipment (stove, heating radiators, etc.);

materials from which the apartment is decorated inside;

air cube - the amount of air per 1 person: must be at least 40 m 3, which allows limiting the accumulation of human metabolic products and emissions of wall and finishing materials in the room;

the height of the premises, which is important for air exchange, because pollution concentrates under the ceiling

Requirements for housing layout

Requirements for housing layout have been determined sanitary rules"Residential buildings."

Plot for a home, it should be located in a sunny and ventilated area, remote from sources of noise and air pollution. WITH hygienic point of view, the home should be dry, warm, light, spacious, clean, with constantly changing air, provide silence, peace, rest, have beautiful design, correct orientation of the building. In cold climates there must be a home. wind- and heat-protective, and in hot weather - protected from overheating. The main planning cell in a sectional house is residential section is a group of apartments united by one staircase. There are hotel-type houses, hostels, hotels, and temporary housing.

The main element of a residential building is the apartment. Layout apartments must provide for the creation optimal conditions for insolation, especially in bedrooms, through ventilation, sound insulation and sufficient area. Big hygienic value have the dimensions of the rooms. Minimum height is determined by the average height of a person (1.7 m) plus 1 m, i.e. 2.7 m.

Living space for 1 person in the Russian Federation it is equal to 18 m2 with a height of 2.7 - 3 m - this area provides the necessary volume of air in the home, and also allows you to place furniture and household items.

Accommodation amenities largely depend on configurations rooms are the ratio of the length to the width of the room: the most favorable ratio is 1:2 or 3:4 - at the same time, furniture is conveniently placed and optimal conditions for lighting are created.

Depth living room should not exceed 6.5 m - this ensures sufficient illumination of the most distant part of the wall. The presence of balconies, verandas, loggias is of great importance - they provide fresh air and also reduce overheating.

The apartment includes the following premises: residential - bedroom, dining room, office and auxiliary - hallway, kitchen, bathroom, toilet, balcony. The apartments are planned to be occupied by one family. The area of ​​the living room should not be less than 8m2.

Floors must be warm, soft, waterproof, and easy to clean.

Stairs should reduce muscle work as much as possible, reduce the load on the heart and respiratory organs. The main elements of a staircase are a flight of steps and a landing. The steps must be at least 15 cm high and no more than 17 cm high, and 27-31 cm wide. Smoking on stairs is prohibited.

Requirements for building materials.

The building materials of the home must correspond to the zone in which the house is being built and meet the following requirements:

have low thermal conductivity;

have good breathability;

be non-hygroscopic and have low sound conductivity;

provide strength;

do not release volatile substances;

do not stimulate the development of microflora or fungal growth;

be accessible for disinfection;

have a color and texture that meets the physiological and aesthetic needs of a person.

Building materials are divided into 2 groups: natural and artificial. Natural materials: wood, granite, basalt, clay. Artificial: brick, thermoblocks, gypsum, lime, asphalt. Special group: plastics – synthetic materials. Their positive properties are small volume by weight, strength, low thermal conductivity, and chemical resistance. Negative properties from the hygienic side: they release free monomers - plastic additives (catalysts, hardeners, etc.), which are volatile and toxic; have low thermal protective properties; static electricity accumulates on them.

Control questions

The main environmental and hygienic problems of cities: features of urban air and microclimate, water supply and sanitation.

Environmental protection measures in the city and in the countryside.

Hygienic requirements for the layout of residential premises.

Home microclimate - what it consists of and how it affects health

Basic heating systems for residential buildings, their pros and cons.

Types of ventilation according to the method of supplying air to the room. Causes of air pollution in the home – and its impact on health.

How can you use the acquired knowledge on environmental and hygienic problems of cities and housing in educational work with the population?

Methods for determining parameters air environment, natural and artificial lighting in rooms.

Noise and its effect on humans.

The main measures to improve the environment in the city.

Hygienic requirements for housing layout.

Hygienic requirements for building materials.

"Sick Building Syndrome."

Optimal indicators of the microclimate of the home.

Topic No. 16: HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS FOR TREATMENT AND PREVENTIVE INSTITUTIONS

KNOW:

Hygienic requirements for the planning of health care facilities.

Purpose and arrangement of boxes and half-boxes, emergency departments of hospitals, maternity hospitals, infectious diseases hospitals, ward sections.

Interior decoration.

Standards for the area of ​​wards and their hygienic significance.

Heating, ventilation, lighting of healthcare facilities.

Factors contributing to the occurrence of nosocomial infections.

Hygienic requirements for working conditions of medical personnel.

BE ABLE TO:

Use the acquired knowledge in organizing security and sanitary

epidemiological (anti-epidemic) regime in health care facilities.

The objectives of hospital hygiene are to provide the most favorable conditions for the treatment of patients in health care facilities and optimal working conditions for medical personnel.

Types of healthcare facilities. Hospital development systems: centralized, mixed, block and decentralized.

The territory of the hospital, its layout

Requirements to internal layout hospitals.

Sanitary and hygienic regime in health care facilities.

Personal hygiene of hospital staff.

The objectives of hospital hygiene are to provide the most favorable conditions for the treatment of patients in health care facilities and optimal working conditions for medical personnel

Hospital hygiene is a section of general hygiene that develops standards and rules aimed at ensuring the most favorable conditions for the treatment of patients in health care facilities and optimal working conditions for medical staff.

The first hospitals in Russia were built under Peter the Great - in St. Petersburg, 1702. These were corridor-barracks departments for 100-200 people, consisting of a series of rooms for 30-40 people, united by a passage in the middle and with stove heating.

Types of healthcare facilities. Hospital development systems: centralized, mixed, block and decentralized

In the Russian Federation, there are the following treatment and preventive institutions: hospitals, clinics, dispensaries, medical units, first aid stations, health centers, maternity hospitals, orphanages, sanatorium and resort institutions, ambulance institutions, sanitary and epidemiological institutions; blood transfusion stations, etc. But the main health care facility is hospital(hospital, hospital). The hospital is designed to provide the population inpatient care. Hospitals can be designed in conjunction with a clinic, ambulance station, maternity hospital, etc.

Depending on the service area, multidisciplinary hospitals are divided into: district, district, central district (CRH), city and regional (regional). Independent types of hospitals are emergency hospitals, children's hospitals, rehabilitation treatment(rehabilitation). To provide inpatient care of a certain profile, there are specialized hospitals: infectious diseases, tuberculosis, psychiatric, maternity hospitals, etc.

The construction and reconstruction of hospitals is carried out in accordance with the sanitary rules “Urban Planning. Planning and development of cities, towns and rural settlements" (1989) and "Hygienic requirements for the placement, design, equipment and operation of hospitals, maternity hospitals and other medical hospitals"(2003).

In modern hospital construction in Russia, 4 types of architectural and planning solutions are designed: pavilion, centralized, block and mixed systems.

Pavilion is a decentralized system, when hospital departments of different profiles are located in separate buildings. pros: this system allows for good isolation of departments, creates conditions for patients to stay in the fresh air and maintain a medical and protective regime. This is how infectious, psychiatric and tuberculosis departments are located.

Centralized system– with it, all medical, treatment-diagnostic and auxiliary departments are combined in one building. Usually these are somatic departments - therapeutic, surgical, neurological. Pros: such a system allows convenient interconnection of departments, shortens the routes of movement of patients and personnel during therapeutic and diagnostic procedures (X-ray, physiotherapy, therapeutic exercises, etc.), fast delivery food from the kitchen to the wards.

Block system- the hospital consists of separate buildings, but they are united in the center.

Mixed system– when there is a main building and a number of auxiliary separate ones: infectious diseases, children's and other departments, a kitchen, a pathology building, a clinic and functional departments.

The territory of the hospital, its layout

Hygienic requirements for the planning of the territory of health care facilities: formulated in “Hygienic requirements for the placement, design, equipment and operation of hospitals, maternity hospitals and other medical hospitals” (2003).

Plot hospitals should be located away from industrial enterprises and other sources of noise and air pollution - they should be located on the windward side. Specialized hospitals with 1000 beds are located in the suburban area, 1 km from the residential area (regular hospitals - 50 m). The terrain should be calm, with a slight slope for precipitation drainage, dry soil and a groundwater level of at least 0.5 m. Land area depends on the building system and the number of beds: the norm is 80-400 m 2 per bed. The building density of the site should not exceed 15% of the total territory. Under green spaces 60% of the area is allocated, the norm is 25 m2 per bed. Along the perimeter of the site, green spaces - trees / bushes - should be planted in 2 rows. All access roads and pedestrian crossings must be paved.

The hospital site must be provided 4 zones: an area of ​​medical buildings with a garden, a clinic, a pathological building and a utility yard. Zones must be separated protective stripes green spaces of at least 15 m. The pathology building and the maintenance yard must have a separate exit on the other side of the street. On the territory of the infectious diseases hospital there are “dirty” and “clean” zones, isolated from each other by a strip of prickly green spaces, and at the exit from the “dirty” half there should be a paved area for disinfecting vehicles.

Cleaning territory must be carried out daily. Garbage bins are equipped with tight lids and are located on asphalt areas, at least 25 m from the buildings. Garbage and food waste are removed daily and garbage receptacles are disinfected.

Requirements for the internal layout of a hospital

The best orientation of hospital wards in mid-latitudes is from E to W, infectious diseases departments - to S, SE, E; operating rooms, intensive care and delivery rooms - in the N, NE, NW; the rest - as necessary.

Both the hospital itself and the organizational system in it contribute to the duration of recovery of patients. hospital regime. In a modern hospital there are 10 main structural divisions: 1) admission department and room for discharge of patients, 2) ward departments, 3) treatment and diagnostic departments: operating unit, functional diagnostics department, X-ray, intensive care unit, 4) laboratories, 5) central sterilization department, 6) pharmacy, 7) food preparation service, 8) pathology department, 9) administration service and 10) laundry.

Reception department serves for registration, medical examination, examination, sanitary treatment of incoming patients and providing them with emergency care. The layout of the emergency department should include the principle of flow of movement of incoming and outgoing patients. The main premises of the reception department: a waiting room with a registration desk, a wardrobe, a help desk, an examination room, an office for the doctor on duty, rooms for sanitary treatment (locker room, shower room, dressing room), a manipulation room with a dressing room, boxes and diagnostic rooms for patients with an unclear diagnosis, a bathroom and utility rooms.

In the emergency room obstetric The departments have two examination rooms - for those entering the physiological department and the department of pathology of pregnant women.

IN children's and infectious diseases departments are provided with reception and examination boxes, the number of which depends on the capacity of the hospital: up to 60 beds - 2 boxes, up to 100 - 3, etc. Reception and viewing box is the main room of the children's hospital's emergency department. It includes: an entrance vestibule (external), an examination room, a toilet, a pre-box, which serves as a gateway for personnel to enter from the corridor of the reception department.

Ward section is the basis of the hospital department. It usually has 30 beds for adults or 24 for children under 1 year of age. This is a place where patients stay around the clock, so they must be created comfortable conditions, promoting a speedy recovery. The ward section of the somatic department includes: wards, rooms for day care of patients, a treatment room, a dining room, medical auxiliary and utility rooms: a pantry for clean linen, a room for washing vessels, an enema room. Better wards are 2-4 beds, for seriously ill patients - single beds. Each patient should have 25 m 3 of air. Such an air cube is provided with a floor height of 3.2 -3.5 m and an area per patient of 7-7.5 m2 (children - 6.5 m2) per bed - this is the norm.

The size of the wards depends on the profile and age of the patients: in general wards for an adult or child - 9 m2, in 2-bed wards - 7 and 6 m2, respectively; in burn rooms - 10 m2, intensive care - 13 m2.

Branch is a union of several ward sections. It includes: an office for the head of the department, a senior nurse's room, a resident's room, a nurse's room, and a staff toilet.

In infectious diseases departments there are: full box, half box and boxed wards. Full box(22 m2) - completely isolated from the department, equipped with an external entrance with a vestibule, a bathtub, a toilet, a room with 1 bed, an airlock, where the staff changes into an additional robe, puts on a mask and disinfects their hands. There is a cupboard for dishes and a tank for disinfecting dishes and food waste. To prevent carryover airborne infection the box has independent ventilation, in which the exhaust prevails over the inflow, and the air channels are isolated from the hospital hood.

Halfbox equipped like a box, but has access through a gateway to the department.

Boxed chambers are available in children's departments, when each bed is separated from the adjacent one by an incomplete glass partition, which prevents reinfection.

Operating block placed separately from the wards. It includes: operating room, preoperative room, sterilization room, anesthesia room and material room. In modern operating rooms, entry is through a sanitary checkpoint, and for patients - through an airlock. The operating unit must have two isolated impenetrable compartments - septic and antiseptic. Flows in the operating room are divided into 1) “sterile” - for the passage of surgeons and operating nurses and 2) “clean” - for the delivery of the patient, the passage of anesthesiologists and junior medical staff, removal of waste and used linen. They should not cross or touch. The windows of the operating room should be oriented to the North, and the light ratio should be 1:5; there may be an air conditioner or a supply and exhaust hood.

Sanitary and hygienic regime in health care facilities

To prevent nosocomial infections, compliance with hygiene rules content hospital premises and personal hygiene by staff. Let's consider the basic rules for maintaining a sanitary and hygienic regime in health care facilities.

Upon admission to the hospital, patients, depending on their condition, undergo sanitization in the reception department: taking a shower/bath/wet rubbing, cutting nails, examining for lice and, if detected, appropriate hair treatment. After sanitization, patients are given a set of clean underwear and slippers, and bed linen in the room. When patients are discharged, underwear and bed linen are washed.

In the patient's department room there should be individual glass, spoon, toothbrush, towel, soap and maybe toothpaste and razor.

Hygienic washes– 1 time per week with a note in the medical history.

Hygienic care for seriously ill patients - washing, wiping the skin of the face and parts of the body, rinsing the mouth - carried out after eating and when the body is dirty.

Nursing staff must have a kit replaceable work clothes - robe, cap and shoes.

Before examining each patient and after “dirty procedures,” medical staff must wash their hands by 2-fold soaping.

To maintain cleanliness and prevent infections, wet cleaning– at least 2 times a day using detergents (soap and soda solutions) and disinfectants and using labeled equipment: washing floors, wiping furniture, equipment, doors;

Once every 10 days, general cleaning of the premises is carried out - ceilings, walls are swept, panels and floors are washed, bed linen is changed, blankets are cleaned with a vacuum cleaner

Complied with sanitary and anti-epidemic regime in health care facilities: a) toilets and urinals are treated daily with a 0.5% bleach solution; bedpans are disinfected with a 0.2% bleach solution after each use; b) to reduce microbial contamination, bactericidal lamps with indirect irradiation are periodically turned on.

From being in the hospital, patients experience anxiety and dissatisfaction with the hospital environment, which causes their condition to worsen. Therefore, hospitals must comply protective treatment regime , which consists in eliminating unfavorable stimuli and incorporating activities that have a beneficial effect on the patient’s body. Particular attention is paid to measures that spare the patient’s psyche: a) it is necessary to remember that a carelessly spoken word can cause excitement and deterioration of the patient’s condition; b) patients tend to read the medical history and may get upset because of this - therefore, it is necessary to streamline the storage of medical histories; c) lengthening physiological sleep is of great importance for rest - daytime sleep is observed, at this time there should be silence in the department, talk quietly; use light alarm; d) personnel must wear soft shoes; e) clean the wards after patients get up; f) the elimination of unpleasant “hospital” odors, tidy maintenance of premises, and a cozy atmosphere in the wards and department are of no small importance; g) this includes dietary food taking into account the patient’s pathology and h) strict adherence to the daily routine on the part of patients and staff.

The layout of the wards and boxes is designed to prevent nosocomial infections, which infect up to 10% of hospitalized patients, and 2% of them die. Nosocomial infections are abscesses after injections, cystitis and urethritis after catheterization, infectious hepatitis, pustular and fungal diseases. According to the WHO definition, “a nosocomial infection is any clinically significant disease of microbial origin that affects a patient as a result of hospitalization or a visit to a health care facility for the purpose of treatment, as well as hospital staff during their activities...”. Actually a hospital infection is infectious diseases that occur during or after inpatient treatment(in women in labor - mastitis, in newborns - sepsis; a patient was admitted with pneumonia - he fell ill with dysentery, hepatitis). The infection can be brought by both patients and staff, and can also be carried by staff from the hospital to their families. How longer baby is treated in a hospital, the more viruses penetrate his body, which is determined by antibodies in the blood, and this increases the child’s stay in the hospital by an average of 14 days.

Where do the pathogenic staphylococci in the department come from? When examining service personnel, carriers are identified - 54% (including nurses - 54%, orderlies - 70%, doctors - 42%), among children - 60%, in swabs from objects of the hospital environment in wards for newborns - 8% , V children's department– 12% and surgical – 14%.

The main causes of nosocomial infections:

A) In-hospital causes:

Incomplete diagnosis: a patient is admitted with one diagnosis, despite the fact that he is already sick with another infectious disease(flu, acute respiratory infections).

Unsatisfactory medical examination of patients upon admission (staphylococcal diseases in the maternity hospital with missed pustules).

Insufficient isolation of patients, especially weakened ones - contacts in general wards, corridors, toilets.

Insufficient monitoring of patients by medical staff: a child with an acute respiratory infection has undiagnosed diarrhea and infects others.

Unsatisfactory intra-hospital sanitary and anti-epidemic regime: poor disinfection in common areas, laundry is not boiled, rooms are unsatisfactorily disinfected after the discharge of women in labor; additional beds are deployed in corridors and non-ward rooms (which is prohibited).

Poor sterilization of syringes and instruments (positive benzidine test for occult blood).

B) Social reasons:

Introduction of a range of new diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, increasing the number of interventions of medical equipment and drugs inside the body.

Expansion of application medicines, suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants).

The habituation of microorganisms to standard antibiotics, which determines the evolution of microbes.

Insufficient socio-economic provision of hospitals: accumulation in one department with incurable diseases of elderly or weakened patients who require not so much treatment as care in a social institution.

... hygiene And ecologyperson: Furniture and stationary equipment - blackboard; - table and chair Forteacher; - tables and chairs Forstudents... Khaustova L.I. Fundamentals of microbiology and immunology. Welllectures: Educationalallowance. – M.: Medicine, 2005. 7. ...

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   List of textbooks

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Introduction……………………………………………………………..

I.Literature review:………………………………………………..

1.Veterinary hygiene requirements To …………………….

livestock premises:

a) Selecting a site for construction……………………………...

b) Master plan…………………………………………………..

c) Sanitary and hygienic requirements for

building materials;…………………………………………

d) Animal hygiene requirements for individual

building elements;……………………………………………………

e) Ventilation;…………………………………………………………

f) Bedding material and requirements,

presented to him;……………………………………………….

g) Sewerage and manure removal equipment;…………………..

h) Exercise of animals………………………………………………….

2. Water supply …………………………………………………….

II. Tasks and goals of the work;…………………………………………..

III. Methodology and place of work;……………………………………..

IV. Observation results:……………………………………….

1.Inspection of the territory: ………………………………………..

a) characteristics of the farm;.............................................................

b) characteristics of the barn;………………………………………..

c) master plan;……………………………………………………

d) enclosing structures;………………………………………..

e) internal equipment…………………………………………...

Calculations:

a) calculation of air ventilation based on CO2;………………………………….

b) calculation of air ventilation over water;………………………………….

c) determination of heat balance;………………………………………

d) determination of natural light;…………………………..

e) determination of artificial illumination;………………………….

e) calculation of litter……………………………………………………....

g) water requirement;…………………………………………………..

h) calculation of the annual output of manure;……………………………………….

m) calculation of feed...………………………………………………………..

Bibliography………………………………………………………

Introduction.

Animal hygiene is the science of protecting and promoting the health of animals using rational methods of keeping, feeding, rearing, exploitation and care, ensuring high productivity due to the genetic potential of the animal organism.

I am convinced that the topic of this course work is extremely relevant. Firstly, because the future veterinarian needs to understand that his work, first of all, should include prevention, because prevention is easier than treatment and timely preventive measures will help to avoid many problems and difficulties in the future. Secondly, because the preparation of this coursework helped me to better understand, to say, the “inner kitchen” of my future profession, to take a closer look, to penetrate deeper into the essence of zoohygienic measures, to find out the internal structure of a room for cows, to consolidate the knowledge gained in classes by calculating various zoohygienic parameters. I realized that compliance with technological design standards is of great importance, especially zoo-hygienic and veterinary-sanitary requirements when designing, constructing and reconstructing livestock farms and individual facilities.

I conducted this survey of the barn in order to find out whether there is a balance between the animals’ bodies and their habitat in this barn.

Literature review.

Veterinary and hygienic requirements for livestock premises.

Selecting a site for construction.

The construction of livestock enterprises, expansion and reconstruction of existing farms can be carried out on the basis of projects specially developed for this purpose. The construction of livestock farms and complexes begins with the development of assumptions and the preparation of design assignments by the customer.

The project customer is responsible for organizing the selection of a site for construction, preparing the necessary materials and complete approval of the planned design solutions. The customer is an organization that has received the right to erect a corresponding structure on a land plot. A commission is created to select a land plot for the construction of livestock enterprises, buildings and structures. Representatives of veterinary and sanitary-epidemiological services and animal engineers are required to participate in this commission. The commission draws up an act on the selection of the area for construction, signed by all its members and approved by higher organizations within the customer’s department. (4).

The site should be dry, somewhat elevated, not flooded by flood and storm water, relatively flat with a slope of no more than 5 0 to the south in the northern or to the southeast in the southern regions. The territory of the site must be sufficiently irradiated by sunlight and ventilated, and also be protected from the prevailing winds in the area, drifts of sand and snow by forest strips. The site should have a calm topography that does not require unnecessary excavation work during construction. Soils must meet the conditions for the construction of buildings and structures. The soils must be coarse-grained, have good water and air permeability, low capillary capacity, and suitable for growing trees and shrubs. The site must have favorable soil conditions characterized by uniform biological structure throughout the site.(3)

Groundwater on the site should lie at a depth of 5 m below the base of the foundation. The site must have favorable hydrological conditions, characterized by the occurrence of aquifers at a depth of no more than 5 meters, and pressure layers - more than 12 meters, and be provided with drinking water that meets sanitary standards.

When choosing a site, you need to take into account the natural and climatic conditions of the farm. The size of the plot is determined depending on the livestock, taking into account the location of the farm and the provision of its own food supply (4).

Livestock enterprises are located along the terrain below the residential sector and on the leeward side of it.

From a veterinary and sanitary point of view, the main requirement for a construction site is its past history of soil-borne infections (anthrax, emkar, etc.). It is not recommended to allocate for construction areas that previously housed livestock and poultry farms, on the site of former cattle burial grounds, manure storage facilities, and leather and raw materials enterprises. Areas with ravines and landslides, in closed valleys, basins, as well as on lands contaminated with organic and radioactive waste are unsuitable until the expiration of the deadlines established by the sanitary-epidemiological and veterinary services.

Construction sites should be located closer to the main agricultural lands, and have convenient communication with them, convenient access to roads. There should be no railways, highways, ravines, ravines or water streams between the farm and the pastures, which could impede the movement of livestock.

Particular attention should be paid to the location of livestock enterprises, buildings and structures in relation to the populated area of ​​the economy, that is, to the size of sanitary protection zones between livestock farms and populated areas (4).

In case of violations of zoohygienic standards and veterinary and sanitary rules, the veterinarian has the right to suspend the construction or reconstruction of industrial buildings and structures, the commissioning of newly built, restored and reconstructed facilities on livestock farms (4).

Officials carrying out state veterinary and sanitary supervision inform the heads of departments, collective farms, state farms and other organizations and institutions in charge of these facilities, as well as banks financing the construction and reconstruction of these facilities, about the measures taken.

When receiving instructions from the state animal control authorities to suspend the construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures on farms that are carried out in violation of animal hygiene standards and veterinary and sanitary rules, State Bank institutions do not accept financing of work on such objects until they receive confirmation from the supervisory authorities that the violations have been eliminated.