Example calculation of heating systems for administrative buildings. Heating of industrial buildings: types, pros and cons, design and installation. Choosing a heating system for industrial premises

On this website tab we will try to help you choose the right parts of the system for your home. Any node has an important role. Therefore, the selection of installation parts must be planned technically correctly. The heating system has thermostats, a connection system, fasteners, air vents, an expansion tank, batteries, manifolds, boiler pipes, and pressure-increasing pumps. Installation of apartment heating includes various elements.

To make heating calculations, you need to calculate how much heat is required to maintain optimal temperature in the cold season. This value will be equal to the heat that the apartment loses at minimum temperatures (about 30 degrees).

When taking into account heat loss, attention is paid to the level of thermal insulation of windows and doors, the thickness of the walls and the material of the building itself. If the calculation of the apartment heating system is ultimately 10 kW, this value will determine not only the boiler power, but also the number of radiators.

The higher the energy efficiency of an apartment, the less energy is required to heat it. To achieve this result, you should replace the windows with modern energy-saving ones, pay attention to doorways and ventilation system, insulate the walls inside or outside the apartment.

The degree of heating of the apartment depends on the movement of the coolant. Its speed may depend on several factors:

• Pipe section. The larger the diameter, the faster the coolant will move.
• Curves and length of the section. According to a complex pattern, the liquid circulates more slowly
• Pipe material. When comparing iron and plastic, in the latter option there will be less resistance, which means the coolant speed will be higher.

All these indicators determine hydraulic resistance.

Calculation of heating in industrial buildings

The most common option is water heating. It has many schemes that should be taken into account according to the individual characteristics of the structure. The main calculations are hydraulic and thermal. High-quality heating pipes and heating mains will help you avoid many problems in the future. This type of heating is most suitable for residential and administrative types of buildings and offices.

The air type is based on the operation of a heat generator that heats the air to circulate it throughout the system. Calculation of an air heating system is the main step for creating effective system. It is advisable to use in shopping centers, industrial and production buildings.

Direct calculation of the heating system of an industrial building requires an approach qualified specialists and attention, otherwise many negative consequences may occur.

Common mistakes and how to fix them

The calculation of the heating system itself is an important and complex stage in the development of heating. Special computer programs help specialists perform all calculations. However, errors may still occur.

One of the common problems is the incorrect calculation of the thermal power of the heating system or the lack thereof. In addition to the high cost of radiators, their high power will cause the entire system to become unprofitable. That is, the heating will work more than necessary, wasting fuel on it. Heat the room will burn a lot of oxygen and require regular ventilation to reduce its indicator.

Completed: art. gr.VI-12

Tsivaty I.I.

Dnepropetrovsk 2011

1 . Ventilation as a means of protection in industrial air environment premises

The task of ventilation is to ensure air purity and specified meteorological conditions in production premises. Ventilation is achieved by removing contaminated or heated air from a room and supplying it with fresh air.

Depending on the site of action, ventilation can be general exchange or local. The action of general exchange ventilation is based on diluting polluted, heated, humid indoor air with fresh air to the maximum permissible standards. This ventilation system is most often used in cases where harmful substances, heat, and moisture are released evenly throughout the room. With such ventilation, the required parameters are maintained air environment throughout the entire room.

Air exchange in a room can be significantly reduced if harmful substances are captured at the points of their release. To this end technological equipment, which is the source of the selection harmful substances, are equipped with special devices from which polluted air is sucked out. This type of ventilation is called local exhaust. Local ventilation Compared to general exchange, it requires significantly lower costs for device and operation.

Natural ventilation

Air exchange during natural ventilation occurs due to the difference in temperature between the air in the room and the outside air, as well as as a result of the action of wind. Natural ventilation can be unorganized and organized. With unorganized ventilation, the intake and removal of air occurs through the density and pores of external fences (infiltration), through windows, vents, and special openings (ventilation). Organized natural ventilation is carried out by aeration and deflectors, and can be adjusted.

Aeration is carried out in cold shops due to wind pressure, and in hot shops due to the combined and separate action of gravitational and wind pressure. IN summer time fresh air enters the room through lower openings located at a small height from the floor (1-1.5 m), and is removed through openings in the building's skylight.

Mechanical ventilation

In mechanical ventilation systems, air movement is carried out by fans and, in some cases, ejectors. Forced ventilation. Settings supply ventilation usually consist of the following elements: an air intake device for taking in clean air; air ducts through which air is supplied to the room; filters for air purification from dust; air heaters for heating air; fan; supply nozzles; control devices that are installed in the air intake device and on the branches of the air ducts. Exhaust ventilation. Settings exhaust ventilation include: exhaust openings or nozzles; fan; air ducts; device for purifying air from dust and gases; a device for releasing air, which should be located ? 1.5 m above the roof ridge. When working exhaust system fresh air enters the room through leaks in the enclosing structures. In some cases, this circumstance is a serious drawback of this ventilation system, since an unorganized influx of cold air (drafts) can cause colds. Supply and exhaust ventilation. In this system, air is supplied to the room by supply ventilation and removed by exhaust ventilation, operating simultaneously.

Local ventilation

Local ventilation can be supply or exhaust. Local supply ventilation serves to create the required air conditions in a limited area of ​​the production premises. Local supply ventilation installations include: air showers and oases, air and air-thermal curtains. Air showering is used in hot shops at workplaces under the influence of a radiant heat flow with an intensity of 350 W/m or more. An air shower is a stream of air directed at the worker. The blowing speed is 1-3.5 m/s depending on the intensity of irradiation. The effectiveness of showering units increases when water is sprayed in a stream of air.

Air oases are part production area, which is separated on all sides by light movable partitions and filled with air that is colder and cleaner than the air in the room. Air and air-thermal curtains are installed to protect people from being chilled by cold air penetrating through the gate. There are two types of curtains: air curtains with air supply without heating and air-thermal curtains with heating of the supplied air in heaters.

The operation of the curtains is based on the fact that the air supplied to the gate exits through a special air duct with a slot at a certain angle with high speed(up to 10-15 m/s) towards the incoming cold flow and mixes with it. The resulting mixture of warmer air enters the workplace or (if the heating is insufficient) is deflected away from them. When the curtains operate, additional resistance is created to the passage of cold air through the gate.

Local exhaust ventilation. Its use is based on the capture and removal of harmful substances directly at the source of their formation. Local exhaust ventilation devices are made in the form of shelters or local suction. Shelters with suction are characterized by the fact that the source of harmful emissions is located inside them.

They can be made as shelters - casings that completely or partially enclose the equipment ( fume hoods, display cases, booths and chambers). A vacuum is created inside the shelters, as a result of which harmful substances cannot enter the indoor air. This method of preventing the release of harmful substances in a room is called aspiration.

Aspiration systems are usually blocked with starting devices of process equipment so that harmful substances are sucked out not only at the point of their release, but also at the moment of formation.

Complete covering of machines and mechanisms that emit harmful substances is the most advanced and effective way to prevent them from entering the indoor air. It is important, even at the design stage, to develop technological equipment in such a way that ventilation devices would be organically included in the overall design, without interfering with the technological process and at the same time completely solving sanitary and hygienic problems.

Protective and dust-removing casings are installed on machines where the processing of materials is accompanied by the release of dust and the flying off of large particles that can cause injury. These are grinding, roughing, polishing, sharpening machines metal, woodworking machines, etc.

Fume hoods are widely used in thermal and galvanic processing of metals, painting, hanging and packaging of bulk materials, various operations associated with the release of harmful gases and vapors.

Cabins and chambers are containers of a certain volume, inside of which work is carried out related to the release of harmful substances (sandblasting and shot blasting, painting work, etc.). Exhaust hoods are used to localize harmful substances rising upward, namely during heat - and moisture releases.

Suction panels are used in cases where the use of exhaust hoods is unacceptable due to the entry of harmful substances into the respiratory organs of workers. An effective local suction is the Chernoberezhsky panel, used in operations such as gas welding, soldering, etc.

Dust and gas receivers and funnels are used for soldering and welding work. They are located in close proximity to the soldering or welding site. Onboard suctions. When etching metals and applying electroplating, vapors of acids and alkalis are released from the open surface of the baths; during galvanizing, copper plating, silver plating - extremely harmful hydrogen cyanide; during chrome plating - chromium oxide, etc.

To localize these harmful substances, side suctions are used, which are slot-like air ducts 40-100 mm wide, installed along the periphery of the baths.

2. Initial data for design

heat gain exhaust supply ventilation

· name of the object - woodworking shop;

· option - B;

· construction area - Odessa;

· room height -10 m;

Availability of machines:

1 end CPA - 1.9 kW;

2 Planing SP30-І 4-sided - 25.8 kW;

3 Prireznoy PDK-4-2 - 14.8 kW;

4 Thicknesser single-sided CP6-6- 9.5 kW;

5 Jointer SF4-4 - 3.5 kW;

6 Tenoner 2-sided ШД-15-3 - 28.7 kW;

7 Tenoner one-sided ШОІО-А- 11.2 kW;

8 For drilling and sealing knots SVSA-2-3.5 kW;

9 Band saw - 5.9 kW;

10 Horizontal drilling - 5.9 kW;

11 Drilling and grooving machine SVP-2 - 3.5 kW;

12 Thicknesser single-sided CP12-2 - 33.7 kW;

13 Grinding 3-cylinder SHPATS 12-2- 30.7 kW;

14 Bench - drilling - 1.4 kW;

15 For selecting sockets for C-4 loops - 4.4 kW;

16 For selecting sockets for S-7 locks - 3.3 kW;

17 Chain-forming DSA - 6.2 kW;

18 Universal Ts-6 - 7.8 kW;

During the cold season, autonomous heating of the production premises provides the company’s employees with comfortable working conditions. Normalization of temperature conditions also has a beneficial effect on the safety of buildings, machines and equipment. Heating systems, although they have the same task, have technological differences. Some use hot water boilers for heating production premises, while others use compact heaters. Let's consider the specifics of industrial heating and the effectiveness of using various systems.

Requirements for heating industrial premises

At low temperatures Heating of production premises, as required by labor protection, must be carried out in cases where the time workers stay there exceeds 2 hours. The only exceptions are premises in which permanent presence of people is not necessary (for example, rarely visited warehouses). Also, structures are not heated, being inside of which is equivalent to carrying out work outside the building. However, even here it is necessary to provide for the presence of special devices for heating workers.

Occupational safety imposes a number of sanitary and hygienic requirements for heating industrial premises:

• heating indoor air to a comfortable temperature;
• the ability to regulate the temperature due to the amount of heat generated;
• inadmissibility of air pollution with harmful gases and unpleasant odors (especially for stove heating production premises);
• the desirability of combining the heating process with ventilation;
• ensuring fire and explosion safety;
• reliability of the heating system during operation and ease of repair.

In no work time the temperature in heated rooms can be reduced, but not below +5 °C. At the same time, industrial heating must have sufficient power to restore normal operating conditions by the start of the work shift. temperature regime.

Calculation of autonomous heating of production premises

When calculating the autonomous heating of a production premises, we proceed from general rule that a constant temperature must be maintained in the workshop, garage or warehouse, without strong changes. For this purpose, a central boiler room is built, and heating radiators for production premises are installed in the work area. However, at some enterprises there is a need to create separate zones with unequal air temperatures. For the first of these cases, a calculation is made for the use of a central heating system, and for the second, for the use of local heaters.

In practice, the calculation of the heating system of an industrial premises should be based on the following criteria:

• area and height of the heated building;
• heat loss through walls and roofs, windows and doors;
• heat loss in the ventilation system;
• heat consumption for technological needs;
• thermal power of heating units;
• rationality of using this or that type of fuel;
• conditions for laying pipelines and air ducts.

Based on this, the need for heat energy to maintain the optimal temperature is determined. More accurate calculation Heating systems for industrial premises are facilitated by the use of special calculation tables. In the absence of data on the thermal properties of a building, heat consumption has to be determined approximately based on specific characteristics.

When making a choice among various types of industrial heating systems, one should take into account the specifics of production, thermal calculations, cost and availability of fuel, and build feasibility studies on this. Systems of infrared, water, air and electric types most fully correspond to the autonomous heating of modern industrial premises.

Infrared heating of industrial premises

To create the necessary thermal comfort in workplaces, infrared heating of industrial premises is often used. Infrared (IR) local thermal emitters are installed mainly in workshops and warehouses with an area of ​​up to 500 m² and with high ceilings. In each of these devices, a heat generator, a heater and a heat-releasing surface are structurally combined.

Advantages of infrared heating of industrial premises:

• only heating of the floor, walls, workshop equipment and directly people working in the room occurs;
• the air does not heat up, which means the consumption of thermal energy is reduced;
• dust does not rise into the air, which is especially important for electronic enterprises, Food Industry and precision engineering;
• costs for design and installation of heating are reduced to a minimum;
• infrared heating devices do not take up usable space.

IR heaters are divided into stationary and portable, and depending on the installation location, into ceiling, wall and floor. If it is necessary to influence individual workplaces, directed IR radiation is used using small wall heaters. But if you install infrared film heating on the ceiling of a production room, then the heating will be uniform over the entire area. Often, heated floors are also installed on the basis of panels with built-in IR heaters, but with such a system, energy consumption increases.

Infrared gas heating of industrial premises is also used in enterprises. The fuel used in such heating devices is natural gas, which is cheaper than electricity. The main advantage of gas IR emitters is their efficiency.

Emitters for infrared systems gas heating production facilities are available in several types:

• high-intensity (light) with a heat transfer temperature of 800–1200 °C;
• low-intensity (dark) with a temperature of 100–550 °C;
• low temperature with a temperature of 25–50°C).

A limitation in the use of industrial infrared heaters is the requirement not to place them in rooms with a ceiling height below 4 m.

Water heating of industrial premises

If the enterprise will use a water heating system, for its installation it is necessary to build a special boiler room, lay a pipeline system and install heating radiators in the production premises. In addition to the main elements, the system also includes means of ensuring operability, such as shut-off valves, pressure gauges, etc. To maintain the water heating system of industrial premises, it is necessary to constantly maintain special personnel.

According to the principle of its design, water heating of industrial premises can be:

• single-pipe- regulation of water temperature is impossible here, since everything heating radiators for industrial premises installed sequentially;
• two-pipe- temperature control is permissible and is carried out using thermostats on radiators installed in parallel.

Heat generators for a water heating system are heating boilers. Depending on the type of fuel consumed, they are: gas, liquid fuel, solid fuel, electric, combined. For heating small industrial premises, stoves with a water circuit are used.

You need to choose the type of boiler based on the needs and capabilities of a particular enterprise. For example, the opportunity to connect to the gas main will be an incentive to purchase gas boiler. In the absence of natural gas, preference is given to a diesel or improved solid fuel unit. Electric heating boilers for industrial premises are used quite often, but only in small buildings.

In the midst heating season Failures or accidents may occur in gas and electricity supply systems, so it is advisable to have an alternative heating unit at the enterprise.

Combination boilers for heating industrial premises are much more expensive, but they are equipped with several types of burners: G gas-wood, gas-diesel, and even gas-diesel-electricity.

Air heating of industrial premises

The air heating system at each specific industrial enterprise can be used as the main one or as an auxiliary one. In any case, installing air heating in a workshop is cheaper than water heating, since there is no need to install expensive boilers for heating production premises, lay pipelines and install radiators.

Advantages of an air heating system for a production facility:

• saving work area area;
• energy efficient consumption of resources;
• simultaneous heating and air purification;
• uniform heating of the room;
• safety for the well-being of workers;
• no risk of leaks and freezing of the system.

Air heating of a production facility can be:

• central- with a single heating unit and an extensive network of air ducts through which heated air is distributed throughout the workshop;
• local- air heaters (air heating units, heat guns, air-thermal curtains) are located directly in the room.

In a centralized air heating system, to reduce energy costs, a recuperator is used, which partially uses the heat of internal air to heat fresh air coming from outside. Local systems do not recuperate; they only warm the internal air, but do not provide an influx of external air. Wall-ceiling air heating units can be used to heat individual workplaces, as well as for drying any materials and surfaces.

By giving preference to air heating of industrial premises, enterprise managers achieve savings by significantly reducing capital costs.

Electric heating of industrial premises

Opting for electrically heating, two options for heating workshop or warehouse premises should be considered:

• using electric heating boilers for industrial premises;
• using portable electric heating devices.

In some cases, it may be advisable to install small electric furnaces for heating industrial premises with a small area and ceiling height.

Electric boilers have an efficiency of up to 99%, their operation is fully automated thanks to the presence of programmable control. In addition to performing the heating function, the boiler can serve as a source of hot water supply. Absolute air purity is ensured, since there is no emission of combustion products. However, the numerous advantages of electric boilers are negated too much high cost the electricity they consume.

Electric convectors can successfully compete with electric boilers in the field of heating industrial premises. There are electric convectors with natural convection, as well as with forced air supply. The operating principle of these compact devices is the ability to heat rooms by heat exchange. The air passes through the heating elements, its temperature rises, and then it goes through the usual circulation cycle inside the room.

Disadvantages of electric convectors: they dry out the air excessively and are not recommended for heating rooms with high ceilings.

Radiant heating panels are comparatively short term were able to demonstrate their excellent energy-saving characteristics. Outwardly, they are similar to convectors, but their difference is manifested in the special design of the heating element. The advantage of electric radiant panels is their ability to act on objects in the room without needlessly heating the air. Automatic thermostats help maintain the set temperature.

Whatever heating system for the production premises the owner of the company decides to install, his main task should remain concern for maintaining the health and performance of all company personnel.

The coziness and comfort of housing does not begin with the choice of furniture, decoration and appearance generally. They start with the heat that heating provides. And simply purchasing an expensive heating boiler () and high-quality radiators for this purpose is not enough - first you need to design a system that will maintain the optimal temperature in the house. But to get a good result, you need to understand what should be done and how, what nuances exist and how they affect the process. In this article you will become familiar with the basic knowledge about this matter - what heating systems are, how it is carried out and what factors influence it.

Why is thermal calculation necessary?

Some owners of private houses or those who are just planning to build them are interested in whether there is any point in the thermal calculation of the heating system? After all, we are talking about a simple country cottage, and not about apartment building or industrial enterprise. It would seem that it would be enough just to buy a boiler, install radiators and run pipes to them. On the one hand, they are partially right - for private households, the calculation of the heating system is not as critical an issue as for industrial premises or multi-apartment residential complexes. On the other hand, there are three reasons why such an event is worth holding. , you can read in our article.

1. Thermal calculation significantly simplifies the bureaucratic processes associated with gasification of a private home.
2. Determining the power required for heating a home allows you to select a heating boiler with optimal characteristics. You will not overpay for excessive product characteristics and will not experience inconvenience due to the fact that the boiler is not powerful enough for your home.
3. Thermal calculation allows you to more accurately select pipes, shut-off valves and other equipment for the heating system of a private home. And in the end, all these rather expensive products will work for as long as is included in their design and characteristics.

Initial data for thermal calculation of the heating system

Before you begin to calculate and work with data, you need to obtain it. Here for those owners country houses who have not previously engaged in project activities, the first problem arises - what characteristics should be paid attention to. For your convenience, they are summarized in a short list below.

1. Building area, ceiling height and internal volume.
2. Type of building, presence of adjacent buildings.
3. Materials used in the construction of the building - what and how the floor, walls and roof are made of.
4. The number of windows and doors, how they are equipped, how well they are insulated.
5. For what purposes will these or those parts of the building be used - where the kitchen, bathroom, living room, bedrooms will be located, and where - non-residential and technical premises.
6. Duration of the heating season, average minimum temperature during this period.
7. “Wind rose”, the presence of other buildings nearby.
8. An area where a house has already been built or is about to be built.
9. Preferred temperature for residents in certain rooms.
10. Location of points for connecting to water supply, gas and electricity.

Calculation of heating system power based on housing area

One of the fastest and easiest to understand ways to determine the power of a heating system is to calculate the area of ​​the room. This method is widely used by sellers of heating boilers and radiators. Calculating the power of a heating system by area occurs in a few simple steps.

Step 1. Based on the plan or already erected building, the internal area of ​​the building in square meters is determined.

Step 2. The resulting figure is multiplied by 100-150 - this is exactly how many watts of the total power of the heating system are needed for each m 2 of housing.

Step 3. Then the result is multiplied by 1.2 or 1.25 - this is necessary to create a power reserve so that the heating system is able to maintain a comfortable temperature in the house even in the event of the most severe frosts.

Step 4. The final figure is calculated and recorded - the power of the heating system in watts required to heat a particular home. As an example, to maintain a comfortable temperature in a private house with an area of ​​120 m2, approximately 15,000 W will be required.

Advice! In some cases, cottage owners divide the internal area of ​​​​the housing into that part that requires serious heating, and that for which this is unnecessary. Accordingly, different coefficients are used for them - for example, for living rooms this is 100, and for technical rooms - 50-75.

Step 5. Based on the already determined calculation data, a specific model of the heating boiler and radiators is selected.

It should be understood that the only advantage of this method of thermal calculation of a heating system is speed and simplicity. However, the method has many disadvantages.

1. Lack of consideration of the climate in the area where housing is being built - for Krasnodar, a heating system with a power of 100 W per each square meter will be clearly redundant. But for the Far North it may not be sufficient.
2. Failure to take into account the height of the premises, the type of walls and floors from which they are built - all these characteristics seriously affect the level of possible heat losses and, consequently, the required power heating system for the home.
3. The very method of calculating the heating system by power was originally developed for large industrial premises and apartment buildings. Therefore, it is not correct for an individual cottage.
4. Lack of accounting for the number of windows and doors facing the street, and yet each of these objects is a kind of “cold bridge”.

So does it make sense to use a heating system calculation based on area? Yes, but only as preliminary estimates that allow us to get at least some idea of ​​the issue. To achieve better and more accurate results, you should turn to more complex techniques.

Let's imagine next way calculating the power of the heating system - it is also quite simple and understandable, but at the same time it is more accurate final result. In this case, the basis for calculations is not the area of ​​the room, but its volume. In addition, the calculation takes into account the number of windows and doors in the building and the average level of frost outside. Let's imagine a small example of the application of this method - there is a house with a total area of ​​80 m2, the rooms in which have a height of 3 m. The building is located in the Moscow region. There are a total of 6 windows and 2 doors facing outside. The calculation of the power of the thermal system will look like this. "How to make , You can read in our article.”

Step 1. The volume of the building is determined. This can be the sum of each individual room or the total figure. In this case, the volume is calculated as follows - 80 * 3 = 240 m 3.

Step 2. The number of windows and the number of doors facing the street are counted. Let's take the data from the example - 6 and 2, respectively.

Step 3. A coefficient is determined depending on the area in which the house is located and how severe the frost is there.

Table. Values ​​of regional coefficients for calculating heating power by volume.

Since the example is about a house built in the Moscow region, the regional coefficient will have a value of 1.2.

Step 4. For detached private cottages, the value of the volume of the building determined in the first operation is multiplied by 60. We do the calculation - 240 * 60 = 14,400.

Step 5. Then the calculation result of the previous step is multiplied by the regional coefficient: 14,400 * 1.2 = 17,280.

Step 6. The number of windows in the house is multiplied by 100, the number of doors facing outside is multiplied by 200. The results are summed up. The calculations in the example look like this – 6*100 + 2*200 = 1000.

Step 7 The numbers obtained from the fifth and sixth steps are summed up: 17,280 + 1000 = 18,280 W. This is the power of the heating system required to maintain the optimal temperature in the building under the conditions specified above.

It is worth understanding that the calculation of the heating system by volume is also not absolutely accurate - the calculations do not pay attention to the material of the walls and floor of the building and their thermal insulation properties. Also no correction is made for natural ventilation characteristic of any home.

Production facilities, workshops, warehouses, due to their spacious size and taking into account the climatic conditions of Russia, often need to solve such an urgent issue as optimal heating. The word “optimal” means suitable for a particular industrial building price/reliability/comfort ratio.

This is what we will talk about in our article.

In general, creating a heating scheme for industrial premises is quite difficult task. This is due to the fact that each individual production facility is built for specific technological processes, and has very big sizes and height.

Plus, the equipment used in production sometimes complicates the laying of pipes for ventilation or heating. But despite this, heating industrial buildings is an important function that cannot be avoided.

And that's why:

• a well-thought-out heating system provides comfortable working conditions for employees and directly affects their performance;
• it protects equipment from hypothermia, which can cause breakdowns, which in turn will lead to monetary costs for repairs;
• Warehouses must also have an appropriate microclimate so that the goods produced retain their original appearance.

Note!
By choosing a simple, but at the same time reliable heating system, you will reduce the cost of its repair and maintenance.
Plus, much fewer employees will be required to control it.

Choosing a heating system for industrial premises

For heating industrial buildings, central heating systems (water or air) are most often used, but in some cases it is more rational to use local heaters.

But in any case, when choosing a production heating system, you need to rely on the following criteria:

1. Area and height of the room;
2. The amount of heat energy needed to maintain the optimal temperature;
3. The ease of maintenance of heating equipment, as well as its suitability for repair.

Now let's try to understand the positive and negative aspects that the above-mentioned types of heating of industrial premises have.

Central water heating

The source of the heat resource is a central heating system or a local boiler house. Water heating consists of a boiler (radiators or convectors) and a pipeline. The liquid heated in the boiler is transferred to the pipes, giving off heat to the heating devices.

Water heating of industrial buildings can be:

1. Single-pipe - here it is impossible to regulate the water temperature.
2. Two-pipe - here temperature control is possible and is carried out thanks to thermostats and radiators installed in parallel.

As for the central element of the water system (that is, the boiler), it can be:

• gas;
• liquid fuel;
• solid fuel;
• electric;
• combined.

You need to choose based on the possibilities. For example, if it is possible to connect to a gas main, a gas boiler would be a good option. But please note that the price is this type fuel consumption increases every year. In addition, there may be interruptions in central system gas supply, which will not benefit the production enterprise.

Requires a separate safe room and fuel storage tank. In addition, you will have to regularly replenish fuel reserves, which means taking care of transportation and unloading - additional costs of money, labor and time.

Solid fuel boilers are unlikely to be suitable for heating industrial premises, unless they are small in size. Operation and maintenance of a solid fuel unit is a rather labor-intensive process (loading fuel, regular cleaning firebox and chimney from ash).

True, there are currently automated solid fuel models, into which you do not need to load fuel with your own hands; a special automatic system fence Also, automated models allow you to set the desired temperature.

However, you still have to take care of the firebox. The fuel used here is pellets, sawdust, wood chips, and, if placed manually, also firewood. Although this type of boiler requires labor-intensive operation, it is the most inexpensive.

Electric boilers are also not the best option for large industrial enterprises, since the energy consumed costs a pretty penny. But heating a production space of 70 square meters using this method is quite acceptable. However, do not forget that in our country, periodic power outages for several hours have long been a common occurrence.

As for combination boilers, they can be called truly universal units. If you have chosen a water heating system and want to get efficient and uninterrupted heating of your production as a result, then take a closer look at this option.

Although a combination boiler costs several times more than previous units, it provides a unique opportunity - practically not to depend on external problems (interruptions in the centralized heating system, gas supply and electricity supply). Such units are equipped with two or big amount burners for various types of fuel.

Built-in types of burners are the main parameter for dividing combined boilers into subgroups:

• Gas-wood heating boiler– you don’t have to worry about gas supply interruptions and fuel price increases;
• Gas-diesel– will provide high heating power and comfort in a large area;
• Gas-diesel-wood– has expanded functionality, but you have to pay for it with lower efficiency and low power;
• Gas-diesel-electricity– a very effective option;
• Gas-diesel-wood-electricity- an improved unit. It can be said that it provides complete independence from possible external problems.

Everything is clear with boilers, now let's see whether water heating in production fits the selection criteria that we initially outlined. Here it’s worth mentioning right away that the heat capacity of water, compared to the heat capacity of the same air, is several thousand times greater (at the usual temperatures of air (70°C) and water (80°C) in the heating system).

In this case, the water consumption for the same room will be thousands of times less than the air consumption. This means that fewer connecting communications will be required, which is certainly a big plus, given the design industrial premises.

Note!
A water heating system allows you to control the temperature: for example, you can set standby production heating (+10°C) during non-working hours, and set a more comfortable temperature during working hours.

Air heating

This type is the very first artificial heating of premises. So air heating systems have been proving their effectiveness for quite a long time and, it should be noted, are in constant demand.

All this thanks to the following positive aspects:

• Air heating assumes the absence of radiators and pipes, instead of which air ducts are installed.
• Air heating shows more high level Efficiency compared to the same water heating system.
• In this case, the air is heated evenly throughout the entire volume and height of the room.
• An air heating system can be combined with a supply ventilation and air conditioning system, which allows you to obtain clean air instead of heated air.
• It is impossible not to mention regular changes and air purification, which has a beneficial effect on the well-being and performance of employees.

In order to save money, it is better to choose combined air industrial heating, which consists of natural and mechanical air circulation. What does it mean?

The word “natural” means the intake of already warm air from the environment (warm air is available everywhere, even when it is -20°C outside). Mechanical induction is when the duct draws from the environment cold air, heats it and supplies it to the room.

For heating a large area, air heating systems for industrial premises are perhaps the most rational option. And in some cases, for example, at chemical plants, air heating This is the only type of heating allowed.

Infrared heating

How to heat an industrial premises without resorting to traditional methods? With the help of modern infrared heaters. They work on the following principle: emitters generate radiant energy above the heated area and transfer heat to objects, which in turn heats the air.

Information! The functionality of infrared heaters can be compared to the Sun, which also uses infrared waves to heat the earth's surface, and as a result of heat exchange from the surface, the air is heated.

This principle of operation eliminates the accumulation of heated air under the ceiling and, as a result, large temperature changes, which is very attractive for heating industrial enterprises, since most of them have high ceilings.

IR heaters are divided into the following types at installation location:

• ceiling;
• floor;
• wall;
• portable floor.

By type of waves emitted:

• shortwave;
• medium wave or light (their operating temperature is 800°C, so they emit soft light during operation);
• long-wave or dark (they do not emit light even at their operating temperature of 300-400 ° C).

By type of energy consumed:

• electrical;
• gas;
• diesel

Gas and diesel infrared systems are more profitable and their efficiency is 85-92%. However, they burn oxygen and change the humidity in the air.

By type of heating element:

• Halogen– the only drawback is that if dropped or subjected to a strong impact, the vacuum tube may break;
• Carbon– the main heating element is made of carbon fiber and placed in a glass tube. The biggest advantage compared to other IR devices is lower energy consumption (about 2.5 times). If you fall or strong impact The quartz tube may break.
• Tenovye;
• Ceramic– the heating element is made of ceramic tiles assembled into one reflector.
  The principle of operation is the flameless combustion of the gas-air mixture inside ceramic tiles, as a result of which it heats up and transfers heat to surrounding surfaces, objects, and people.

IR heaters are most often used for heating:

• industrial premises;
• shopping and sports facilities;
• warehouses;
• workshops;
• factories;
• greenhouses, greenhouses;
• livestock farms;
• private and apartment buildings.

Advantages of infrared heating:

1. First of all, it should be noted that IR heaters are the only type of devices that allow for zone or spot heating. Thus, in different parts production premises can be maintained at different temperatures. Zone heating can be used to heat work areas, parts on a conveyor belt, car engines, young animals on livestock farms, etc.
2. As mentioned above, IR heaters heat surfaces, objects and people, but do not affect the air itself. It turns out that there is no circulation of air masses, which means there is no loss of heat and drafts and, as a result, fewer colds and allergic reactions.
3. The low inertia of infrared heaters allows you to feel the effect of their action immediately after starting, without preheating the room.
4. Infrared heating is very economical, due to its high efficiency and low energy consumption (up to 45% less energy than traditional ways). There is probably no need to explain that this significantly reduces the financial costs of the enterprise and quickly pays back all the funds invested in infrared heating.
5. IR heaters are durable, lightweight, take up little space, and are easy to install (each product comes with detailed instructions installation) and they practically do not require Maintenance during operation.
6. Infrared heaters are the only type of heating devices that can provide effective local heating (that is, without resorting to centralized heating systems).

Finally

Finally, I would like to suggest that you familiarize yourself with the photo table, which shows the specific heating characteristic industrial buildings.

We examined the main types of heating of industrial premises. Which one will be the most optimal in your case is up to you to decide. And we hope that this article was useful to you. You will find additional information on this topic in specially selected video material.

Based on the combination of convenience and cost-effectiveness criteria, probably no other system can compare with one running on natural gas. This determines the wide popularity of such a scheme - whenever possible, the owners of country houses choose it. And in Lately and city apartment owners are increasingly striving to achieve complete autonomy in this matter by installing gas boilers. Yes, there will be significant initial costs and organizational hassle, but in return, homeowners get the opportunity to create the required level of comfort in their properties, and with minimal operating costs.

However, verbal assurances about the efficiency of gas heating equipment are not enough for a zealous owner - he still wants to know what energy consumption he should be prepared for, so that, based on local tariffs, he can express the costs in monetary terms. This is the subject of this publication, which was initially planned to be called “gas consumption for heating a house - formulas and examples of calculations for a room of 100 m².” But still, the author considered this not entirely fair. Firstly, why only 100 square meters. And secondly, consumption will depend not only on the area, and one might even say that not so much on it, as on a number of factors predetermined by the specifics of each particular house.

Therefore, we will rather talk about the calculation method, which should be suitable for any residential building or apartment. The calculations look quite cumbersome, but don’t worry - we have done everything possible to make them easy for any homeowner, even if they have never done this before.

General principles for calculating heating power and energy consumption

Why are such calculations carried out at all?

The use of gas as an energy carrier for the operation of the heating system is advantageous from all sides. First of all, they are attracted by the quite affordable tariffs for “blue fuel” - they cannot be compared with the seemingly more convenient and safe electric one. In terms of cost, only available species can compete solid fuel, for example, if there are no special problems with the preparation or purchase of firewood. But in terms of operating costs - the need for regular delivery, organization proper storage and constant monitoring of the boiler load, solid fuel heating equipment is completely inferior to gas heating equipment connected to the network supply.

In a word, if it is possible to choose this particular method of heating your home, then there is hardly any doubt about the feasibility of the installation.

It is clear that when choosing a boiler, one of the key criteria is always its thermal power, that is, the ability to generate a certain amount of thermal energy. To put it simply, the purchased equipment according to its intended technical parameters must ensure the maintenance of comfortable living conditions in any, even the most unfavorable conditions. This indicator is most often indicated in kilowatts, and, of course, is reflected in the cost of the boiler, its dimensions, and gas consumption. This means that the task when choosing is to purchase a model that fully meets the needs, but, at the same time, does not have unreasonably inflated characteristics - this is both disadvantageous for the owners and not very useful for the equipment itself.

It is important to understand one more point correctly. This is that the specified nameplate power of a gas boiler always shows its maximum energy potential. With the right approach, it should, of course, slightly exceed the calculated data for the required heat input for a particular house. In this way, the same operational reserve is laid down, which may someday be needed under the most unfavorable conditions, for example, during extreme cold, unusual for the area of ​​residence. For example, if calculations show that for a country house the need for thermal energy is, say, 9.2 kW, then it would be wiser to opt for a model with a thermal power of 11.6 kW.

Will this capacity be fully utilized? – it’s quite possible that not. But its supply does not look excessive.

Why is all this explained in such detail? But only so that the reader becomes clear with one thing important point. It would be completely wrong to calculate the gas consumption of a specific heating system based solely on the equipment’s nameplate characteristics. Yes, as a rule, the technical documentation accompanying the heating unit indicates the energy consumption per unit of time (m³/hour), but this is again a largely theoretical value. And if you try to get the desired consumption forecast by simply multiplying this passport parameter by the number of hours (and then days, weeks, months) of operation, then you can come to such indicators that it will become scary!..

Often, passports indicate a consumption range - the boundaries of minimum and maximum consumption are indicated. But this probably will not be of great help in calculating real needs.

But it is still very useful to know gas consumption as close to reality as possible. This will help, firstly, in planning the family budget. Well, secondly, the possession of such information should, willingly or unwillingly, stimulate zealous owners to search for reserves of energy savings - perhaps it is worth taking certain steps to reduce consumption to the possible minimum.

Determining the required thermal power for efficient heating of a house or apartment

So, the starting point for determining gas consumption for heating needs should still be the thermal power that is required for these purposes. Let's start our calculations with it.

If you look through the mass of publications on this topic posted on the Internet, you will most often find recommendations to calculate the required power based on the area of ​​the heated premises. Moreover, for this a constant is given: 100 watts per 1 square meter of area (or 1 kW per 10 m²).

Comfortable? - undoubtedly! Without any calculations, without even using a piece of paper and a pencil, you perform simple arithmetic operations in your head, for example, for a house with an area of ​​100 “squares” you need at least a 10-watt boiler.

Well, what about the accuracy of such calculations? Alas, in this matter everything is not so good...

Judge for yourself.

For example, will the thermal energy requirements of premises of the same area, say, in the Krasnodar Territory or regions of the Server Urals be equivalent? Is there a difference between a room bordering on heated premises, that is, having only one external wall, and a corner one, and also facing the windward north side? Will a differentiated approach be required for rooms with one window or those with panoramic glazing? You can list a few more similar, quite obvious, by the way, points - in principle, we will deal with this practically when we move on to the calculations.

So, there is no doubt that the required amount of thermal energy for heating a room is influenced not only by its area - it is necessary to take into account a number of factors related to the characteristics of the region and the specific location of the building, and the specifics of a particular room. It is clear that rooms within even the same house can have significant differences. Thus, the most correct approach would be to calculate the need for thermal power for each room where heating devices will be installed, and then, summing them up, find general indicator for a house (apartment).

The proposed calculation algorithm does not claim to be a professional calculation, but has a sufficient degree of accuracy, proven by practice. To make the task extremely simple for our readers, we suggest using the online calculator below, the program of which has already included all the necessary dependencies and correction factors. For greater clarity, brief instructions on how to perform the calculations will be provided in the text block below the calculator.

Calculator for calculating the required thermal power for heating (for a specific room)