Calculation of heating for industrial premises, selection of equipment. Heating of industrial premises - possible options. General principles for calculating heating power and energy consumption

The coziness and comfort of housing does not begin with the choice of furniture, decoration and appearance generally. They start with the heat that heating provides. And simply purchasing an expensive heating boiler () and high-quality radiators for this purpose is not enough - first you need to design a system that will maintain the optimal temperature in the house. But to get a good result, you need to understand what should be done and how, what nuances exist and how they affect the process. In this article you will become familiar with basic knowledge about this matter - what heating systems are, how it is carried out and what factors influence it.

Why is thermal calculation necessary?

Some owners of private houses or those who are just planning to build them are interested in whether there is any point in the thermal calculation of the heating system? After all, we are talking about a simple country cottage, and not about an apartment building or an industrial enterprise. It would seem that it would be enough just to buy a boiler, install radiators and run pipes to them. On the one hand, they are partially right - for private households the calculation heating system is not as critical an issue as for industrial premises or multi-apartment residential complexes. On the other hand, there are three reasons why such an event is worth holding. , you can read in our article.

1. Thermal calculation significantly simplifies the bureaucratic processes associated with gasification of a private home.
2. Determining the power required for heating a home allows you to select a heating boiler with optimal characteristics. You will not overpay for excessive product characteristics and will not experience inconvenience due to the fact that the boiler is not powerful enough for your home.
3. Thermal calculation allows you to more accurately select pipes, shut-off valves and other equipment for the heating system of a private home. And in the end, all these rather expensive products will work for as long as is included in their design and characteristics.

Initial data for thermal calculation of the heating system

Before you begin to calculate and work with data, you need to obtain it. Here, for those owners of country houses who have not previously been involved in design activities, the first problem arises - what characteristics are worth paying attention to. For your convenience, they are summarized in a short list below.

1. Building area, ceiling height and internal volume.
2. Type of building, presence of adjacent buildings.
3. Materials used in the construction of the building - what and how the floor, walls and roof are made of.
4. The number of windows and doors, how they are equipped, how well they are insulated.
5. For what purposes will these or those parts of the building be used - where the kitchen, bathroom, living room, bedrooms will be located, and where - non-residential and technical premises.
6. Duration of the heating season, average minimum temperature during this period.
7. “Wind rose”, the presence of other buildings nearby.
8. An area where a house has already been built or is about to be built.
9. Preferred temperature for residents in certain rooms.
10. Location of points for connecting to water supply, gas and electricity.

Calculation of heating system power based on housing area

One of the fastest and easiest to understand ways to determine the power of a heating system is to calculate the area of ​​the room. This method is widely used by sellers of heating boilers and radiators. Calculating the power of a heating system by area occurs in a few simple steps.

Step 1. Based on the plan or already erected building, the internal area of ​​the building in square meters is determined.

Step 2. The resulting figure is multiplied by 100-150 - that’s exactly how many watts from total power A heating system is needed for every m2 of housing.

Step 3. Then the result is multiplied by 1.2 or 1.25 - this is necessary to create a power reserve so that the heating system is able to maintain a comfortable temperature in the house even in the event of the most severe frosts.

Step 4. The final figure is calculated and recorded - the power of the heating system in watts required to heat a particular home. As an example, to maintain a comfortable temperature in a private house with an area of ​​120 m2, approximately 15,000 W will be required.

Advice! In some cases, cottage owners divide the internal area of ​​​​the housing into that part that requires serious heating, and that for which this is unnecessary. Accordingly, different coefficients are used for them - for example, for living rooms this is 100, and for technical premises – 50-75.

Step 5. Based on the already determined calculation data, a specific model of the heating boiler and radiators is selected.

It should be understood that the only advantage of this method thermal calculation heating system is speed and simplicity. However, the method has many disadvantages.

1. Lack of consideration of the climate in the area where housing is being built - for Krasnodar, a heating system with a power of 100 W per each square meter will be clearly redundant. But for the Far North it may not be sufficient.
2. Failure to take into account the height of the premises, the type of walls and floors from which they are built - all these characteristics seriously affect the level of possible heat losses and, consequently, the required power heating system for the home.
3. The method of calculating the heating system by power was originally developed for large industrial premises and apartment buildings. Therefore, it is not correct for an individual cottage.
4. Lack of accounting for the number of windows and doors facing the street, and yet each of these objects is a kind of “cold bridge”.

So does it make sense to use a heating system calculation based on area? Yes, but only as preliminary estimates that allow us to get at least some idea of ​​the issue. To achieve better and more accurate results, you should turn to more complex techniques.

Let's imagine next way calculating the power of the heating system - it is also quite simple and understandable, but at the same time it is more accurate final result. In this case, the basis for calculations is not the area of ​​the room, but its volume. In addition, the calculation takes into account the number of windows and doors in the building and the average level of frost outside. Let's imagine a small example of the application of this method - there is a house with a total area of ​​80 m2, the rooms in which have a height of 3 m. The building is located in the Moscow region. There are a total of 6 windows and 2 doors facing outside. The calculation of the power of the thermal system will look like this. "How to make , You can read in our article.”

Step 1. The volume of the building is determined. This can be the sum of each individual room or the total figure. In this case, the volume is calculated as follows - 80 * 3 = 240 m 3.

Step 2. The number of windows and the number of doors facing the street are counted. Let's take the data from the example - 6 and 2, respectively.

Step 3. A coefficient is determined depending on the area in which the house is located and how severe the frost is there.

Table. Values ​​of regional coefficients for calculating heating power by volume.

Since the example is about a house built in the Moscow region, the regional coefficient will have a value of 1.2.

Step 4. For detached private cottages, the value of the volume of the building determined in the first operation is multiplied by 60. We do the calculation - 240 * 60 = 14,400.

Step 5. Then the calculation result of the previous step is multiplied by the regional coefficient: 14,400 * 1.2 = 17,280.

Step 6. The number of windows in the house is multiplied by 100, the number of doors facing outside is multiplied by 200. The results are summed up. The calculations in the example look like this – 6*100 + 2*200 = 1000.

Step 7 The numbers obtained from the fifth and sixth steps are summed up: 17,280 + 1000 = 18,280 W. This is the power of the heating system required to maintain optimal temperature in the building under the conditions specified above.

It is worth understanding that the calculation of the heating system by volume is also not absolutely accurate - the calculations do not pay attention to the material of the walls and floor of the building and their thermal insulation properties. Also no correction is made for natural ventilation characteristic of any home.

Create a heating system in own home or even in a city apartment - an extremely responsible occupation. It would be completely unreasonable to purchase boiler equipment, as they say, “by eye,” that is, without taking into account all the features of the housing. In this case, it is quite possible that you will end up in two extremes: either the boiler power will not be enough - the equipment will work “to the fullest”, without pauses, but still not give the expected result, or, on the contrary, an overly expensive device will be purchased, the capabilities of which will remain completely unchanged. unclaimed.

But that's not all. It is not enough to correctly purchase the necessary heating boiler - it is very important to optimally select and correctly arrange heat exchange devices in the premises - radiators, convectors or “warm floors”. And again, relying only on your intuition or the “good advice” of your neighbors is not the most reasonable option. In a word, it’s impossible to do without certain calculations.

Of course, ideally, such thermal calculations should be carried out by appropriate specialists, but this often costs a lot of money. Isn't it fun to try to do it yourself? This publication will show in detail how heating is calculated based on the area of ​​the room, taking into account many important nuances. By analogy, it will be possible to perform, built into this page, it will help to perform the necessary calculations. The technique cannot be called completely “sinless”, however, it still allows you to obtain results with a completely acceptable degree of accuracy.

The simplest calculation methods

In order for the heating system to create comfortable living conditions during the cold season, it must cope with two main tasks. These functions are closely related to each other, and their division is very conditional.

• The first is maintaining an optimal level of air temperature throughout the entire volume of the heated room. Of course, the temperature level may vary somewhat with altitude, but this difference should not be significant. An average of +20 °C is considered quite comfortable conditions - this is the temperature that is usually taken as the initial one in thermal calculations.

In other words, the heating system must be able to warm up a certain volume of air.

If we approach it with complete accuracy, then for individual rooms in residential buildings standards for the required microclimate have been established - they are defined by GOST 30494-96. An excerpt from this document is in the table below:

• The second is compensation of heat losses through building structural elements.

The most important “enemy” of the heating system is heat loss through building structures

Alas, heat loss is the most serious “rival” of any heating system. They can be reduced to a certain minimum, but even with the highest quality thermal insulation it is not yet possible to completely get rid of them. Thermal energy leaks occur in all directions - their approximate distribution is shown in the table:

Naturally, in order to cope with such tasks, the heating system must have a certain thermal power, and this potential must not only meet the general needs of the building (apartment), but also be correctly distributed among the rooms, in accordance with their area and a number of other important factors.

Usually the calculation is carried out in the direction “from small to large”. Simply put, the required amount of thermal energy is calculated for each heated room, the obtained values ​​are summed up, approximately 10% of the reserve is added (so that the equipment does not work at the limit of its capabilities) - and the result will show how much power the heating boiler is needed. And the values ​​​​for each room will become the starting point for the calculation required quantity radiators.

The most simplified and most frequently used method in a non-professional environment is to adopt a norm of 100 W of thermal energy per square meter of area:

The most primitive way of calculating is the ratio of 100 W/m²

Q = S× 100

Q– required heating power for the room;

S– room area (m²);

100 — specific power per unit area (W/m²).

For example, a room 3.2 × 5.5 m

S= 3.2 × 5.5 = 17.6 m²

Q= 17.6 × 100 = 1760 W ≈ 1.8 kW

The method is obviously very simple, but very imperfect. It is worth mentioning right away that it is conditionally applicable only when standard height ceilings - approximately 2.7 m (acceptable - in the range from 2.5 to 3.0 m). From this point of view, the calculation will be more accurate not from the area, but from the volume of the room.

It is clear that in this case the power density is calculated at cubic meter. It is taken equal to 41 W/m³ for reinforced concrete panel house, or 34 W/m³ - in brick or made of other materials.

Q = S × h× 41 (or 34)

h– ceiling height (m);

41 or 34 – specific power per unit volume (W/m³).

For example, the same room in panel house, with a ceiling height of 3.2 m:

Q= 17.6 × 3.2 × 41 = 2309 W ≈ 2.3 kW

The result is more accurate, since it already takes into account not only all the linear dimensions of the room, but even, to a certain extent, the features of the walls.

But still, it is still far from real accuracy - many nuances are “outside the brackets”. How to perform calculations closer to real conditions is in the next section of the publication.

You may be interested in information about what they are

Carrying out calculations of the required thermal power taking into account the characteristics of the premises

The calculation algorithms discussed above can be useful for an initial “estimate,” but you should still rely on them completely with great caution. Even to a person who does not understand anything about building heating engineering, the indicated average values ​​may certainly seem dubious - they cannot be equal, say, for Krasnodar region and for the Arkhangelsk region. In addition, the room is different: one is located on the corner of the house, that is, it has two external walls ki, and the other is protected from heat loss by other rooms on three sides. In addition, the room may have one or more windows, both small and very large, sometimes even panoramic. And the windows themselves may differ in the material of manufacture and other design features. And this is far from full list– it’s just that such features are visible even to the naked eye.

In a word, there are quite a lot of nuances that affect the heat loss of each specific room, and it is better not to be lazy, but to carry out a more thorough calculation. Believe me, using the method proposed in the article, this will not be so difficult.

General principles and calculation formula

The calculations will be based on the same ratio: 100 W per 1 square meter. But the formula itself is “overgrown” with a considerable number of various correction factors.

Q = (S × 100) × a × b× c × d × e × f × g × h × i × j × k × l × m

The Latin letters denoting the coefficients are taken completely arbitrarily, in alphabetical order, and are not related to any standard quantities accepted in physics. The meaning of each coefficient will be discussed separately.

• “a” is a coefficient that takes into account the number of external walls in a particular room.

Obviously, the more external walls there are in a room, the larger the area through which heat losses. In addition, the presence of two or more external walls also means corners - extremely vulnerable places from the point of view of the formation of “cold bridges”. Coefficient “a” will correct for this specific feature of the room.

The coefficient is taken equal to:

— external walls No (interior space): a = 0.8;

- external wall one: a = 1.0;

— external walls two: a = 1.2;

— external walls three: a = 1.4.

• “b” is a coefficient that takes into account the location of the external walls of the room relative to the cardinal directions.

You might be interested in information about what types of

Even on the coldest winter days, solar energy still has an impact on the temperature balance in the building. It is quite natural that the side of the house that faces south receives some heat from the sun's rays, and heat loss through it is lower.

But walls and windows facing north “never see” the Sun. The eastern part of the house, although it “grabs” the morning Sun rays, still does not receive any effective heating from them.

Based on this, we introduce the coefficient “b”:

- the outer walls of the room face North or East: b = 1.1;

- the external walls of the room are oriented towards South or West: b = 1.0.

• “c” is a coefficient that takes into account the location of the room relative to the winter “wind rose”

Perhaps this amendment is not so mandatory for houses located on areas protected from winds. But sometimes the prevailing winter winds can make their own “hard adjustments” to the thermal balance of a building. Naturally, the windward side, that is, “exposed” to the wind, will lose significantly more body compared to the leeward, opposite side.

Based on the results of long-term weather observations in any region, a so-called “wind rose” is compiled - a graphic diagram showing the prevailing wind directions in winter and summer time of the year. This information can be obtained from your local weather service. However, many residents themselves, without meteorologists, know very well where the winds predominantly blow in winter, and from which side of the house the deepest snowdrifts usually sweep.

If you want to carry out calculations with higher accuracy, you can include the correction factor “c” in the formula, taking it equal to:

- windward side of the house: c = 1.2;

- leeward walls of the house: c = 1.0;

- walls located parallel to the wind direction: c = 1.1.

• “d” is a correction factor taking into account the peculiarities climatic conditions region where the house was built

Naturally, the amount of heat loss through all building structures will greatly depend on the level of winter temperatures. It is quite clear that during the winter the thermometer readings “dance” in a certain range, but for each region there is an average indicator of the lowest temperatures characteristic of the coldest five-day period of the year (usually this is typical for January). For example, below is a map diagram of the territory of Russia, on which approximate values ​​are shown in colors.

Usually this value is easy to clarify in the regional weather service, but you can, in principle, rely on your own observations.

So, the coefficient “d”, which takes into account the climate characteristics of the region, for our calculations is taken equal to:

— from – 35 °C and below: d = 1.5;

— from – 30 °С to – 34 °С: d = 1.3;

— from – 25 °С to – 29 °С: d = 1.2;

— from – 20 °С to – 24 °С: d = 1.1;

— from – 15 °С to – 19 °С: d = 1.0;

— from – 10 °С to – 14 °С: d = 0.9;

- no colder - 10 °C: d = 0.7.

• “e” is a coefficient that takes into account the degree of insulation of external walls.

The total value of heat losses of a building is directly related to the degree of insulation of all building structures. One of the “leaders” in heat loss are walls. Therefore, the value of thermal power required to maintain comfortable living conditions in a room depends on the quality of their thermal insulation.

The value of the coefficient for our calculations can be taken as follows:

— external walls do not have insulation: e = 1.27;

- average degree of insulation - walls made of two bricks or their surface thermal insulation is provided with other insulation materials: e = 1.0;

— insulation was carried out with high quality, based on thermal engineering calculations: e = 0.85.

Below in the course of this publication, recommendations will be given on how to determine the degree of insulation of walls and other building structures.

• coefficient "f" - correction for ceiling heights

Ceilings, especially in private homes, may have different heights. Therefore, the thermal power to warm up a particular room of the same area will also differ in this parameter.

It would not be a big mistake to accept the following values ​​for the correction factor “f”:

— ceiling heights up to 2.7 m: f = 1.0;

— flow height from 2.8 to 3.0 m: f = 1.05;

- ceiling heights from 3.1 to 3.5 m: f = 1.1;

— ceiling heights from 3.6 to 4.0 m: f = 1.15;

- ceiling height more than 4.1 m: f = 1.2.

• « g" is a coefficient that takes into account the type of floor or room located under the ceiling.

As shown above, the floor is one of the significant sources of heat loss. This means that it is necessary to make some adjustments to account for this feature of a particular room. The correction factor “g” can be taken equal to:

- cold floor on the ground or above an unheated room (for example, a basement or basement): g= 1,4 ;

- insulated floor on the ground or above an unheated room: g= 1,2 ;

— the heated room is located below: g= 1,0 .

• « h" is a coefficient that takes into account the type of room located above.

The air heated by the heating system always rises, and if the ceiling in the room is cold, then increased heat loss is inevitable, which will require an increase in the required thermal power. Let us introduce the coefficient “h”, which takes into account this feature of the calculated room:

— the “cold” attic is located on top: h = 1,0 ;

— there is an insulated attic or other insulated room on top: h = 0,9 ;

— any heated room is located on top: h = 0,8 .

• « i" - coefficient taking into account the design features of windows

Windows are one of the “main routes” for heat flow. Naturally, much in this matter depends on the quality of the window structure itself. Old wooden frames, which were previously universally installed in all houses, are significantly inferior in terms of their thermal insulation to modern multi-chamber systems with double-glazed windows.

Without words it is clear that the thermal insulation qualities of these windows differ significantly

But there is no complete uniformity between PVH windows. For example, a two-chamber double-glazed window (with three glasses) will be much “warmer” than a single-chamber one.

This means that it is necessary to enter a certain coefficient “i”, taking into account the type of windows installed in the room:

- standard wooden windows with conventional double glazing: i = 1,27 ;

- modern window systems with single-chamber double-glazed windows: i = 1,0 ;

— modern window systems with two-chamber or three-chamber double-glazed windows, including those with argon filling: i = 0,85 .

• « j" - correction factor for the total glazing area of ​​the room

No matter how high-quality the windows are, it will still not be possible to completely avoid heat loss through them. But it’s quite clear that you can’t compare a small window with panoramic glazing covering almost the entire wall.

First you need to find the ratio of the areas of all the windows in the room and the room itself:

x = ∑SOK /SP

∑ SOK– total area of ​​windows in the room;

SP– area of ​​the room.

Depending on the obtained value, the correction factor “j” is determined:

— x = 0 ÷ 0.1 →j = 0,8 ;

— x = 0.11 ÷ 0.2 →j = 0,9 ;

— x = 0.21 ÷ 0.3 →j = 1,0 ;

— x = 0.31 ÷ 0.4 →j = 1,1 ;

— x = 0.41 ÷ 0.5 →j = 1,2 ;

• « k" - coefficient that corrects for the presence of an entrance door

A door to the street or to an unheated balcony is always an additional “loophole” for the cold

Door to the street or open balcony is capable of making adjustments to the thermal balance of the room - each opening of it is accompanied by the penetration of a considerable volume of cold air into the room. Therefore, it makes sense to take into account its presence - for this we introduce the coefficient “k”, which we take equal to:

- no door: k = 1,0 ;

- one door to the street or to the balcony: k = 1,3 ;

- two doors to the street or balcony: k = 1,7 .

• « l" - possible amendments to the heating radiator connection diagram

Perhaps this may seem like an insignificant detail to some, but still, why not immediately take into account the planned connection diagram for heating radiators. The fact is that their heat transfer, and therefore their participation in maintaining a certain temperature balance in the room, changes quite noticeably with different types of insertion of supply and return pipes.

Illustration	Radiator insert type	The value of the coefficient "l"
	Diagonal connection: supply from above, return from below	l = 1.0
	Connection on one side: supply from above, return from below	l = 1.03
	Two-way connection: both supply and return from below	l = 1.13
	Diagonal connection: supply from below, return from above	l = 1.25
	Connection on one side: supply from below, return from above	l = 1.28
	One-way connection, both supply and return from below	l = 1.28

• « m" - correction factor for the peculiarities of the installation location of heating radiators

And finally, the last coefficient, which is also related to the peculiarities of connecting heating radiators. It is probably clear that if the battery is installed openly and is not blocked by anything from above or from the front, then it will give maximum heat transfer. However, such an installation is not always possible - more often the radiators are partially hidden by window sills. Other options are also possible. In addition, some owners, trying to fit heating elements into the created interior ensemble, hide them completely or partially with decorative screens - this also significantly affects the thermal output.

If there are certain “outlines” of how and where radiators will be mounted, this can also be taken into account when making calculations by introducing a special coefficient “m”:

So, the calculation formula is clear. Surely, some of the readers will immediately grab their head - they say, it’s too complicated and cumbersome. However, if you approach the matter systematically and in an orderly manner, then there is no trace of complexity.

Any good homeowner must have a detailed graphic plan their “possessions” with marked dimensions, and usually oriented to the cardinal points. Climatic features region is easy to determine. All that remains is to walk through all the rooms with a tape measure and clarify some of the nuances for each room. Features of housing - “vertical proximity” above and below, location entrance doors, the proposed or existing installation scheme for heating radiators - no one except the owners knows better.

It is recommended to immediately create a worksheet where you can enter all the necessary data for each room. The result of the calculations will also be entered into it. Well, the calculations themselves will be helped by the built-in calculator, which already contains all the coefficients and ratios mentioned above.

If some data could not be obtained, then you can, of course, not take them into account, but in this case the calculator “by default” will calculate the result taking into account the least favorable conditions.

Can be seen with an example. We have a house plan (taken completely arbitrary).

Region with level minimum temperatures within -20 ÷ 25 °C. Predominance of winter winds = northeast. The house is one-story, with an insulated attic. Insulated floors on the ground. The optimal diagonal connection of radiators that will be installed under the window sills has been selected.

Let's create a table something like this:

Then, using the calculator below, we make calculations for each room (already taking into account the 10% reserve). It won't take much time using the recommended app. After this, all that remains is to sum up the obtained values ​​for each room - this will be the required total power of the heating system.

The result for each room, by the way, will help you choose the right number of heating radiators - all that remains is to divide by the specific thermal power one section and round up.

Production facilities, workshops, warehouses, due to their spacious size and taking into account the climatic conditions of Russia, often need a solution to this topical issue, How optimal heating. The word “optimal” means the price/reliability/comfort ratio that is suitable for a particular industrial building.

This is what we will talk about in our article.

In general, creating a heating scheme for industrial premises is a rather difficult task. This is due to the fact that each individual production facility is built for specific technological processes, and has a very big sizes and height.

Plus, the equipment used in production sometimes complicates the laying of pipes for ventilation or heating. But despite this, heating industrial buildings– an important function that cannot be done without.

And that's why:

• a well-thought-out heating system provides comfortable working conditions for employees and directly affects their performance;
• it protects equipment from hypothermia, which can cause breakdowns, which in turn will lead to monetary costs for repairs;
• Warehouses must also have an appropriate microclimate so that the goods produced retain their original appearance.

Note!
By choosing a simple, but at the same time reliable heating system, you will reduce the cost of its repair and maintenance.
Plus, much fewer employees will be required to control it.

Choosing a heating system for industrial premises

For heating industrial buildings Most often, central heating systems (water or air) are used, but in some cases it is more rational to use local heaters.

But in any case, when choosing a production heating system, you need to rely on the following criteria:

1. Area and height of the room;
2. The amount of heat energy needed to maintain the optimal temperature;
3. Ease heating equipment in maintenance, as well as its suitability for repair.

Now let's try to understand the positive and negative aspects that the above-mentioned types of heating of industrial premises have.

Central water heating

The source of the heat resource is a central heating system or a local boiler house. Consists of water heating from the boiler, (radiators or convectors) and pipeline. The liquid heated in the boiler is transferred to the pipes, giving off heat to the heating devices.

Water heating of industrial buildings can be:

1. Single-pipe - here it is impossible to regulate the water temperature.
2. Two-pipe - here temperature control is possible and is carried out thanks to thermostats and radiators installed in parallel.

Concerning central element water system (i.e. boiler), then it can be:

• gas;
• liquid fuel;
• solid fuel;
• electric;
• combined.

You need to choose based on the possibilities. For example, if it is possible to connect to a gas main, a gas boiler would be a good option. But please note that the price is this type fuel consumption increases every year. In addition, there may be interruptions in central system gas supply, which will not benefit the production enterprise.

Requires a separate safe room and fuel storage tank. In addition, you will have to regularly replenish fuel reserves, which means taking care of transportation and unloading - additional costs Money, labor and time.

Solid fuel boilers are unlikely to be suitable for heating industrial premises, unless they are small in size. Operation and maintenance of a solid fuel unit is a rather labor-intensive process (loading fuel, regular cleaning firebox and chimney from ash).

True, at present there are automated solid fuel models into which you do not need to load fuel yourself; a special automatic intake system has been developed for this. Also, automated models allow you to set the desired temperature.

However, you still have to take care of the firebox. The fuel used here is pellets, sawdust, wood chips, and, if placed manually, also firewood. Although this type of boiler requires labor-intensive operation, it is the most inexpensive.

Electric boilers are also not the best option for large industrial enterprises, since the electricity consumed costs a pretty penny. But heating a production space of 70 square meters using this method is quite acceptable. However, do not forget that in our country, periodic power outages for several hours have long been a common occurrence.

As for combination boilers, they can be called truly universal units. If you have chosen a water heating system and want to get efficient and uninterrupted heating of your production as a result, then take a closer look at this option.

Although a combination boiler costs several times more than previous units, it provides a unique opportunity - practically not to depend on external problems (interruptions in the centralized heating system, gas supply and electricity supply). Such units are equipped with two or big amount burners, for various types fuel.

Built-in types of burners are the main parameter for dividing combined boilers into subgroups:

• Gas-wood heating boiler– you don’t have to worry about gas supply interruptions and fuel price increases;
• Gas-diesel– will provide high heating power and comfort in a large area;
• Gas-diesel-wood– has expanded functionality, but you have to pay for it with lower efficiency and low power;
• Gas-diesel-electricity– a very effective option;
• Gas-diesel-wood-electricity- an improved unit. It can be said that it provides complete independence from possible external problems.

Everything is clear with boilers, now let's see whether water heating in production fits the selection criteria that we initially outlined. Here it’s worth mentioning right away that the heat capacity of water, compared to the heat capacity of the same air, is several thousand times greater (at the usual temperatures of air (70°C) and water (80°C) in the heating system).

In this case, the water consumption for the same room will be thousands of times less than the air consumption. This means that fewer connecting communications will be required, which is certainly a big plus, given the design industrial premises.

Note!
A water heating system allows you to control the temperature: for example, you can work time install standby heating for production (+10°C), and set a more comfortable temperature during working hours.

Air heating

This type is the very first artificial heating of premises. So air heating systems have been proving their effectiveness for quite a long time and, it should be noted, are in constant demand.

All this thanks to the following positive aspects:

• Air heating assumes the absence of radiators and pipes, instead of which air ducts are installed.
• Air heating shows more high level Efficiency compared to the same water heating system.
• In this case, the air is heated evenly throughout the entire volume and height of the room.
• The air heating system can be combined with the system supply ventilation and conditioning, which allows you to get fresh air instead of the heated one.
• It is impossible not to mention regular changes and air purification, which has a beneficial effect on the well-being and performance of employees.

In order to save money, it is better to choose a combined air industrial heating, which consists of natural and mechanical air movement. What does it mean?

The word “natural” means the intake of already warm air from the environment (warm air is available everywhere, even when it is -20°C outside). Mechanical induction is when the duct draws from the environment cold air, heats it and supplies it to the room.

For heating a large area air systems heating industrial premises is perhaps the most rational option. And in some cases, for example, at chemical plants, air heating is the only permitted type of heating.

Infrared heating

How to heat an industrial premises without resorting to traditional methods? With the help of modern infrared heaters. They work on the following principle: emitters generate radiant energy above the heated area and transfer heat to objects, which in turn heats the air.

Information! The functionality of infrared heaters can be compared to the Sun, which also infrared waves heats the earth's surface, and as a result of heat exchange from the surface, the air is heated.

This principle of operation eliminates the accumulation of heated air under the ceiling and, as a result, large temperature changes, which is very attractive for heating industrial enterprises, since most of them have high ceilings.

IR heaters are divided into the following types according to their installation location:

• ceiling;
• floor;
• wall;
• portable floor.

By type of waves emitted:

• shortwave;
• medium wave or light (their operating temperature is 800°C, so they emit soft light during operation);
• long-wave or dark (they do not emit light even at their operating temperature of 300-400 ° C).

By type of energy consumed:

• electrical;
• gas;
• diesel

Gas and diesel infrared systems are more profitable and their efficiency is 85-92%. However, they burn oxygen and change the humidity in the air.

By type of heating element:

• Halogen– the only drawback is that if dropped or subjected to a strong impact, the vacuum tube may break;
• Carbon- basic a heating element made of carbon fiber and placed in a glass tube. The biggest advantage compared to other IR devices is lower energy consumption (about 2.5 times). If dropped or subjected to a strong impact, the quartz tube may break.
• Tenovye;
• Ceramic– the heating element is made of ceramic tiles assembled into one reflector.
  The principle of operation is the flameless combustion of the gas-air mixture inside ceramic tiles, as a result of which it heats up and transfers heat to surrounding surfaces, objects, and people.

IR heaters are most often used for heating:

• industrial premises;
• shopping and sports facilities;
• warehouses;
• workshops;
• factories;
• greenhouses, greenhouses;
• livestock farms;
• private and apartment buildings.

Advantages of infrared heating:

1. First of all, it should be noted that IR heaters are the only type of devices that allow for zone or spot heating. In this way, different parts of the production facility can maintain different temperature regime. Zone heating can be used to heat work areas, parts on a conveyor belt, car engines, young animals on livestock farms, etc.
2. As mentioned above, IR heaters heat surfaces, objects and people, but do not affect the air itself. It turns out that there is no circulation of air masses, which means there is no loss of heat and drafts and, as a result, fewer colds and allergic reactions.
3. The low inertia of infrared heaters allows you to feel the effect of their action immediately after starting, without preheating the room.
4. Infrared heating is very economical, due to its high efficiency and low energy consumption (up to 45% less energy than traditional methods). There is probably no need to explain that this significantly reduces the financial costs of the enterprise and quickly recoups all investments in infrared heating facilities.
5. IR heaters are durable, lightweight, take up little space, and are easy to install (each product comes with detailed instructions installation) and they practically do not require Maintenance during operation.
6. Infrared heaters are the only type heating devices, with the help of which it is possible to carry out effective local heating (that is, without resorting to centralized heating systems).

Finally

Finally, I would like to suggest that you familiarize yourself with the photo table, which shows the specific heating characteristics of industrial buildings.

We examined the main types of heating of industrial premises. Which one will be the most optimal in your case is up to you to decide. And we hope that this article was useful to you. Additional information You will find information on this topic in specially selected video material.

Heating calculation

In order to most correctly determine the size of the required amount of fuel, calculate kilowatts of heating, and also calculate the greatest efficiency of the heating system, subject to the use of the agreed type of fuel, specialists from housing and communal services created a special methodology and program for calculating heating, according to which to obtain the necessary information using previously known factors is much simpler.

This technique allows you to correctly calculate heating - required quantity fuel of any type.

And, in addition, the results obtained are an important indicator, which is certainly taken into account when calculating tariffs for housing and communal services, as well as when drawing up an estimate of the financial needs of this organization. Let us answer the question of how to correctly calculate heating based on increased indicators.

Features of the technique

This technique, which can be used using a heating calculation calculator, is regularly used to calculate the technical and economic efficiency of implementing various types of energy-saving programs, as well as when using new equipment and launching energy-efficient processes.

In order to calculate the heating of a room - calculate the heat load (hourly) in the heating system separate building, you can use the formula:

In this formula for calculating the heating of a building:

• a is a coefficient showing a possible correction for the difference in external air temperature when calculating the operating efficiency of the heating system, where to from to = -30°C, and at the same time the necessary parameter q 0 is determined;
• The indicator V (m 3) in the formula is the external volume of the heated building (it can be found in project documentation building);
• q 0 (kcal/m3 h°C) is a specific characteristic when heating a building, taking into account t o = -30°C;
• K.r acts as an infiltration coefficient, which takes into account additional characteristics such as wind force and heat flow. This indicator indicates the calculation of heating costs - this is the level of heat loss of the building due to infiltration, while heat transfer is carried out through the external enclosure, and the external air temperature applied to the entire project is taken into account.

If the building for which online heating calculations are carried out has an attic (attic floor), then the V indicator is calculated by multiplying the indicator of the horizontal section of the building (meaning the indicator obtained at the floor level of the 1st floor) by the height of the building.

In this case, the height is determined to the top point of the attic insulation. If the roof of the building is combined with attic floor, then the heating calculation formula uses the height of the building to the midpoint of the roof. It should be noted that if there are protruding elements and niches in the building, they are not taken into account when calculating the V indicator.

Before heating is calculated, it should be taken into account that if the building has a basement or basement that also needs heating, then 40% of the area of ​​this room should be added to the V indicator.

To determine the K i.r indicator, the following formula is used:

wherein:

• g – acceleration obtained during free fall (m/s 2);
• L – height of the house;
• w 0 – according to SNiP 23-01-99 – the conditional value of the wind speed present in a given region during the heating season;

In those regions where the calculated external air temperature t 0 £ -40 is used, when creating a heating system project, before calculating the heating of the room, a heat loss of 5% should be added. This is permissible in cases where it is planned that the house will have an unheated basement. This heat loss is caused by the fact that the floor of the premises on the 1st floor will always be cold.

For stone houses, the construction of which has already been completed, the higher heat loss during the first heating period should be taken into account and certain adjustments should be made. At the same time, heating calculations based on aggregated indicators take into account the completion date of construction:

May-June - 12%;

July-August – 20%;

September – 25%;

Heating season (October-April) – 30%.

To calculate the specific heating characteristics building q 0 (kcal/m 3 h) should be calculated using the following formula:

Hot water supply

Wherein:

• a – rate of hot water consumption by the subscriber (l/unit) per day. This indicator is approved by local authorities. If the standard is not approved, the indicator is taken from the table SNiP 2.04.01-85 (Appendix 3).
• N is the number of residents (students, workers) in the building, related to the day.
• t c – indicator of the temperature of water supplied during the heating season. If this indicator is missing, an approximate value is taken, namely t c = 5 °C.
• T – a certain period of time per day when hot water is supplied to the subscriber.
• Q t.p – indicator of heat loss in the hot water supply system. Most often, this indicator reflects the heat loss of the external circulation and supply pipelines.

To determine the average heat load of the hot water supply system during the period when the heating is turned off, calculations should be made using the formula:

• Q hm is the average value of the level of heat load of the hot water supply system during the heating period. Unit of measurement - Gcal/h.
• b – an indicator demonstrating the degree of reduction in the hourly load in the hot water supply system during the non-heating period, compared to the same indicator during the heating period. This indicator should be determined by the city government. If the value of the indicator is not determined, the average parameter is used:
• 0.8 for housing and communal services of cities located in central Russia;
• 1.2-1.5 is an indicator applicable to southern (resort) cities.

For enterprises located in any region of Russia, a single indicator is used - 1.0.

• t hs, t h - indicator of the temperature of hot water supplied to subscribers during the heating and non-heating periods.
• t cs, t c – temperature indicator tap water during the heating and non-heating periods. If this indicator is unknown, you can use averaged data - tcs = 15 °C, tc = 5 °C.

Expert opinion

Fedorov Maxim Olegovich

Production facilities differ significantly from residential apartments their sizes and volumes. This is the fundamental difference between industrial ventilation systems and domestic systems. Options for heating spacious non-residential buildings exclude the use of convection methods, which are quite effective for heating housing.

The large size of production workshops, the complexity of the configuration, the presence of many devices, units or machines that release thermal energy into the space will disrupt the convection process. It is based on the natural process of rising warm layers of air; the circulation of such flows does not tolerate even small interventions. Any draft, hot air from an electric motor or machine, will direct the flow in the other direction. In industrial workshops, warehouses there are large technological openings that can stop the heating systems from working low power and sustainability.

In addition, convection methods do not provide uniform heating of the air, which is important for industrial premises. Large areas require the same air temperature at all points in the room, otherwise there will be difficulties for people to work and flow production processes. Therefore, for industrial premises specific heating methods are required, capable of providing the correct microclimate, appropriate.

Industrial heating systems

The most preferred methods of heating industrial premises include:

• infrared

• centralized

• zonal

Centralized systems

Centralized systems are created to ensure maximum uniform heating of all areas of the workshop. This can be important when there are no specific workplaces or the need for constant movement of people throughout the entire workshop area.

Zone systems

Zonal heating systems create areas with a comfortable microclimate in workplaces without completely covering the workshop area. This option makes it possible to save money by not wasting resources and thermal energy on ballast heating of unused or unvisited areas of the workshop. At the same time, the technological process must not be disrupted; the air temperature must meet the technological requirements.

Electric heating

Expert opinion

Heating and ventilation engineer RSV

Fedorov Maxim Olegovich

Important! It should immediately be noted that heating with electricity as the main method of heating practically not used due to its high cost.

Electric heat guns or air heaters are used as temporary or local heat sources. For example, for production repair work a heat gun is installed in an unheated room, allowing the repair team to work in comfortable conditions, allowing you to get required quality work. Electric heaters as temporary heat sources are the most popular, as they do not require coolant. They only need to be connected to the network, after which they immediately begin to generate thermal energy on their own. Wherein, The serviced areas are quite small.

Air heating

Expert opinion

Heating and ventilation engineer RSV

Fedorov Maxim Olegovich

Air heating of industrial buildings is the most attractive type of heating.

It allows you to heat large rooms, regardless of their configuration. Distribution air flow occurs in a controlled manner, the temperature and air composition are flexibly regulated. The operating principle is to heat the supply air using gas burners, electric or water heaters. Hot air is transported to the production premises using a fan and duct system and released at the most convenient points to ensure maximum heating uniformity. Air heating systems have high maintainability, they are safe and allow you to fully ensure the microclimate in production premises.

Infrared heating

Expert opinion

Heating and ventilation engineer RSV

Fedorov Maxim Olegovich

Infrared heating - one of the newest, which appeared relatively recently, heating methods production premises. Its essence is to use infrared rays to heat all surfaces located in the path of the rays.

Typically the panels are located under the ceiling, radiating from top to bottom. This heats up the floor, various objects, and to some extent the walls.

Expert opinion

Heating and ventilation engineer RSV

Fedorov Maxim Olegovich

Important! This is the peculiarity of the method - It is not the air that is heated, but the objects located in the room.

For more efficient distribution of IR rays, the panels are equipped with reflectors that direct the flow of rays into the right side. The method of heating with infrared rays is effective and economical, but is dependent on the availability of electricity.

Advantages and disadvantages

Electric heating

Heating systems used to heat private homes or industrial buildings have their own strengths and weak sides. So, advantages of electric heating methods are:

• absence of intermediate materials (coolant). Electrical appliances themselves generate thermal energy

• high maintainability devices. All elements can be quickly replaced in case of failure without any specific repair work

• an electrically heated system can be very Flexibly and precisely adjustable. At the same time, no complex complexes are required; control is carried out using standard blocks

Infrared heating

Infrared systems have advantages:

• efficiency, efficiency

• oxygen is not burned, air humidity that is comfortable for humans is maintained

• installation such a system is enough simple and accessible for self-execution

• system No worries about voltage surges, which allows you to maintain the indoor microclimate even when connected to an unstable power supply network

• The technique is intended primarily for local, spot heating. Using it to create an even microclimate in large workshops it is irrational

• complexity of system calculation, the need for precise selection of suitable devices

Air heating

Air heating is considered the most in a convenient way heating industrial and residential premises. This is expressed in the following benefits:

• ability uniform heating of large workshops or premises of any size

• the system can be reconstructed, its power can be increased if necessary without complete dismantling

• air heating most safe to use and installation

• system has low inertia and can quickly change operating modes

• exists many options

• dependence on heating source

• addiction depending on availability connection to the electricity network

• upon failure system temperature the room is very falls quickly

Creating a heating system project

Expert opinion

Heating and ventilation engineer RSV

Fedorov Maxim Olegovich

Designing air heating is not an easy task. To solve it, it is necessary to clarify a number of factors, self-determination which may be difficult. RSV company specialists can make a preliminary one for you free of charge premises based on GREERS equipment.

The choice of one or another type of heating system is made by comparing the climatic conditions of the region, the size of the building, the height of the ceilings, the features of the proposed technological process, and the location of workplaces. In addition, when choosing, they are guided by the cost-effectiveness of the heating method and the possibility of using it without extra costs.

The system is calculated by determining heat losses and selecting equipment that matches them in terms of power. To eliminate the possibility of errors SNiP must be used, which sets out all the requirements for heating systems and gives the coefficients necessary for calculations.

SNiP 41-01-2008

HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

ADOPTED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT from 01/01/2008 by decree of 2008. INSTEAD SNiP 41-01-2003

Heating system installation

Expert opinion

Heating and ventilation engineer RSV

Fedorov Maxim Olegovich

Important! Installation work is carried out in strict accordance with the project and SNiP requirements.

Air ducts are an important element of the system, which provide transportation of gas-air mixtures. They are installed in each building or room according to individual scheme. The size, cross-section, and shape of the air ducts play an important role during installation, since to connect the fan, adapters are needed that connect the inlet or outlet pipe of the device to the air duct system. Without high-quality adapters, it will not be possible to create a tight and efficient connection.

In accordance with the selected type of system, installations are carried out. electrical cables , is done pipe layout for coolant circulation. The equipment is installed, all necessary connections and connections are made. All work is carried out in compliance with safety requirements. The system is started in the minimum operating mode, with a gradual increase in design power.

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