Technological room. Premises subject to categorization by explosion and fire hazard. Diesel generator set room

With this article, I would like to “put an end” to the issue that worries many experts in fire safety, namely in one important and frequently occurring practical problem: which premises should be categorized by fire and explosion fire hazard and which ones are not.

Key words: premises, production purposes, warehouse purposes, premises to be categorized, which premises are categorized

At the request of users, we will first list all the objects whose fire hazard assessment should be carried out, and give a regulatory justification for the need for this procedure so as not to tire busy people with reading. And below we will show exactly how we came to this list, if someone wants to understand the essence of the problem.

So the premises to be categorized by explosion and fire hazard

There is currently no consensus on this issue among fire safety specialists.

On professional fire Internet resources, with a frequency of once every six months, fierce discussions on this topic are unfolding. Very smart people spend an incredible amount of energy, arguing "must-don't." These disputes, as a rule, are conducted by the same participants and the same arguments “for” or “against” and, most importantly, the traditional incompleteness of each such fire-legal-demagogic battle. In such discussions, there are many interesting thoughts that give reason to think and look at the problem from different angles, but they lack the main thing - some kind of general conclusion, something that can be relied upon in practice.

It is this gap that we will try to fill in the article brought to your attention. Let's try to dot the i by determining the need to categorize certain objects. Let's make an attempt to do this accurately, as unambiguously as possible and with justification by references to the rule of law, logic, the principle of reasonableness, as opposed to traditional arguments about "established practice", "opinion of senior comrades from the relevant authorities" and "I'm an inspector."

§ 1. WHAT PREMISES ARE SUBJECT TO CATEGORY FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE LAW (WITHOUT LINKING TO A PARTICULAR OBJECT)

The first thing to understand. Not everything is categorized as it should be (in this article we discussed this in detail), but only objects of a certain PURPOSE.

That is, the duty to carry out this procedure is tied specifically to a specific process, to the activity that takes place at the facility. It is important to note that historically, initially, in regulating this issue, the hazard assessment procedure applied only to production facilities and, attention, only to warehouses related to these facilities. Not by any, we emphasize this, but only to those that were functionally related to production.

However, now the situation has changed and any pantry, regardless of production, is categorized. So, the first and main characteristic for understanding the need to categorize a building or its part is its functional purpose.

And this is where disputes arise, since it is difficult to understand which room belongs to one or another PURPOSE. The whole problem is that the normative description of this is very vague, unclear and leaves room for many interpretations. We have analyzed most of the documents, in which, directly or indirectly, for different stages of the life cycle of a building, the need for categorization is indicated.

The highest document in the hierarchy level, which relates to our topic, is the Federal Law. The requirement given in Article 26 of the Federal Law of July 22, 2008 No. 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements" prescribes categorization. Part 1 and part 22 of Article 27 of the same Federal Law are also interesting from this point of view.

This is followed by two whole Decrees of the Government. When the building is not yet "in kind", in project documentation category information should already be specified. This is evidenced by subparagraph "g" of paragraph 26 of the Regulations on the composition of sections of project documentation and the requirements for their content, approved by the Government Decree Russian Federation dated February 16, 2008 No. 87. In the new version of this Decree, judging by its draft, there is no separate section on fire safety, however, information about the categories still needs to be indicated, oddly enough, in the explanatory note (subparagraph "c" of paragraph 10 of the Appendix to the new version of the Decree). In the following articles, we will explore in detail why this is not true. In the meantime, let's take this as a fact - already at the design stage of a building, you need to know its category for explosion and fire hazard.

When a building is being built, the issue of category is less acute, but, nevertheless, it should not be ignored, since it is necessary to ensure that builders do not forget about the degree of fire resistance of some categorized objects, the presence in their fences of doors with a normalized fire resistance limit and other requirements. Despite the importance of this issue, the issue of fire hazard categories during the construction of facilities has not been separately regulated anywhere. Apparently, the categorically erroneous presumption of conscientiousness of builders (which breaks without a trace against the practice of fire specialists) implies that everything is built strictly according to the project, and in the project the categories should be indicated and taken into account by architects, designers, technologists, etc. Therefore, there are no fire safety requirements governing categorization at the construction stage. Unless, of course, we take into account the transitional requirement, which can be applied both during the commissioning of the facility and during operation. This requirement is given in paragraph 20 of the Rules for the fire regime in the Russian Federation, i.e. has the level of Government Decree.

These are the three standards legal act top level. Further, the instructions are concretized and refer to the need for already specific types of objects. They are given in some normative documents. We put the specifics in the table at the beginning of the article, and below we will give some assessment of these documents themselves and their content.

Very interesting in this system of requirements is the Code of Rules SP 4.13130.2013. Despite the fact that this document contains quite a lot of specifics, it does not withstand any criticism from a legal point of view. For some reason, the requirements of the set of rules directly contradict the requirements of the Federal Law in terms of the purpose of the premises. The top-level document speaks only of production and storage assignments and specifically clarifies that other assignments are not required to categorize for fire hazard. But the by-law - the Code of Rules - makes one more addition to the technical purpose of the categorization object and specifies them. The fact that technical premises need to be categorized de facto is unambiguous and undeniable. The fact that they belong to class F 5.1 is also beyond doubt. But the fact that they are subject to categorization "de jure" is very doubtful, precisely because of this contradiction. What the standard-setter meant in parentheses under the technical purpose, what under the production, and what under the warehouse - one can only guess. It is unlikely that the pantry has a production purpose, rather a warehouse, while parking lots are classified as warehouses. But boiler rooms raise the question of whether this is a production room that is subject to categorization, or a technical one (not subject to it by virtue of the relevant article of the Federal Law) is a topic for discussion with the Ministry of Emergencies. If the authors of the Code of Practice would write the fire safety requirement in the following edition: "industrial (including technical) and warehouse and purpose", or simply omit the words "technical" - there would be no questions. And in the existing wording, we see a rigid contradiction between the by-law and the law. On this issue, we will prepare a letter to the EMERCOM of Russia and the Ministry of Justice. The answer to our appeal will be presented in the future on this site.

However, we recommend categorizing all the objects mentioned in JS 4, because it is doubtful to rely on such vague grounds for not fulfilling this obligation, as well as on the fact that the courts will understand this intricacies.

Further, one cannot fail to mention the requirements for the categorization of ventilation chambers prescribed in another Code of Rules SP 7.13130.2013. This set of rules prescribes the categorization of ventilation chambers and establishes separate rules their categorization.

The next document is SP 106.13130.2012. He talks about the need to categorize objects Agriculture(for keeping livestock, industrial animals, poultry). The categorization of such objects is a separate, big issue, as is the categorization of greenhouses, greenhouses (SP 107.13130.2012) and, in general, objects of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia. Within the framework of the stated topic, we can say that they can be included in the table we are forming.

Code of Practice SP 120.13130 ​​Subways also gives a very strange table with a list of categorized objects, a table that contradicts the requirements of the Federal Law. And if the differences between SP4 and FZ-123 are subtle and not indisputable, then SP 120 is a direct violation of it. This document prescribes the categorization of "buffets" or "lobbies", as well as toilets and showers. This approach renders this document inapplicable for our purposes. Although there are certainly specifics in this document, the adoption of a category without calculation is absolutely wrong and not a single provision of SP 120 was included in the table we are compiling.

And finally, the requirements of the Rules for the Installation of Electrical Installations, too, one way or another, were related to the categories of switchboards for explosion and fire hazards. Since this document, of course, is not related to the technical regulation system within which categorization is carried out, we will not include it in the system of documents regulating categorization. We will consider the issue of categorizing objects for the placement of electrical installations in a separate article, and here we will only mention the opinion of VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia that it is necessary to categorize electrical switchboards.

So, we have made a review of regulatory documents that will make it clear to the visitor of our site, which requirements of the law gave us reason to recommend him to categorize production and warehouses.

But the question is, how to understand which rooms at his particular facility are production and storage rooms, and which are not. There was an old trick, which, not surprisingly, is still practiced by many business executives who are responsible for fire safety. This is a very simple trick: Let's write on the door of the room that it is not utility. Perhaps it will roll. The answer, why this should not be done and how to do it, is correct in the next paragraph of the article.

§2. HOW DO I DETERMINE WHAT ROOMS ON MY FACILITY ARE PRODUCTION, TECHNICAL OR WAREHOUSE ROOMS?

Suppose, dear reader, an inspector of the State Patrol Service, fire supervision, supervisory activities, an expert came to your facility independent evaluation risk, the insurer, whatever you call it, any inspector is unpleasant for the one to whom he comes. He comes and says - you need to determine the categories of such and such premises in terms of explosion and fire hazard. Suppose he says this simply by seeing the room, visually examining it. For example, he saw machines, or racks for storing something and announced that the premises were industrial or warehouse. This is only the opinion of this particular inspector, which does not say anything yet. Theoretically (and in the light of the recent message of the President of the Russian Federation also practically), the inspector must prove his opinion. To prove is to substantiate it with references to something. It is better if this is something that will be a regulatory document, worse than an explanation from any authority, for example, the Russian Emergencies Ministry.

If there is no such evidence, and the inspector operates only with his "authoritative opinion", then this is a wrong and illiterate approach. Opinion is not evidence. And here there is a certain difficulty, which lies in the fact that the official definitions of the terms: the production and storage facilities do not exist.

Of course, one could try to operate with the concepts of “production” or “storage”, but, as we saw from the first paragraph, there is no clear description of these procedures either. These are more economic procedures, and the economy is not as bureaucratic as other areas of activity. And applying these definitions is very difficult. None of the modern economic definitions of the term “production” can be used in fire practice, since these definitions generally include all objects where someone works on something.

If you approach this issue as a fire specialist-lawyer-bureaucrat, then there are only two ways to prove it - the first is the explication of the premises in a construction or reconstruction project (Fig. 2), the second is an explication to the BTI plan (Fig. 3). All. There are no other ways.

Also, in the practical work of specialists, quite often there is a substitution of concepts - the functional purpose of the production or storage purpose of the premises is voluntarily and involuntarily confused with the concept of the functional fire hazard class of the premises. This, to a certain extent, is reflected in the regulatory documents. So in SP 56.13330.2011 Industrial buildings. The updated version of SNiP 31-03-2001 indicated

As we can see, the definition of a building as a production building is implicitly tied to the class of its functional fire hazard. Here, too, there is a certain inaccuracy.

The purpose of the premises, we repeat, is indicated in the explication, in the same place where the class of functional fire hazard is actually indicated. However, there is a small logical incident here. Both the class of functional fire hazard and the category for explosion and fire hazard are indicated for premises of a certain purpose, including for production and storage.

Object "A" (category for fire hazard of the premises) is determined through object "B" (purpose of the premises), object "C" (class of functional fire hazard of the premises) is determined through object "B", but this does not mean at all that the object "C " can be defined through the object "A". The law doesn't tell us that.

But in fact, we do not know how correctly the functional fire hazard class of a room is defined in order to use this definition to unconditionally justify the need to determine the category of the same room in terms of explosion and fire hazard. Therefore, only the very purpose of the premises can serve as such justification, determined, as we said above, either by the BTI plan, or by the explication of the premises of the construction project.

Therefore, before going for an inspection, a competent inspector should ask you for an explication to the BTI plan, the architectural part of the project documentation and see what is indicated there. And if exactly what is given in the table at the beginning of this article is not indicated there, then the inspector, in fact, cannot make claims against you.

Therefore, we formulate the answer to the question that is the heading of paragraph 2 of this article as follows:

“In order to determine in relation to which specific premises on your site categorization is carried out, you should take the explication of your BTI plan or construction project and compare it with our list.”

However, there is one "subtle" point regarding the so-called. utility rooms. Many experts believe that if they call a pantry or workshop a utility room or an office, etc. then they can deceive the state in such a simple way. This is wrong. And this is quite easily refuted by the definition of the term "utility room" and the practice of fire supervision.

Thus, if you use utility room, as a washing one, the inspector cannot make any claims against you. If you use the back room as a warehouse or workshop, the inspector has every right to show you a violation of paragraph 20 of the Fire Regulations, since although according to the explication to the BTI plan this appointment is only “auxiliary”, but according to the definition of this term, it can also be a pantry, t .e. have a warehouse purpose.

At the same time, a competent inspector, in this case, can and will have to prove that this office or “service room” is actually a warehouse or workshop. He can and should take photographs of stored goods, machine tools, tools, raw materials, involve witnesses, take explanations, take testimony, etc. And when he proves that the utility room has a storage or technical one, he may well give such cunning people a little trouble. For example, to attract the guilty person, both for violation of the specified paragraph of the rules, and for violation of part 6 of Article 64, of the Technical Regulations - failure to file a declaration in case of a change functional purpose, or, since September 2017, for changing the functional purpose of the premises provided for by the project. Do not cheat and cheat. Judicial practice (for example, the decision of the 18th Arbitration Court of Appeal dated August 13, 2013 N 18AP-7560/2013) shows that attempts to pass off a warehouse as a "utility" are doomed to failure.

Therefore, it is legally correct to prove the need for categorization (as well as the functional fire hazard class itself) only by reference to the explication of premises. We repeat: compare what is written in the explication with the table at the beginning of this article, and if something matches, then your room is subject to categorization. Although, of course, disputes can be waged, one can argue for a long time, and it is precisely the imperfection of the norms, terms and definitions on fire safety that gives us such an opportunity.

And that just makes it necessary practical work a normatively approved list of such premises, which will be mandatory for use in the development of design documentation for construction and in the work of the bureau of technical inventories! There is no such list. In the norms, as we have seen, there are only some enumerations in brackets, with the expressions “and the like” completely unacceptable in normative documents, which give a huge field for fantasies, fueled by the imperfection of the norms, contradictions of their provisions to each other.

§ 3. WAYS OF SOLUTION

Here, of course, some colleagues will object - in the norms there is an expression: “and the like”, about which we have already spoken negatively, and are ready to speak in the same way again. See in our explication (illustration above) there is a functional purpose "workshop". Is it like a workshop? Or "storeroom"? Or laboratories? I don’t know, and most importantly, I don’t understand why I should puzzle over signs of similarity, instead of looking at the list we have already mentioned, the list and just knowing what to do. From the point of view of one person, the workshop is similar to a workshop, but from the point of view of another person, it is not at all similar.

Again, we, practitioners, need to know exactly the definition of the terms production and storage in order to carry out categorization work.

We see a way out in using for this kind of definitions the already existing, very good and detailed document All-Russian Classification of Economic Activities (hereinafter referred to as OKVED).

Premises for industrial purposes - in which the following types OKVED activities: and list everything you need.

Warehouse premises - in which the following types of activities are carried out according to OKVED: and, too, list everything you need.

In addition, of course, it is necessary in disputed cases to determine the procedure for determining the actual appointment and provide a special commission, which will include a representative of the fire department, the right to determine this very appointment.

Of course, this is a laborious path that requires voluminous, scrupulous and tedious work. But this way will allow to get rid of the uncertainty, since in addition to listing the types of activities, this classifier also includes their description.

Binding the definition of industrial premises to this classifier will finally make it possible to put an end to the long-standing dispute about whether it is necessary to categorize switchboards in buildings and structures for various purposes. On this occasion, the dispute among fire specialists is carried out no less often than about the production purposes themselves.

On this issue, our colleagues addressed the Ministry of Emergency Situations, whose letter we present below:

A response was prepared to this appeal, which, in our opinion, contained two errors.

The first mistake, as we said above, is that again, the functional fire hazard class is used to justify the need for categorization by explosion and fire hazard, which is logically incorrect (see above), and is not justified from a legal standpoint, since according to the law, the basis for categorization, we repeat, the purpose of the room, and not the class of its fire hazard. The second mistake is a topic for a separate article and it is just related to a detailed analysis of OKVED in relation to the concept of electricity generation

The article can be summed up as follows:

it is necessary to define the terms “production” and “warehouse” at the legislative level with the appendix of a list including a specific listing of OKVED codes, the description of whose activities coincides with the process that is carried out in a particular room, or the link to indefinite “production” and “warehouse” should be removed from the Federal Law premises, and the need to determine the categories to link with a reference norm to the list determined by the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia by a separate order. Until then, you can use our list.

For citation: P.Yu. Knyazev "Premises to be categorized by explosion and fire hazard" [electronic resource] "Laboratory of combustion processes and fire dynamics". - Electron. Dan. - Access mode: , free Posted July 31, 2015

Non-residential premises are offices, shops, salons and cafes that are located in a residential building and occupy its area.

They are predominantly located on ground floor, and their formation is provided for in advance, at the time of construction of a multi-storey building.

In addition, auxiliary and technical rooms, utility rooms belong to the category of those. Their definition in the designated status is permissible, provided that they are registered in the property and registered as non-residential.

Differ designated purpose, which does not provide for their use for housing (see). Participate in commercial activities or are the property of a management company (MC).

Differentiation of the use of space in apartment building- an issue on which the payment of utility services for citizens and the right to dispose of them at their discretion depends.

A non-residential premises is legally designated as a space separated from the rest of the area, registered in the designated capacity and intended for use legal entity.

These types of premises are included in common property houses that tenants are entitled to share. This is fractional ownership relating to places sharing along with landings, stairs and attics.

They are actually non-residential, but are assigned to the shared ownership of citizens and act as joint ownership.

Differences are revealed between them according to the type of permitted use. Auxiliary rooms are allowed to be allocated from the number of shared areas, with the possibility of transfer to a legal entity. Permission to register such a right is required to be obtained from residents of a multi-storey building.

Having received permission, it is permissible to register the right to use with a legal consequence - a responsible attitude on the part of the owner and payment of utilities for its maintenance.

If these requirements are met, the designated space may be used. In case of non-compliance, the tenants have the right to apply for its return to shared ownership.

Sometimes not only change houses, but also basements, as well as basement floors and attics are transferred to rent or personal possession. Such actions are legal to the extent that differentiation of these areas, acting as residential or non-residential, is allowed (see).

Technical premises do not allow this. They can only apply to shared property that does not give the right to pass into the possession of a legal or natural person.

Technical areas are designed to service the functioning of a multi-storey building.

Their re-registration in the status of leased or used for commercial needs is not only legally incorrect, but also unacceptable.

These include:

• elevator halls and shafts;
• vestibules, halls, verandas, porches;
• stairs and landings;
• technical floor etc. .

In respect of shared space that is managed by shared ownership of apartment owners, the costs are charged cumulatively.

Expenses for the provision of water supply, gas, heating and other services are included in receipts for payment to citizens, in accordance with the areas of apartments occupied by them. They also deduct funds that provide for the costs of operating the building, adjoining territory, as well as - auxiliary and technical areas.

The lower floor, which provides for the location of commercial organizations, is serviced in accordance with the form of ownership of the legal entity occupying non-residential premises. For legal entities that have registered the used premises in their ownership, the costs are charged according to the occupied territory.

Those bear a responsible order in the direct execution of contracts with the housing department, independently regulating the legal framework of the relationship. Public utilities are provided to them on the basis of the provisions of the agreement concluded by the parties, in accordance with a proportionate payment according to the indicators of metering devices established by the owner of the object.

During reconstruction non-residential premises costs are borne by the owner.

The landlord is a collective of tenants who delegates hiring authority to the board.

But the chairman of the HOA and other officials are not allowed to directly make such decisions. The issue is resolved at the meeting, after a positive decision of which, it is allowed to draw up a lease agreement.

If the developer or other official has not transferred non-residential areas to other owners, they retain an unhindered right to rent the provided space for commercial or other purposes.

This type of right, originally received, is retained until the moment of its alienation as a result of a property transaction. It does not require agreement with third parties and allows decisions to be made at one's own discretion.

The areas redeemed for commercial activities by a legal entity can also be re- leased to interested parties, without agreement with anyone.

Rent is a paid service. The rent provides for the total maintenance of expenses for housing and communal services, housing and communal services and other types of expenses. The tenant is responsible for the maintenance of the object, providing it for use by the tenant in the proper form, allowing for him the benefits in the form of commercial profit. The lease agreement requires registration in the GKN accounts.

According to a similar algorithm, objects participate in property transactions. Among them, the priority is the sale of space for doing business.

For the most part, the sale of this type of real estate occurs simultaneously with the population. That is, in the process of obtaining investments by the developer.

After the building is put into operation, the purchased premises are allowed to participate in the auction if their owner has made mutual settlements with the developer and formalized the ownership of the objects. Having received the status of ownership, non-residential real estate is allowed to be sold without restrictions.

In other cases, when the owner of the premises in high-rise building is a cooperative, HOA, etc., the right to sell is regulated by the meeting of apartment owners.

The Board, being the organizer of the property transaction, is accountable for financial transactions and raising funds to the account of the cooperative (). The money received is spent on the needs of the cooperative, unless the charter provides otherwise.

The property transaction is going through. The Board draws up documentation authorizing the participation of the object in the transaction and the receipt of financial injections to the account of the founder.

Laws on non-residential premises

The disposal of space that has the status of non-residential real estate is regulated by the sixth chapter of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation and related legislative sources.

It is advisable to use the following sources:

• Order of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation dated June 27, 2003, under No. 152 - Instructions on the procedure for registering auxiliary and technical premises.
• The current SNiP No. 2.08.01-89 for the standards of residential buildings.
• RF PP dated 10/13/97, under No. 1301 on the accounting of lived. Fund;
• Order of the Ministry for Land Policy, Construction and Housing and Public Utilities dated 04.08.1998, No. 37.
• Federal Law of July 21, 1997, under No. 122-FZ “On the state. registration of rights to real estate and transactions with it” (Article 1).
• Article 290 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation announces the characteristics of non-residential objects.
• Articles 606, paragraph 1 of Article 611, Article 691 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and Articles 37, 135 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation authorize the rules for their disposal.
• Article 44 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation - on the powers of the meeting of residents.

In addition to those listed, it is permissible to use numerous other sources, including the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as regional regulations and local acts of constituent documentation.

Technical buildings

Technical buildings

Technical buildings- premises in the building for the placement of technical and auxiliary equipment: heating units, boiler rooms, switchboards, ventilation chambers, switches, radio units, engine rooms of elevators, refrigeration units, etc.

This is interesting:

Polyfoam, properties and qualities

Eat Construction Materials without which no building can do. Such materials can rightly be attributed to irreplaceable polystyrene foam, or expanded polystyrene. Its useful properties, such as high heat, hydro and sound insulation, plus the high environmental friendliness of the material, have determined the main areas of its application. It is used with great success in the construction of industrial and administrative buildings, as well as in residential construction.

Using polystyrene foam to insulate apartments and houses, a significant reduction in the energy costs required to heat a room is achieved. With its use, the necessary microclimate is created in the room. The thing is that thanks to the manufacturing technology, the foam is 98% air. Air is a gas. And the gas, in turn, has a very low thermal conductivity.

Styrofoam is obtained by foaming polystyrene, which is in granules. Expanded polystyrene is subjected to steam treatment. Such an operation is continued several times, which significantly reduces the density of polystyrene, and accordingly its weight also decreases. The final air-drying allows the foam to be saturated with air and removed. excess moisture.

As a result, at the final stage of processing, we get a light, absolutely waterproof, fire-resistant and durable material, which, moreover, can be made in any shape and with different granule sizes. Minimum size granules 5 mm, the maximum size usually does not exceed 15 mm. High quality for a low price - this is how you can briefly characterize the foam.

3.1. The territory of the enterprise and the placement of buildings and structures on it must comply with the requirements of the Sanitary Design Standards industrial enterprises and fire safety standards for the design of buildings and structures, taking into account the technological features of production.

3.2. Fire safety on the territory of the organization must be ensured in accordance with the requirements of the Fire Safety Rules in the Russian Federation, GOST 12.1.004 and GOST 12.4.009.

3.3. Buildings and structures with technological processes that are sources of harmful and unpleasantly smelling substances released into the environment, as well as with sources of increased levels of noise, vibration, ultrasound, radio frequency electromagnetic waves, static electricity and ionizing radiation, should be separated from residential buildings by sanitary protection zones and breaks and placed on the territory of the enterprise on the leeward side for the winds of the prevailing direction in relation to residential buildings and other industrial buildings.

3.4. Organizations, individual buildings and structures by the nature of allocated harmful substances and measures to reduce the adverse effects of these harmful substances on people and the environment are divided into five classes:

class I - with a width of the sanitary protection zone of 1000 m, II - 500 m, III-300M, IV-100M, V-50M.

3.5. Placement of organizations with technological processes that do not emit industrial hazards into the atmosphere, and with processes that do not create levels of external noise and other harmful factors that exceed the established standards for residential development and do not require railway access roads, is allowed to be carried out within residential areas.

3.6. The territory of the organization must be planned, trenches, underground utilities closed or fenced. Warning inscriptions and signs should be installed on the fences, and at night - signal lighting. The places where people pass through the trenches should be equipped with walkways illuminated at night.

3.7. The territory of the organization must be landscaped, landscaped and kept clean. The choice of species of green spaces should be provided in accordance with the requirements of SNiP II-89.

3.8. To remove atmospheric precipitation, the territory of the organization must be equipped with storm sewers. The device of drains should ensure the free and safe movement of people and vehicles on the territory of the enterprise.

3.9. On the territory of the organization, sidewalks should be arranged to ensure the movement of pedestrians in the shortest directions. The width of the sidewalk must be at least 1.5 m.

3.10. Roads and footpaths on the territory of the organization must meet technological requirements and fire safety standards. The width of the roads should correspond to the vehicles used, the goods being moved and the traffic intensity. It is necessary to take into account the opposite traffic.

3.11. The roadway must have a hard surface (asphalt, concrete, cobblestone, etc.).

3.12. The intersection of roads with footpaths must be marked with road signs, as well as markings in accordance with the Rules of the Road of the Russian Federation.

3.13. Roads and sidewalks must be kept in good condition; V winter time must be cleared of snow, ice and sprinkled with sand.

3.14. Space-planning and design solutions for industrial premises and structures must meet the requirements of building codes and regulations, as well as sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises and other applicable regulatory documents.

3.15. The volume of production premises per worker must be at least 15 m 3, and the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe premises - at least 4.5 m 2. The height of the production room must be at least 3.5 m.

3.16. Premises and areas for industries with excess sensible heat (more than 20 kcal / m 3 h), as well as for industries with significant emissions of harmful gases, vapors and dust, should, as a rule, be located near the outer walls of buildings and structures.

3.17. To accommodate industries with excess sensible heat (more than 20 kcal / m 3 h) and with significant emissions of harmful gases, vapors and dust, one-story buildings should, as a rule, be provided.

3.18. If it is necessary to locate the production facilities specified in clause 3.17 of these Rules in multi-storey buildings, provision should be made for the placement of such production facilities in the upper floors, if this is permissible under the conditions of the technological process and the loads on the floors.

If these production facilities are located on other floors multi-storey buildings effective measures should be taken to prevent the spread of harmful substances from one floor to another.

3.19. The location of industrial premises in the basement, basement floors and in areas with insufficient natural lighting at permanent workplaces (natural illumination coefficient less than 0.1%) may be provided for with a special justification only in cases where this is necessary due to technological conditions.

3.20. Transit pipelines intended for the transportation of hazardous liquids and gases, as well as transit steam pipelines, are not allowed to be laid in pedestrian tunnels and in control panels.

3.21. In industrial buildings and structures, regardless of the presence of harmful emissions and ventilation devices, opening sashes and other opening devices in windows with an area of ​​at least 20% of the total area of ​​light openings should be provided for ventilation. The incoming air must be directed upwards into cold period year and down - in the warm period of the year.

3.22. In buildings and structures with natural ventilation, the area of ​​openings to be opened should be determined by calculation. The distance from the floor level to the bottom of the casements intended for air inflow in the warm season should be no more than 1.8 m, and to the bottom of openings intended for air inflow in the cold season, at least 4 m.

3.23. For opening, setting in the required position and closing the casements of window and lamp casings or other opening devices in the premises, devices should be provided that are easily controlled from the floor or from working platforms. Protective metal nets must be installed under glazed lanterns.

3.24. When repairing the glazing of windows and lanterns, when cleaning glass, as well as when servicing aeration openings and lighting fixtures, passageways (platforms, stairs to access the roof, etc.), special mechanisms, devices and devices must be used to ensure the safe performance of these works. These works must be carried out with a permit.

3.25. The roofs of buildings along the perimeter must have fences with a height of at least 0.6 m. In winter, the roofs and cornices of buildings must be cleared of snow and ice. Roofs should be equipped with devices for organized rainfall drainage.

3.26. Production facilities must be equipped with a sufficient number of exits for the rapid evacuation of people. Emergency exits and ladders must be provided in accordance with the requirements of fire regulations.

At the same time, gates for railway rolling stock are not taken into account when calculating evacuation exits.

3.27. Gates, entrance doors and other openings in the outer walls must be insulated and equipped with devices for mechanized closing (springs, pneumatic shutters, etc.), placed taking into account safety requirements.

3.28. External exits must be equipped with vestibules or air-heat curtains in accordance with the requirements of building codes and regulations.

3.29. The clear dimensions of the gate for railway rolling stock of normal gauge (1524 mm) should be taken at least 5.4 m in height and 4.8 m in width. For other types of land transport, the clear dimensions of the gate should be taken in excess of the dimensions of vehicles by at least 0.2 m in height and 0.6 m in width. From the outside of the gate, ramps with a slope of no more than 10% should be provided.

3.30. Buildings, structures, structures and communications should be painted in colors in accordance with GOST 12.4.026 and standards for color finishing of interiors of industrial buildings of industrial enterprises.

3.31. The floors of industrial premises and warehouses must be smooth, durable, non-slip.

The materials provided for the installation of floors must meet the hygienic and operational requirements for this production. Floors should be made of materials with low thermal conductivity (concrete, ceramic, etc.), wooden gratings or heat-insulating mats should be installed at workplaces.

3.32. In rooms where, due to working conditions, liquids accumulate, the floors must be impervious to liquids, have the necessary slope and drainage channels. In addition, it is recommended to install wooden gratings at workplaces. Channels in the floors for draining liquids or laying pipelines are blocked with solid or lattice covers flush with the floor level. Openings in the floors for the passage of drive belts, conveyors, etc. must be of minimum dimensions and fenced with boards at least 20 cm high, regardless of the presence of a common fence. In cases where, according to the conditions of the technological process, channels, gutters and trenches cannot be closed, it is necessary to protect them with railings 1 m high with sheathing along the bottom to a height of at least 150 mm from the floor.

3.33. In rooms where aggressive and harmful substances are used, the floors must be made of materials that are resistant to the chemical effects of these substances (metlakh tiles, etc.).

3.34. Finishing of walls, ceilings and structural surfaces of premises where production facilities that emit harmful or aggressive substances (mercury, lead, manganese compounds, arsenic, benzene, acids, sulfur dioxide, etc.) are located should allow wet cleaning.

3.35. Intrashop rail tracks must be laid flush with the floor level.

3.36. Aisles and walkways inside production facilities should have clearly marked dimensions, marked on the floor with clearly marked markings using paint, metal recessed checkers, and other indicators.

3.37. The width of the driveways must correspond to the dimensions of vehicles or transported goods.

The distance from the borders of the carriageway to the structural elements of the building and equipment must be at least 0.5 m, and when people are moving - at least 0.8 m.

The width of the passage for two-way traffic should provide a guaranteed safety zone for vehicles and pedestrians: between vehicles - at least 0.6 m, free passages on both sides of the traffic path - at least 0.7 m.

In order to ensure the evacuation of workers in emergency situations, the width of passages must be at least 1 m, corridors - at least 1.4 m, doors - at least 0.8 m, flights and landings of stairs - at least 1 m.

3.38. Steps, ramps, bridges must be carried out over the entire width of the passage. Stairs must have railings at least 1 m high, steps must be level and non-slip. Metal steps must have a corrugated surface.

3.39. Doorways should be without thresholds.

3.40. In production premises, areas should be allocated for the storage of materials, blanks and finished products.

3.41. Production facilities must be equipped with fire fighting equipment in accordance with the Fire Safety Rules in the Russian Federation and GOST 12.4.009. Free access to fire-fighting inventory and equipment must be provided. To indicate the location, type of fire equipment and fire extinguishing means, indication signs should be used in accordance with GOST 12.4.026. It is prohibited to use fire fighting equipment for purposes other than those intended.

3.42. The condition and operation of buildings and structures should be systematically monitored. General technical inspections of industrial buildings and structures, as a rule, should be carried out twice a year - in spring and autumn. The results of inspections must be documented. A technical passport must be issued for each building and structure.

3.43. During the operation of industrial buildings and structures it is prohibited:

3.43.1. Exceeding the maximum loads on floors, ceilings, platforms;

3.43.2. Installation, attachment, fastening of equipment, transport devices, pipelines not provided for by the project, including temporary ones (for example, during repairs);

3.43.3. Making holes in ceilings, beams, columns, walls without the written permission of the persons responsible for the operation of the building.

3.44. Natural and artificial lighting of production, service and auxiliary premises and artificial lighting of work places outside the building must comply with the requirements of SNiP II-4, the Rules for the Installation of Electrical Installations, the Rules for the Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations, the Safety Rules for the Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations. Wherein:

3.44.1. Production facilities in which workers without natural lighting or with insufficient biological effect natural lighting (natural illumination coefficient less than 0.1%) are permanently occupied must be equipped with artificial ultraviolet radiation installations or it is necessary to provide for the installation of photariums located on the territory of the organization;

3.44.2. Windows facing the sunny side should have devices for protection from direct sunlight (blinds, screens, visors, curtains or whitewashing of glazing for summer time);

3.44.3. Glass windows and lanterns must be cleaned of dust, soot and dirt at least twice a year, and in rooms with significant industrial emissions of smoke, dust, soot, dirt, etc. - at least four times a year. It is recommended to mechanize the glass cleaning process.

When cleaning glass, measures must be taken to protect workers from injury in cases of falling glass fragments;

3.44.4. It is forbidden to clutter up windows and other light openings with details, materials, tools and other objects;

3.44.5. Minimum distance from building structures, incl. and from window openings to production equipment must comply with the Norms of technological design of machine-building plants;

3.44.6. Artificial lighting of industrial premises should be of two systems: general (uniform or localized) and combined (local lighting is added to general lighting). The use of one local lighting is not allowed;

3.44.7. To illuminate premises for various purposes and places of work outside the building, gas-discharge lamps of low and high pressure (usually fluorescent) should be provided. In case of impossibility or technical and economic inexpediency of using gas-discharge light sources, the use of incandescent lamps is allowed. The choice of light sources should be made taking into account the recommendations of building codes and the Rules for the installation of electrical installations;

3.44.8. Incandescent and fluorescent lamps used for general and local lighting must be equipped with reflectors. The use of open lamps without reflectors is prohibited;

3.44.9. The choice of luminaires, fittings, electrical wiring, their installation and installation must exclude the risk of electric shock, fire or explosion;

3.44.10. Lamps with a voltage of 127 and 220 V must be hung at a height of at least 2.5 m from the floor. When hanging lamps at a lower height, lamps should be used, the design of which excludes access to incandescent lamps without special devices or ensures that live parts of fluorescent lamps are inaccessible for touching. Otherwise, luminaires with a voltage of not more than 42 V should be used;

3.44.11. The change of electric lamps should be carried out by electrical personnel with the voltage removed and with the use of personal protective equipment;

3.44.12. For the safe continuation of work when it is impossible to stop it and for people to leave the premises in case of a sudden shutdown of lighting, emergency and evacuation lighting must operate;

3.44.13. Emergency lighting should be provided if the shutdown of working lighting and the associated violation of the normal maintenance of equipment and mechanisms can cause:

explosion, fire, poisoning of people;

long-term disruption of the technological process;

disruption of facilities such as control rooms, pumping units water supply, sewerage and heating;

stopping ventilation or air conditioning for industrial premises where it is unacceptable to stop work, etc.;

3.44.14. Emergency lighting fixtures must be connected to a network independent of the working lighting network;

3.44.15. Emergency lighting must be on for the entire duration of the working lighting or must automatically turn on when the working lighting is suddenly turned off;

3.45.16. Escape lighting must be installed:

in places dangerous for the passage of people;

in the aisles and on the stairs serving for the evacuation of more than 50 people;

in industrial premises with people constantly working in them, where the exit of people from the premises in case of emergency shutdown of working lighting is associated with a risk of injury due to the continued operation of production equipment;

indoors public buildings and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises, if more than 100 people can be in the room at the same time;

3.44.17. Security lighting should be provided in the absence of special technical means of protection along the borders and territories of the enterprise at night;

3.44.18. General lighting of industrial premises should be arranged in such a way that blinding of crane operators in crane cabins is excluded;

3.44.19. General lighting of the territory of the organization is allowed with the help of spotlights and (or) lamps with a voltage of 127 or 220 V.

Electric wires and lighting fittings should be located in such a way that it is impossible for people to come into contact with them, damage them by handling equipment, transported goods, etc.;

3.44.20. Luminaires for general uniform overhead lighting should have diffused light distribution;

3.44.21. Luminaires for general localized (side) lighting should be located on walls or columns with an orientation towards workplace and have a concentrated or medium light distribution;

3.44.22. Local lighting of work surfaces should be such that the luminaires can be installed with the required direction of light.

Local lighting fixtures must be structurally connected with the workplace, eliminating the need to move them during the movement of overhead cranes. To power local lighting fixtures, voltage should be applied in accordance with the requirements provided for by the SSBT standards for specific types of equipment and taking into account the degree of danger of the production premises;

3.44.23. Hand-held portable lamps in rooms with increased danger should have a voltage of no higher than 42 V, and in especially dangerous rooms and outdoors - no higher than 12 V;

3.44.24. Luminaires with voltage up to 42 V must be powered from a transformer with separate windings of primary and secondary voltage, one of the outputs of the secondary winding must be grounded;

3.44.25. Luminaires must be located in such a way that they can be safely serviced. Overhead cranes can be used to service lamps in industrial premises, vehicles with a telescopic tower or a retractable ladder, etc., can be used on the territory of the enterprise.

When using overhead cranes for servicing lighting fixtures, you should be guided by the Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Hoisting Cranes and the Safety Rules for the Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations.

When using lifts (towers), one should be guided by the Rules for the Construction and Safe Operation of Lifts (Towers);

3.44.26. In newly commissioned industrial buildings, devices for cleaning and changing lamps should be provided, ensuring the safety and convenience of their maintenance;

3.44.27. Cleaning of lamps and lighting fixtures from dust, dirt and soot should be carried out according to the schedule within the timeframes determined by those responsible for electrical facilities, depending on local conditions, but at least 4 times a year;

3.44.28. Laying (relaying), carrying, repairing and monitoring the good condition of electrical wires, current collectors and fittings of lighting systems, turning on and off general-purpose circuit breakers, changing lamps, fittings, fuses, plug sockets and other electrical work must be carried out by a specially trained, certified and instructed electrotechnical staff;

3.44.29. Moving, switching, de-energizing wires and electrical receivers of lighting electrical networks must be carried out with the permission of the administration of the workshop or site and in compliance with electrical safety rules;

3.44.30. Burnt out lamps, broken and damaged fittings must be replaced immediately.

In lamps of general and local lighting, light sources of the same power for which the fittings of the lamp are designed should be used;

3.44.31. Proper operation of lighting installations is ensured by the timely replacement of light sources. Group replacement of light sources is possible at certain intervals depending on their service life or individual replacement of lamps as they burn out.

The method of replacing light sources is established at the enterprise, depending on the degree of availability of lamps for replacement and the power of lighting installations;

3.44.32. During the operation of lighting installations, it is necessary to periodically check their condition within the time limits determined by the person responsible for electrical facilities in accordance with the requirements of the Rules for the operation of consumer electrical installations;

3.44.33. Periodically, at least once a year, it is necessary to check the level of illumination at control points and the level of general illumination of the premises.

3.45. Production, auxiliary and service premises of the organization must be equipped with heating and ventilation or air conditioning systems. Wherein:

3.45.1. The operation of ventilation systems should create meteorological conditions and clean air in accordance with sanitary standards at permanent workplaces, in the working and serviced areas of the premises;

3.45.2. The location of ventilation systems should ensure safe and convenient installation, operation and repair of process equipment. The placement of ventilation systems should not affect the illumination of rooms, workplaces and passages;

3.45.3. For the repair and maintenance of elements of ventilation systems, for the passage through them, fixed platforms, walkways, stairs and bridges should be provided in accordance with building codes and rules, standards of SSBT;

3.45.4. Premises for ventilation equipment must ensure the safe performance of repair, installation and maintenance work and must be equipped with installation openings and lifting devices in accordance with building codes and regulations;

3.45.5. Ventilation systems should not increase the explosion and fire hazard, should not contribute to the spread of explosion or combustion products to other rooms.

In the event of a fire, it should be possible to immediately turn off the ventilation systems in accordance with the plan for localization and elimination of the accident. In case of accidents requiring the simultaneous shutdown of all ventilation systems in rooms with production facilities of fire and explosion hazard categories A, B and E, shutdown should be carried out through devices located outside these rooms;

3.45.6. Electrical equipment of ventilation systems, its control and measuring equipment must meet the requirements of the Rules for the Arrangement of Electrical Installations, the Rules for the Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations and the Safety Rules for the Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations;

3.45.7. Equipment for ventilation systems of premises with production facilities of categories A, B and E, where static electricity may occur, must ensure electrostatic spark safety, have groundings marked with a grounding sign;

3.45.8. For heating production, service and auxiliary premises, systems, devices and heat carriers that do not emit additional production hazards should be provided;

3.45.9. With a central heating system, it should be possible to control the heating of the room with the possibility of independent switching on and off of the heating sections;

3.45.10. Heating devices in industrial premises with a significant emission of dust must have smooth surfaces that allow wet cleaning (cleaning);

3.45.11. Heating appliances steam heating for conditions according to clause 3.45.10. must be protected by metal casings and regularly cleaned of dust;

3.45.12. For industrial premises in which more than 50 m 2 of floor area per worker, heating systems should be provided that provide the required air temperature at permanent workplaces and a lower regulated temperature outside these workplaces;

3.45.13. Both natural aeration and a forced ventilation system should be used for ventilation of production, service and auxiliary premises. The choice of the type of ventilation must be justified by a calculation confirming the provision of the required air exchange, the metrological and sanitary-hygienic state of the air;

3.45.15. Opening of window transoms, lantern shutters, shaft openings must be mechanized and carried out with the help of devices controlled from the floor;

3.45.16. Window frames, transoms, skylights, doors and tambours to them, thermal curtain devices must be kept in good condition and must be checked and put into working condition by the winter period of operation;

3.45.17. Supporting structures for fastening air ducts of ventilation systems must be reliable, made of non-combustible materials, not cause or transmit vibrations.

Local suctions must be attached to non-vibrating or least vibrating elements of process equipment;

3.45.18. The material and design of gaskets for flange connections of air ducts of ventilation systems should be selected taking into account the temperature, chemical and physical and mechanical properties of the transported medium;

3.45.19. Joints of air ducts of ventilation systems should not be located in the body of walls, partitions and ceilings;

3.45.20. Laying of pipelines transporting harmful, poisonous, explosive, flammable or with unpleasant odors gases and liquids on air ducts and through rooms for ventilation equipment is not allowed;

3.45.21. Elements of ventilation systems transporting air with a temperature above 70 ° C must be painted with heat-resistant and non-combustible paints;

3.45.22. Commissioning tests and adjustment of ventilation systems after their installation to design parameters must be carried out in accordance with building codes and rules by the installation organization. The performance of these works must be preceded by a pre-start inspection carried out on non-working systems;

3.45.23. Carrying out pre-start tests and adjustments until the deficiencies identified during pre-start control inspections of ventilation systems are eliminated;

3.45.24. Changes in the design of ventilation systems and in their individual elements are not allowed without the consent of the project developer;

3.45.25. Ventilation systems that have passed pre-start tests and are equipped with an instruction manual, a passport, a repair and operation log are allowed for operation.

Explosion and fire safety measures must be indicated in the operating instructions for ventilation systems;

3.45.26. Scheduled inspections of ventilation systems should be carried out in accordance with the schedule approved by the administration of the organization;

3.45.27. Preventive inspections of the premises of ventilation installations, cleaning devices and other elements of ventilation systems serving premises with industries of categories A, B and E should be carried out at least once per shift with the results of the inspection recorded in the operation log. Faults found at the same time are subject to immediate elimination;

3.45.28. The premises of the ventilation installations must be locked, there must be a sign on the doors with an inscription prohibiting the entry of unauthorized persons.

The storage of materials, tools and other foreign objects in these premises, the use of these premises for other purposes is prohibited;

3.45.29. Ventilation systems of rooms with aggressive environments must undergo a condition check, control of the strength of the walls and fastening elements of air ducts, ventilation devices and treatment facilities within the terms established by the administration of the enterprise, but at least once a year. The results are documented in an act and entered in the installation passport;

3.45.30. Lubrication of the mechanisms of ventilation units should be carried out only after they have completely stopped. Lubrication points must be accessible safely and conveniently;

3.45.31. When developing plans for the reconstruction of production, associated with a change in existing technological schemes, production processes and equipment, the issues of suitability or changes in existing ventilation systems should be simultaneously considered;

3.45.32. Ventilation systems that cannot be used due to a change in technology or replacement of equipment must be dismantled;

3.45.33. All types of repair of ventilation systems must be carried out in accordance with the schedules of preventive maintenance approved by the enterprise in the prescribed manner;

3.45.34. Repair of local exhaust ventilation systems is recommended to be carried out simultaneously with the scheduled repair of process equipment serviced by these systems.

If the ventilation systems scheduled for repair are connected with other industries or premises, their shutdown is allowed only by mutual agreement;

3.45.35. Repair and cleaning of ventilation systems should be carried out in ways that exclude the possibility of an explosion, fire;

3.45.36. Repair of electrical equipment of explosion-proof ventilation systems must be carried out by a specialized company or a company that has the appropriate license.

After repair, the equipment must be tested. The test results and the nature of the repair must be entered in the passport for this equipment;

3.45.37. Cleaning of ventilation systems must be carried out within the time limits established by the operating instructions. A cleaning note should be recorded in the system repair and operation log;

3.45.38. The air removed by ventilation systems and containing harmful or unpleasant smelling substances must be cleaned to the permissible concentrations established by sanitary standards before being released into the atmosphere;

3.45.39. In workshops where highly toxic substances are used, ventilation systems must be equipped with an alarm that turns on automatically when the fan stops;

3.45.40. Shop areas where technological processes are accompanied by the release of dust, gas or steam should, as a rule, be located in isolated rooms equipped with appropriate ventilation.

In places of formation of dust, gas and (or) steam, local exhausts should be arranged. If these sections are located in the technological chain and it is impossible for this reason to separate them into separate rooms, the normal state of the air environment in neighboring sections must be ensured;

3.45.41. Repair, maintenance, monitoring of the good condition and operation of ventilation units must be carried out by trained, certified and instructed personnel;

3.45.42. At workplaces near furnaces, presses, hammers and other equipment with significant heat release, it is necessary to install shower installations, both stationary and portable, with devices that provide air heating in the cold season and cooling it in the hot season;

3.45.43. The efficiency of ventilation should be checked systematically by control measurements with an analysis of the state of the air environment;

3.45.44. Ventilation chambers should be placed in special isolated rooms. Access to them should be allowed only to persons serving these installations;

3.45.45. Ventilation systems, their installation sites should be easily accessible for inspection, cleaning and repair;

3.45.46. To protect workplaces from drafts during the cold season, it is necessary to provide air or air-thermal curtains.

Curtains should be equipped with gates that open more than five times or for at least 40 minutes per shift. Curtains should be equipped with technological openings of heated buildings and structures in the absence of tambours-locks in areas with an estimated outdoor air temperature below 15 ° C;

3.45.47. Air and air-thermal curtains should provide for the time of opening the gates, doors or technological openings the air temperature in the premises at permanent workplaces is not lower than:

14 ° C - with light physical work;

12 ° C - during moderate work;

8 ° C - during hard work.

In the absence of permanent jobs in the area of ​​gates, doors or technological openings, when they are opened, the air temperature may drop to 5 ° C;

3.45.48. Emergency ventilation should be provided for industrial premises in which a sudden release into the air is possible. working area a large number of harmful substances (except dust);

3.45.49. Emergency ventilation should be, as a rule, exhaust. Removal of air by emergency ventilation should be carried out outside. The air removed by emergency exhaust ventilation must be replenished mainly due to the inflow of outside air;

3.45.50. Emergency ventilation, together with permanent ventilation, must provide at least eight air exchanges per hour.

3.46. The composition of the sanitary household premises for various types of industries, their arrangement and dimensions must comply with the requirements of SNiP 2.09.04, while:

3.46.1. Sanitary facilities should include:

dressing rooms, shower rooms, pre-shower rooms, washrooms, latrines, smoking rooms, places for drinking water supply devices, rooms for heating, rooms for processing, storing and issuing work clothes, etc .;

3.46.2. The distance from workplaces in industrial buildings to latrines, smoking rooms, rooms for heating or cooling, drinking water supply devices should be no more than 75 m, and from workplaces at the enterprise site - no more than 150 m;

3.46.3. Industrial premises should be equipped with sanitary posts equipped with stretchers, first aid kits with medicines and other means for providing first aid to employees. Monitoring the condition and maintenance of sanitary posts should be entrusted to a specially designated person;

3.46.4. For washing overalls in an organization or for a group of organizations, a laundry room with a dry cleaning department should be provided. The organization can use the services of city laundries and dry cleaners if they have a special department (technological lines) for processing overalls;

3.46.5. At laundries, rooms should be provided for the repair of overalls at the rate of 9 m 2 per workplace. The number of jobs should be taken at the rate of one shoe repair job and two workwear repair jobs per 1000 people. payroll number of employees at the enterprise;

3.46.6. In cases where it is required by the conditions of production, dryers for special clothing and special footwear, dust removal chambers and neutralization installations should be installed;

3.46.7. The walls and partitions of workwear wardrobes, showers, pre-showers, washrooms, latrines, rooms for drying, dedusting and neutralizing workwear must be made to a height of 2 m from the floor from materials that allow them to be washed with hot water using detergents. The walls and partitions of these rooms are higher than 2 m, the ceilings must have a waterproof coating. The floors of sanitary facilities must be moisture resistant and have a non-slip surface (ceramic tiles, etc.);

3.46.8. The production facilities must be equipped with devices drinking water based on one device per 100 employees for groups production processes 2a, 26 and for 200 workers for other groups of production processes (1a, 1b, 1c, 2c, 2d, 3a, 3b, 4). The temperature of drinking water should be in the range from 8 to 20 ° C. All elements of the drinking system must be in good condition, ensuring the good quality of drinking water and the continuity of the system.

For the supply of drinking water, automatic machines, fountains, locked tanks with fountain nozzles, and other devices should be provided;

3.46.9. In hot shops, devices (saturation plants, vending machines, kiosks, etc.) should be provided for supplying workers with salted sparkling water containing 0.5% sodium chloride at the rate of spending 4-5 liters of water per person per shift;

3.46.10. Plants for the distribution of salted soda water must be kept clean and have devices for rinsing glasses, sinks or special receivers for draining water;

3.46.11. Drinking tanks should be made of materials that are not subject to corrosion and do not emit substances harmful to the human body.

3.46.12. Personnel servicing drinking water supply installations are subject to all sanitary requirements established for public catering workers;

3.46.13. The enterprise should develop instructions for servicing drinking tanks, saturators, vending machines, kiosks, etc. storage, distribution, filling, washing, disinfection, etc. drinking water supply devices.

The instruction must be agreed with the local authorities of the state sanitary and epidemiological supervision;

3.46.14. Outerwear and special clothing and footwear should be stored separately in dressing rooms, in closets of a closed or open (on the front side) type with compartments equipped with hanger bars, places for hats, shoes, toiletries and, if necessary, for personal protective equipment. Cabinets can be single or double with partitions;

3.46.15. Showers should be located in rooms adjacent to dressing rooms. Shower rooms should have showers. Shower cabins are divided by partitions from moisture resistant materials. Up to 20% of shower cabins are allowed to be closed. Showers should be continuously provided with hot and cold water and should be equipped with hot and cold mixers. cold water. Hot water pipes accessible to touch must be insulated to avoid burns;

3.46.16. Wash basins supplied with hot water must be equipped with hot and cold water faucets. Washbasins should have a sufficient amount of soap and clean, dry towels or devices replacing them (electric towels). Washbasins should be located adjacent to dressing rooms or on the area provided for this purpose in the dressing rooms;

3.46.17. The entrance to the toilet must be equipped with a vestibule with a self-closing door. Washbasins, towel racks (or electric towels) and shelves for soap should be provided in the vestibule.

Hooks must be provided in each cabin for outerwear;

3.46.18. In departments with more than 75 women workers per shift, it is recommended to arrange rooms for the personal hygiene of women at the rate of 75 people per unit. In these rooms, places for undressing and a wash basin should be provided;

3.46.19. Smoking in industrial premises is allowed in specially designated areas equipped with fire extinguishing equipment and water bins.

Smoking is prohibited in the dressing rooms. If, due to the conditions of production or fire safety, smoking in production premises or on the territory of the enterprise is not allowed, as well as if the volume of production premises per worker is less than 50 m 3, smoking rooms should be provided, equipped with water bins, fire extinguishing equipment and exhaust ventilation;

3.46.20. Eating is allowed only in specially designated areas;

3.46.21. Ventilation of sanitary facilities must comply with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.05.

During the cold period of the year, the supply of heated supply air should be made to the upper zone of the room to compensate for the volume of air removed from the premises.

In buildings with a total floor area of ​​​​not more than 100 m 2, in which no more than two toilets are located, it is allowed to provide for a natural inflow of outside air through the windows during the cold season.

During the warm period of the year, the premises should be provided with a natural intake of outside air through opening windows. The supply of outdoor air by mechanically driven systems should be provided for rooms without windows, as well as, if necessary, outdoor air treatment;

3.46.22. Air removal should be provided, as a rule, directly from the sanitary premises by systems with natural or mechanical stimulation. In showers and toilets with three or more places, mechanical ventilation should be used;

3.46.23. The ventilation of dressing rooms should be organized through showers, while when the air exchange of the dressing room exceeds the air exchange of the shower room, air should be removed through the shower room in the volume established for it, and the remaining difference should be compensated directly from the dressing room;

3.46.24. Sanitary and amenity premises and the devices and equipment located in them must be kept clean and in good condition.

Enterprises working on raw materials and pre-preparation contain office space (director's office, office and main cash desk); staff quarters; wardrobe for staff; wardrobe for waiters; showers, latrines and women's personal hygiene rooms; linen; room public organizations; premises of a mechanic-mechanic, electrician; housekeeper's office. The group of technical premises includes: the engine room of refrigeration chambers; thermal point; switchboard; ventilation chambers; thermal curtain chamber.

Procurement enterprises contain service and amenity premises; canteen-handout for staff; linen; health center; room for personal hygiene of women; premises of public organizations; room training sessions; strong point of the automated enterprise management system; sanitary-technological food laboratory. The technical premises include a charging station, a mechanical repair shop, a heating point, a pumping station, a transformer substation, ventilation chambers, an air conditioning chamber, an engine room for refrigeration chambers and elevators, a radio center, and an automatic telephone exchange.

Service premises are designed on any floor of the building, providing convenient communication with all premises of the enterprise; natural lighting. It is allowed to place service premises in the basement floors. In procurement enterprises, this group of premises may be located in an attached or detached building. In the service and household block of the procurement enterprise, a checkpoint is provided.

The main cash desk should be located in close proximity to the service premises; natural lighting.

Amenity premises are located in a single block in the building from the side of the service personnel entrance (from the side of the utility yard or the side facades of the building) in the basement, basement or first floor of the building. They should have a convenient connection with all groups of rooms.

In procurement enterprises, household premises are placed sequentially, in the direction of personnel movement, in a single block from the side of the main facade of the building, with an independent entrance for their possible isolation from other premises while providing convenient communication with all premises, in the basement, basement or first floor of the building.

Dressing rooms are designed for storing street and home clothes, as well as overalls. The design of wardrobes is regulated hygiene requirements. Wardrobes for women and men are designed separately. The wardrobe of waiters, intended for changing clothes and storing special uniforms, is designed separately. Dressing rooms for production workers should be designed on the basis of the principle of separate storage of street and special clothing. The wardrobe area is determined based on the storage of clothes in them for 85% of the total number of employees. At enterprises with a total number of employees of 100 or less, one double wardrobe per employee is provided for storing all types of clothing; at enterprises with a total number of employees of more than 100, dressing rooms are provided for separate storage on clothes hangers; street - one hook per employee, home and workwear - two hooks per employee. The length of the hanger is determined at the rate of six hooks per 1 m of the length of the hanger. If there is a reserve of space, it is advisable to install wardrobes with two or three compartments with hooks for hanging clothes and shelves, in number larger than required by calculations, since the number of personnel may increase due to the use of seasonal persons or trainees.

In procurement enterprises, dressing rooms are provided for separate storage on hangers: street clothes (one hook per worker); home and overalls (two hooks per worker). The number of places in the dressing rooms for outerwear should be taken equal to 100% of workers in the maximum shift plus 25% of the adjacent shift. With dressing rooms for men and women, separate changing rooms are provided, adjacent to showers.

The area of ​​​​cloakrooms is taken at the rate of 0.575 m 2 per employee; this area includes 0.125 m 2 - outerwear wardrobe; 0.25 m 2 - wardrobe of home and workwear (for 100% of production personnel); 0.05 m 2 - a room for storing personal belongings (for 100% of production personnel); 0.15 m 2 - changing room (for 100% of production personnel).

In the dressing rooms near the cabinets along the entire length of their rows there are benches 25 cm wide.

In the dressing rooms for home and special clothes, one washbasin is provided.

When calculating household premises, take next composition employed: women - 70%, men - 30%.

The premises of the service and household groups are designed in such a way that they can be passed through bypassing the production and storage facilities.

Showers are placed adjacent to the dressing rooms of home and workwear. The number of shower screens is calculated for 50% of the staff working in the largest shift (15 people per shower screen).

At shower rooms, pre-shower rooms are designed for wiping the body and changing clothes, equipped with towel racks and benches for each shower, three places of 0.6 m in length.

Shower cabins are separated from one another by partitions 1.8 m high from the floor, not reaching 0.2 m to the floor. It is not allowed to place showers against external walls.

The width of the aisles between the hangers in the wardrobe is taken equal to 1.2 m; between two rows of shower cabins - 1.8 m; between the cabin and the wall - 0.9 m.

Toilets are designed both in the block of household premises and independently. Toilets for men and women are provided separately. Number sanitary appliances they count on 100% of workers in the most numerous shift at the rate of 30 people per sanitary appliance.

Toilets in buildings of multi-storey enterprises are placed on each floor. It is allowed to place toilets through one floor only if the number of employees on two adjacent floors does not exceed 30 people, and they should be located on a floor with a large number of employees. The distance from workplaces to toilets should not exceed 75 m. Entrances to the toilets are arranged through vestibules (gateways), where one washbasin is placed for four cabins. The dimensions of the cabin are taken equal to 1.2 x 0.8 m.

If 100 women or more work in the most numerous shift, a room for the personal hygiene of women is provided adjacent to the women's toilets. The number of treatment booths is taken at the rate of one booth per 100 women. Cabin dimensions 1.8 x 1.2 m.

In places for undressing, benches are provided, above which there should be two hooks. The number of undressing places is determined on the basis of three places per cabin. The area for undressing is determined at the rate of 0.7 m 2 per seat.

The pantry for linen is arranged adjacent to the wardrobes work clothes. The linen area is taken according to SNiPs, in procurement enterprises - at the rate of 10 m 2 per 100 people of production personnel. In linen provide offices for clean and dirty linen.

The sanitary-technological laboratory contains: a sampling room, an office of the head of the laboratory and two departments: chemical-technological and bacteriological.

In the chemical-technological department, a room is provided for conducting physical and chemical analyzes (with a fume hood), weighing, washing, pantry for storing dishes, reagents and inventory.

In the bacteriological department, a room for carrying out bacteriological analyzes with a box for crops, an autoclave, washing and medium cooking rooms are being designed.

Washing rooms and pantry for storage of dishes, reagents and inventory can be combined, provided that the lines of washing and storage of dishes and reagents are separated.

The area of ​​the premises of the laboratory is taken equal to 8 - 10 m 2 per 1 ton of processed raw materials.

Technical rooms are a special group. They may not always be located in a single block, as they serve, as a rule, as auxiliary premises serving other groups of premises. Therefore, when placing them in the building plan, the requirement of convenient access to them and the presence of independent entrances from the production corridors or from the economic zone of the enterprise must be observed. They design technical rooms in the basement, basement and other floors of the building.

The engine room of the refrigerating chambers is located in close proximity to the refrigerating chambers with access to the outside or to the production corridor. The width of the passages in the engine room must have the following values ​​(m): at least 1.5 - the main passage and the passage from the electrical panel to the protruding parts of the refrigerating machine; at least 1 - between the protruding parts of the machines; not less than 0.8 - between smooth wall and cars.

In enterprises low power for the installation of a refrigeration unit, it is possible not to provide a special engine room. Refrigeration units must not be placed on stairs or landings, under the stairs, in close proximity to entrance doors buildings, in the machine rooms of elevators and in the lobby. It is also not allowed to place refrigeration units in thermal locks (lodges), refrigerating chambers and in the corridors of refrigerators.

The ventilation unit removes excess heat, moisture and harmful gases emitted from the premises of enterprises located on different floors. In this regard, in the production premises of public catering establishments, supply and exhaust air ventilation units, which are separate systems located on different floors.

Ventilation chambers and a heating point are located at the outer walls of the building.

The switchboard is also placed near the outer walls and, if possible, near the group of rooms with the highest installed capacity of the equipment. It is not allowed that the switchboard is located under washing, showers, bathrooms and other rooms where there are sinks and sewer drains.

Repair and mechanical workshops perform Maintenance technological, lifting and transport, power equipment, carry out repairs of inventory and containers, a point of knives and straightening of saws, manufacturing of various types hand tools to facilitate the work of employees of the enterprise.

The air conditioning chamber is placed next to the heat point (the heat carrier is superheated water from the heating network) and in convenient connection with the refrigeration unit (the coolant is chilled water). The area of ​​the supply chamber of incomplete comfort air conditioning together with the engine room refrigeration plant when designing, they are taken equal to 0.4 - 0.45 m 2 per place.

It is advisable to place the switchboard near the outer walls and in the immediate vicinity of the production facilities with the highest installed capacity of the equipment. Switchboards are placed above the level ground water, and in areas prone to flooding - above the level of flooding. It is not allowed to place switchboards under washing, bathrooms, showers, hot and other industrial premises.

At harvesting enterprises, electrical switchboards should be separated from premises for other purposes by fire partitions and ceilings. The supply lines to the distribution points of food cooling or freezing installations must be independent.

Distribution points, cabinets and shields should be located outside the premises for punching bags, washing, cooling chambers, pantries and warehouses for potatoes and vegetables.

Distribution points, cabinets and shields are placed in the corridors recessed in niches made of fireproof structures. Their installation in meat, fish, vegetable, confectionery and culinary shops is allowed only in metal cabinets with a seal.

The doors of the electrical room must be at least 0.75 m wide and open outwards.

A charging station, a transformer substation, a pumping exchange are located in the yard of the harvesting enterprise in a separate building attached to the building of the harvesting enterprise, in the basement, basement or first floor.

In the group of technical premises of canteens for 150 seats or more and restaurants, it is necessary to provide a room for a mechanic with an area of ​​6 m 2.

UTILITY ROOMS

These rooms are intended for storage of cleaning equipment, garbage and drying of overalls.

Premises for storing, washing and drying cleaning equipment and disinfectants provide for each floor of the enterprise separately for production and storage facilities, for sanitary facilities. The premises are equipped with watering taps with a ladder and a register for drying. The area of ​​the room is 6-8 m 2 .

Drying of overalls is carried out in a special room equipped with exhaust ventilation. The area of ​​the room is 6 - 9 m 2 . The room is located in the basement, basement or first floor of the building from the side of the utility yard or the side facades of the building.

Some of the products are supplied to catering establishments in disposable paper packaging (bags, bags, boxes, boxes, etc.). In the process of work, various secondary wastes are formed: metal cans, tin lids, corks, aluminum foil plates; there is a battle of dishes, negotiable and disposable glass containers, non-standard bottles and cans of imported production, etc.

In the course of work, household waste with a high degree of food impurities is formed.

Current disposal technology causes irreparable damage environment both social and economic.

Compliance with waste disposal technology is essential to ensure the successful functioning of the entire enterprise. Therefore, even in the course of designing, the main provisions of this technology should be agreed with the enterprises for sanitary cleaning of the city. To reduce the proportion of manual labor, it is necessary to use garbage containers. Store containers in the food waste chamber in enterprises with more than 100 places; in harvesting enterprises it is recommended to arrange a separate storage room for garbage, located adjacent to the food waste chamber. The area of ​​the pantry of dry garbage is 10-12 m 2 . This room should be located on the side of the utility yard with access to the outside and into the production corridor of the enterprise.

When designing an economic zone, they provide for driveways for vehicles, a paved utility yard, free-standing pavilions and sheds for additional storage of containers and fuel, fire-fighting tanks, engineering buildings and structures, garbage bins; landscaping of the economic zone is desirable. The site of the utility yard should provide direct access of vehicles to all places of unloading and loading, its turn (in the case of a dead-end location of the utility yard), a detour of the car standing at the main unloading area. With a capacity of enterprises of more than 150 seats, as well as for procurement enterprises, it is allowed to arrange a through passage through the utility yard.

When planning the site, it is desirable that the objects of the economic zone do not border directly on recreation areas and summer landings of consumers, as well as on busy streets and pedestrian walkways, including those leading to other nearby public buildings.

The placement of driveways, platforms and footpaths on the site should ensure the minimum length of traffic routes and fire-fighting access to buildings and structures, exclude intersection and minimize the joint movement of consumer flows and flows of the economic zone. The width of roadways must be at least 3.5 m.

Parking lots at catering establishments are arranged provided that the required area cannot be taken into account in general parking lots located at a distance of no more than 200 m from these establishments.

At the site of catering establishments, pedestrian paths with a width of at least 1 m are provided, with two-way traffic - at least 1.5 m.

Control questions and tasks.

1. What refrigerated chambers and pantries are included in the storage facilities?

2. List the requirements for the placement of storage facilities in the building plan.

3. Name the requirements for the placement of cooled chambers in the building plan.

4. What are the requirements for the placement of the loading room, depending on the number of storeys of the building?

5. What premises are included in the expedition?

6. What are the requirements for the design of industrial premises?

7. How can I place technological equipment in production shops?

8. What determines the mounting binding of equipment?

9. What are the requirements for the layout of the washing canteen and kitchen utensils?

10. What are the requirements for the placement of premises for consumers?

Chapter 5

SPACE-PLANNING SOLUTIONS FOR PUBLIC CATERING ENTERPRISES

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SPACE-PLANNING SOLUTIONS OF PUBLIC CATERING ENTERPRISES

The implementation of the planning decision of a public catering enterprise is a complex and time-consuming process. It is started after carrying out technological calculations and determining the areas of the premises that are part of the projected enterprise.

The purpose of the building layout is to combine into one whole all the groups of premises that make up the enterprise, taking into account their interconnection and the requirements that apply to the design of each of them.

The layout of the building as a whole is carried out in the following order: the choice of the type of building (detached, attached or built into a building for another purpose); choice of number of storeys and configuration; choice of architectural and planning scheme, placement of premises in the building, placement of equipment.

It is necessary to strive to develop the optimal variant of the planning solution, taking into account that the expected solution is not always fully achieved. However, in all decisions made, it is necessary to take into account the modern requirements of trade and technological processes, the main of which are the principle of flow and clarity in the implementation of technological processes with mandatory observance of safety rules and industrial sanitation. At the same time, they proceed from a number of general provisions inherent in the design of public buildings, including catering establishments.

The space-planning decision of the enterprise is determined by: the functional purpose of the enterprise and the constructive solution of the building; urban planning and natural and climatic factors; architectural and artistic tasks; technical and economic requirements. The composition of the premises, their area, interconnection and grouping of premises depend on the functional purpose of the enterprise.

When developing a constructive solution for a projected enterprise, the general structural scheme, the types of structures used, the grid of internal load-bearing supports, the type of foundation, the dimensions of the prefabricated structural elements used, etc., are taken into account.

Urban planning and natural and climatic factors are the configuration and size of the construction site, its orientation to the cardinal points and to the prevailing winds, relief, climatic area of ​​construction, the nature of the surrounding buildings and the natural environment, connection with highways, streets and driveways.

Architectural and artistic tasks - the creation of an artistic image of the building in accordance with its location in the conditions of urban development and the need to create a single architectural composition.

Specifications take into account the level engineering equipment, ease of communication between the premises of the projected enterprise, located on different floors, the quality of the exterior and interior decoration of walls, ceilings and floors; creation of favorable temperature and humidity conditions, including heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems; conditions for normal natural and artificial lighting of premises.

The economic design requirements include effective use building area and volume, reducing the area of ​​communication, technical and other auxiliary premises, saving labor, materials and energy costs in the construction and equipment of the building, reducing construction time and operating costs.

SPACE-PLANNING SOLUTIONS FOR STAND-ALONE SINGLE-STOREY AND MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS OF PUBLIC CATERING ENTERPRISES

Public catering establishments, according to their town-planning position, can be located in separate buildings, attached to buildings of other purposes with the isolation of all groups of premises, be built into buildings of other purposes when some groups of premises of the enterprise are combined with similar groups of premises of these buildings.

Procurement enterprises are located, as a rule, in separate buildings. Separate procurement workshops may be part of distribution refrigerators, fruit and vegetable and food depots and warehouses.

Pre-cooking enterprises and enterprises operating on raw materials can be located: in separate buildings as part of public and shopping centers, market complexes; in built-in, built-in and attached premises of residential and public buildings, in auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises.

Separate buildings that house catering establishments can be one-story and multi-story, with or without a basement. The choice of number of storeys is determined by the capacity of the enterprise and the conditions of urban development.

Businesses located in one-story buildings, have a number of advantages over enterprises that are located in multi-storey buildings: they most simply solve the issue of the relationship of individual groups of premises, there is no need to install stairs, elevators, which significantly reduces the cost of construction. However, one-story buildings require a large building area, so large enterprises (both procurement and pre-preparation), as well as enterprises located in areas of existing development, are recommended to be placed in multi-story buildings. In order to save urban territory, free-standing catering establishments with more than 200 seats should be located in multi-storey buildings.

The configuration of the buildings of the procurement enterprises should be simple (in the form of a rectangle). The presence of extensions, protrusions causes a significant increase in the area of ​​​​the site allocated for construction, complicates the supply of communications, the industrialization of construction, and increases the cost of landscaping the site.

For pre-preparation enterprises, the form of the building is allowed, in which the issue of the interconnection of premises is best resolved in accordance with technological process production.

Inside the building, the premises should be located according to certain architectural and planning schemes. In the schemes of procurement enterprises, the main place is occupied by the location of refrigeration chambers (for storing raw materials and finished products), which it is desirable to combine into blocks with an extremely simple configuration; any other arrangement of them leads to the construction of long, expensive communications and a large expenditure of expensive insulating material. Several planning schemes for the location of the refrigeration unit in the enterprise building are recommended: centric or island; U-shaped, or peninsular; L-shaped, or angular; linear, or end.

All planning schemes are rectangular in plan. With a centric layout cold rooms located in the center of the building, and production facilities adjoin them on four sides. The location of the refrigerating chambers in the center of the building is rational, since they occupy the unlit part of the building, while the production facilities located along the perimeter have natural light. On the basis of this compositional scheme, it is possible to carry out the planning of single-storey and multi-storey buildings of procurement enterprises. In the latter case, refrigeration shops are located in the middle part of the building on all floors.

With a U-shaped planning scheme, the refrigerating chambers are also located in the middle part of the building, but the production facilities are adjacent to them only from three sides; the fourth side they are adjacent to the outer wall.

With the L-shaped planning scheme, the refrigerating chambers are partially built into the building of the enterprise, and the production facilities are adjacent to them only from two sides. Such a planning scheme can be applied with a limited composition of industrial premises in relation to the designed capacity of the refrigerator.

With a linear, or end, planning scheme, refrigerating chambers are adjacent to the building from the end side. Thus, the building is clearly delimited into two parts: production and storage.

Refrigeration chambers are located at the end of the building, and production workshops and other premises are located in the rest of the building. Such a planning scheme can be recommended for enterprises of small capacity (approximately 10-15 tons of processed raw materials) or for individual procurement workshops that can be attached to large urban refrigerators.

The planning schemes considered above are presented in fig. 5.1. They can be applied in the design of one-story buildings of procurement enterprises. For multi-storey buildings, the most rational are centric and U-shaped planning schemes.

Rice. 5.1. Planning schemes of procurement enterprises:

A - centric or insular b - U-shaped, V- L-shaped, G - linear, or end.

Note. Refrigerating chambers are shaded in the diagram.

When planning enterprises located in one-story buildings, groups of premises are placed in accordance with the direction of technological, transport and human flows.

If enterprises are located in multi-storey buildings, then the main groups of premises can be located in various options and combinations. However, it is necessary to follow some General requirements: on the ground floor there are warehouses, expedition premises, a vegetable processing workshop, a culinary shop; on the second and third floors - other industrial premises.

By doing planning decisions pre-preparation enterprises and enterprises working on raw materials, leading role plays the relationship of the main groups of premises - for consumers and production, or rather, halls and a hot shop. In this regard, several architectural and planning schemes are recommended: centric; frontal; deep; angular.

With a centric planning scheme, a hot shop with other production and other premises is designed in the center of the building, and distribution rooms are located around them. With such a layout, the building in plan may have a round or rectangular shape, close to a square. According to this scheme, it is possible to design multi-hall enterprises with a capacity of 200 seats or more. Each hall has its own distribution adjacent to the hot shop. The rooms located in the center of the building have upper lateral natural lighting due to the increase in the height of the middle part of the building. Halls and other rooms located around the central part of the building have lateral natural lighting. The main drawback of the centric scheme is the remoteness of individual places in the hall from the distribution and washing tableware.

With a frontal planning scheme, the building plan is conditionally divided into two parts parallel to the longitudinal axis. From the side of the main facade, a group of premises for consumers is placed, and in the opposite half of the building - production, storage and other premises. Feature of this scheme - elongated along the entire front of the building rectangular shape hall. According to this scheme, the hall with the distribution of its elongated part adjoins the hot shop, washing tableware and service (at enterprises with waiter service), a room for cutting bread. The hall and industrial premises have natural side lighting. Terraces and verandas can be attached to the hall for organizing summer places. According to the frontal scheme, public catering establishments with a capacity of 100 seats or more are designed. Main disadvantage specified scheme- a significant length of the hall, and consequently, large distances from the distribution to individual places in the hall.

With a deep planning scheme, the building plan is conditionally divided in half parallel to the short side. On the side of the main facade, a group of premises for consumers is placed, on the opposite side - all other premises. A characteristic feature of this scheme is that all the main premises are sequentially placed in the back of the building in accordance with the technological process of production. With a deep planning scheme, the distribution room adjoins the hot shop and washing tableware with a narrow side. Lighting of the hall and industrial premises is natural. The disadvantage of the scheme is a limited distribution front, so it is used in the design of small enterprises.

With an angular layout scheme, the halls are located in the plan of the building adjacent, at an angle to each other and, accordingly, are adjacent on both sides to production and other premises. The hot shop and production facilities adjacent to it can have upper side lighting by increasing the height of the middle part of the building. The halls have lateral natural lighting. This planning scheme can be recommended for enterprises with a capacity of 200 seats or more with several separate halls connected by distribution with a hot shop.

The described planning schemes are presented in fig. 5 2 Such schemes are used in the design of one-story detached buildings of pre-cooking and public catering enterprises operating on raw materials.

Rice. 5.2. Planning schemes of pre-preparation enterprises:

a, b - centric, V - frontal, G - deep, d - angular.

Note. In the diagram, the premises for consumers are shaded

In multi-storey buildings, due to some features of the placement of premises at different levels, it is necessary to adhere to the following recommendations: on the upper floors there are halls with distributions and washing tableware; halls with distribution, hot and cold shops, washing tableware and kitchen utensils; halls with distributions and main premises. On the first floor - all other premises that are part of the enterprise.

On the ground floor, near the outer walls, there are production facilities that require natural lighting (meat and fish and vegetable workshops at enterprises operating on raw materials, or a pre-cooking workshop and a greenery processing workshop at enterprises operating on semi-finished products, a room for the manufacture of flour products, a confectionery workshop), part of the technical (ventilation chamber, heating point) and administrative premises. Warehouse, household and other technical premises can be located in the center of the building.

In all cases, it is recommended to place culinary shops on the first floors. When arranging the premises in the building plan, it is necessary to take into account all the requirements that apply both to groups as a whole and to separate rooms within each group. In the case of multi-storey buildings, when placing the premises, it is necessary to outline the locations of stairs and lifts; balance the area of ​​the premises by floors.