Heating of industrial premises - possible options. Heating calculation Prices for heated floors

On this website tab we will try to help you choose the right parts of the system for your home. Any node has an important role. Therefore, the selection of installation parts must be planned technically correctly. The heating system has thermostats, a connection system, fasteners, air vents, an expansion tank, batteries, manifolds, boiler pipes, and pressure-increasing pumps. Apartment heating installation includes various elements.

To make heating calculations, you need to calculate how much heat is required to maintain optimal temperature in the cold season. This value will be equal to the heat that the apartment loses at minimum temperatures (about 30 degrees).

When taking into account heat loss, attention is paid to the level of thermal insulation of windows and doors, the thickness of the walls and the material of the building itself. If the calculation of the apartment heating system is ultimately 10 kW, this value will determine not only the boiler power, but also the number of radiators.

The higher the energy efficiency of an apartment, the less energy is required to heat it. To achieve this result, you should replace the windows with modern energy-saving ones, pay attention doorways And ventilation system, insulate the walls inside or outside the apartment.

The degree of heating of the apartment depends on the movement of the coolant. Its speed may depend on several factors:

Pipe section. The larger the diameter, the faster the coolant will move.
Curves and length of the section. According to a complex pattern, the liquid circulates more slowly
Pipe material. When comparing iron and plastic, then latest version there will be less resistance, which means the coolant speed will be higher.

All these indicators determine hydraulic resistance.

Calculation of heating in industrial buildings

The most common option is water heating. It has many schemes that should be taken into account according to individual characteristics buildings. The main calculations are hydraulic and thermal. High-quality heating pipes and heating mains will help you avoid many problems in the future. This type of heating is most suitable for residential and administrative types of buildings and offices.

The air type is based on the operation of a heat generator that heats the air to circulate it throughout the system. System calculation air heating is the main step for creating effective system. It is advisable to use in shopping centers, industrial and production buildings.

Direct calculation of the heating system of an industrial building requires the approach of qualified specialists and attention, otherwise many negative consequences may arise.

Common mistakes and how to fix them

The calculation of the heating system itself is an important and complex stage in the development of heating. Special computer programs help specialists perform all calculations. However, errors may still occur.

One of the common problems is the incorrect calculation of the thermal power of the heating system or the lack thereof. In addition to the high cost of radiators, their high power will cause the entire system to become unprofitable. That is, the heating will work more than necessary, wasting fuel on it. High room temperature will burn a lot of oxygen and require regular ventilation to reduce its indicator.

Completed: art. gr.VI-12

Tsivaty I.I.

Dnepropetrovsk 2011

1 . Ventilation as a means of protection in industrial air environment premises

The task of ventilation is to ensure air purity and specified meteorological conditions in production premises. Ventilation is achieved by removing polluted or heated air from a room and introducing fresh air into it.

Depending on the site of action, ventilation can be general exchange or local. The action of general exchange ventilation is based on the dilution of contaminated, heated, humid air premises with fresh air up to the maximum permissible standards. This ventilation system is most often used in cases where harmful substances, heat, and moisture are released evenly throughout the room. With such ventilation, the required parameters are maintained air environment throughout the entire room.

Air exchange in a room can be significantly reduced if harmful substances are captured at the points of their release. For this purpose, technological equipment that is a source of emission of harmful substances is equipped with special devices from which polluted air is sucked out. This type of ventilation is called local exhaust. Local ventilation, compared to general ventilation, requires significantly lower costs for installation and operation.

Natural ventilation

Air exchange during natural ventilation occurs due to the difference in temperature between the air in the room and the outside air, as well as as a result of the action of wind. Natural ventilation can be unorganized and organized. With unorganized ventilation, air enters and leaves through the inconsistency and pores of external fences (infiltration), through windows, vents, and special openings (ventilation). Organized natural ventilation is carried out by aeration and deflectors, and can be adjusted.

Aeration is carried out in cold shops due to wind pressure, and in hot shops due to the combined and separate action of gravitational and wind pressure. In summer time Fresh air enters the room through lower openings located at a small height from the floor (1-1.5 m), and is removed through openings in the building's skylight.

Mechanical ventilation

In systems mechanical ventilation Air movement is carried out by fans and, in some cases, ejectors. Forced ventilation. Supply ventilation installations usually consist of the following elements: an air intake device for taking in clean air; air ducts through which air is supplied to the room; filters for air purification from dust; air heaters for heating air; fan; supply nozzles; control devices that are installed in the air intake device and on the branches of the air ducts. Exhaust ventilation. Settings exhaust ventilation include: exhaust openings or nozzles; fan; air ducts; device for purifying air from dust and gases; a device for releasing air, which should be located ? 1.5 m above the roof ridge. When working exhaust system fresh air enters the room through leaks in the enclosing structures. In some cases, this circumstance is a serious drawback of this ventilation system, since an unorganized influx of cold air (drafts) can cause colds. Supply and exhaust ventilation. In this system, air is supplied to the room by supply ventilation and removed by exhaust ventilation, operating simultaneously.

Local ventilation

Local ventilation can be supply or exhaust. Local forced ventilation serves to create the required air conditions in a limited area of the production premises. Local supply ventilation installations include: air showers and oases, air and air-thermal curtains. Air showering is used in hot shops at workplaces under the influence of a radiant heat flow with an intensity of 350 W/m or more. An air shower is a stream of air directed at the worker. The blowing speed is 1-3.5 m/s depending on the intensity of irradiation. The effectiveness of showering units increases when water is sprayed in a stream of air.

Air oases are part production area, which is separated on all sides by light movable partitions and filled with air that is colder and cleaner than the air in the room. Air and air-thermal curtains are installed to protect people from being chilled by cold air penetrating through the gate. There are two types of curtains: air curtains with air supply without heating and air-thermal curtains with heating of the supplied air in heaters.

The operation of the curtains is based on the fact that the air supplied to the gate exits through a special air duct with a slot at a certain angle with high speed(up to 10-15 m/s) towards the incoming cold flow and mixes with it. The resulting mixture of warmer air enters the workplace or (if the heating is insufficient) is deflected away from them. When the curtains operate, additional resistance is created to the passage of cold air through the gate.

Local exhaust ventilation. Its use is based on the capture and removal of harmful substances directly at the source of their formation. Local exhaust ventilation devices are made in the form of shelters or local suction. Shelters with suction are characterized by the fact that the source of harmful emissions is located inside them.

They can be made as shelters - casings that completely or partially enclose equipment (fume hoods, display cases, cabins and chambers). A vacuum is created inside the shelters, as a result of which harmful substances cannot enter the indoor air. This method of preventing the release of harmful substances in a room is called aspiration.

Aspiration systems are usually blocked with starting devices of process equipment so that harmful substances are sucked out not only at the point of their release, but also at the moment of formation.

Complete shelter of machines and mechanisms that emit harmful substances, the most advanced and effective method preventing their release into the indoor air. It is important, even at the design stage, to develop technological equipment in such a way that such ventilation devices are organically included in the overall design, without interfering with the technological process and at the same time completely solving sanitary and hygienic problems.

Protective and dust-removing casings are installed on machines where the processing of materials is accompanied by the release of dust and the flying off of large particles that can cause injury. These are grinding, roughing, polishing, sharpening machines metal, woodworking machines, etc.

Fume hoods are widely used in thermal and galvanic processing of metals, painting, hanging and packaging bulk materials, at various operations associated with the release of harmful gases and vapors.

Cabins and chambers are containers of a certain volume, inside of which work is carried out related to the release of harmful substances (sandblasting and shot blasting, painting work, etc.). Exhaust hoods are used to localize harmful substances rising upward, namely during heat - and moisture releases.

Suction panels are used in cases where the use of exhaust hoods is unacceptable due to the entry of harmful substances into the respiratory organs of workers. An effective local suction is the Chernoberezhsky panel, used in operations such as gas welding, soldering, etc.

Dust and gas receivers and funnels are used for soldering and welding work. They are located in close proximity to the soldering or welding site. Onboard suctions. When etching metals and applying electroplating, vapors of acids and alkalis are released from the open surface of the baths; during galvanizing, copper plating, silver plating - extremely harmful hydrogen cyanide; during chrome plating - chromium oxide, etc.

To localize these harmful substances, side suctions are used, which are slot-like air ducts 40-100 mm wide, installed along the periphery of the baths.

2. Initial data for design

heat gain exhaust supply ventilation

· name of the object - woodworking shop;

· option - B;

· construction area - Odessa;

· room height -10 m;

Availability of machines:

1 end CPA - 1.9 kW;

2 Planing SP30-І 4-sided - 25.8 kW;

3 Prireznoy PDK-4-2 - 14.8 kW;

4 Thicknesser single-sided CP6-6- 9.5 kW;

5 Jointer SF4-4 - 3.5 kW;

6 Tenoner 2-sided ШД-15-3 - 28.7 kW;

7 Tenoner one-sided ШОІО-А- 11.2 kW;

8 For drilling and sealing knots SVSA-2-3.5 kW;

9 Band saw - 5.9 kW;

10 Horizontal drilling - 5.9 kW;

11 Drilling and grooving machine SVP-2 - 3.5 kW;

12 Thicknesser single-sided CP12-2 - 33.7 kW;

13 Grinding 3-cylinder SHPATS 12-2- 30.7 kW;

14 Bench - drilling - 1.4 kW;

15 For selecting sockets for C-4 loops - 4.4 kW;

16 For selecting sockets for S-7 locks - 3.3 kW;

17 Chain-forming DSA - 6.2 kW;

18 Universal Ts-6 - 7.8 kW;

Creating an effective heating system for large buildings differs significantly from similar autonomous schemes for cottages. The difference lies in the complexity of distribution and control of coolant parameters. Therefore, you should take a responsible approach to choosing a heating system for buildings: types, types, calculations, surveys. All these nuances are taken into account at the design stage of the structure.

Heating requirements for residential and administrative buildings

It should immediately be noted that the heating project administrative building must be carried out by the relevant bureau. Experts evaluate the parameters of the future building and according to the requirements regulatory documents choose the optimal heat supply scheme.

Regardless of the selected types of building heating systems, they are subject to strict requirements. They are based on ensuring the safety of heat supply operation, as well as the efficiency of the system:

Sanitary and hygienic. These include uniform temperature distribution in all areas of the house. To do this, a heat calculation for heating the building is first performed;
Construction. The operation of heating devices should not deteriorate due to the characteristics of the structural elements of the building, both inside and outside it;
Assembly. When choosing technological schemes installation, it is recommended to choose standardized units that can be quickly replaced with similar ones in case of failure;
Operational. Maximum automation of heat supply operation. This is the primary task along with the thermotechnical calculation of the heating of the building.

In practice, proven design schemes are used, the choice of which depends on the type of heating. This is the determining factor for all subsequent stages of work on arranging the heating of an administrative or residential building.

When putting a new house into operation, residents have the right to demand copies of all technical documentation, including heating systems.

Types of building heating systems

How to choose the right type of heat supply for a building? First of all, the type of energy carrier is taken into account. Based on this, you can plan subsequent design stages.

There are certain types of building heating systems that differ in both operating principles and performance characteristics. The most common is water heating, as it has unique qualities and can be relatively easily adapted to any type of building. After calculating the amount of heat for heating the building, you can select the following types of heat supply:

Autonomous water. Characterized by high inertia of air heating. However, along with this, it is the most popular type of building heating systems due to the wide variety of components and low maintenance costs;
Central Water. In this case, water is the optimal type of coolant for its transportation over long distances - from the boiler room to consumers;
Air. Recently it has been used as common system climate control in homes. It is one of the most expensive, which affects the inspection of the building’s heating system;
Electrical. Despite the low costs of the initial purchase of equipment, electric heating is the most expensive to maintain. If it is installed, heating calculations based on the volume of the building should be performed as accurately as possible in order to reduce planned costs.

What is recommended to choose for home heating – electric, water or air heating? First of all, you need to calculate the thermal energy for heating the building and other types design work. Based on the data obtained, the optimal heating scheme is selected.

For a private home The best way heating supply - installation gas equipment in conjunction with a water heating system.

Types of heat supply calculations for buildings

At the first stage, it is necessary to calculate the thermal energy for heating the building. The essence of these calculations is to determine the heat losses of the house, select the power of the equipment and the thermal operating mode of the heating.

To perform these calculations correctly, you should know the building parameters and take into account climatic features region. Before the advent of specialized software systems, all calculations of the amount of heat for heating a building were performed manually. In this case, there was a high probability of error. Now, using modern calculation methods, it is possible to obtain the following characteristics for drawing up a heating project for an administrative building:

Optimal heat supply load depending on external factors– outside temperature and the required degree of air heating in each room of the house;
Correct selection of components for heating equipment, minimizing the cost of its acquisition;
Possibility to upgrade the heating supply in the future. Reconstruction of the building's heating system is carried out only after coordination of the old and new schemes.

When making a heating project for an administrative or residential building, you need to be guided by a certain calculation algorithm.

The characteristics of the heat supply system must comply with current regulations. A list of them can be obtained from the state architectural organization.

Calculation of heat losses of buildings

The determining indicator of a heating system is the optimal amount of energy generated. It is also determined by heat losses in the building. Those. in fact, the work of the heat supply is designed to compensate for this phenomenon and maintain the temperature at a comfortable level.

To correctly calculate the heat needed to heat a building, you need to know the material used to make the outer walls. It is through them that most of the losses occur. The main characteristic is the thermal conductivity coefficient of building materials - the amount of energy passing through 1 m² of wall.

The technology for calculating thermal energy for heating a building consists of the following steps:

Determination of material of manufacture and thermal conductivity coefficient.
Knowing the thickness of the wall, you can calculate the heat transfer resistance. This is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity.
Then several heating operating modes are selected. This is the difference between the temperature in the supply and return pipes.
Dividing the resulting value by the heat transfer resistance, we obtain heat losses per 1 m² of wall.

For this technique, you need to know that the wall consists not only of bricks or reinforced concrete blocks. When calculating the power of a heating boiler and the heat loss of a building, thermal insulation and other materials must be taken into account. The total transmission resistance coefficient of the wall should not be less than the normalized value.

Only after this can you begin to calculate the power of heating devices.

For all data obtained for calculating heating by building volume, it is recommended to add a correction factor of 1.1.

Calculation of the power of equipment for heating buildings

To calculate the optimal heating power, you should first decide on its type. Most often, difficulties arise when calculating water heating. To correctly calculate the power of a heating boiler and heat losses in a house, not only its area, but also its volume is taken into account.

The simplest option is to accept the ratio that heating 1 m³ of space will require 41 W of energy. However, such a calculation of the amount of heat for heating a building will not be entirely correct. It does not take into account heat losses, as well as the climatic features of a particular region. Therefore, it is best to use the method described above.

To calculate the heat supply by volume of the building, it is important to know the rated power of the boiler. To do this you need to know the following formula:

Where W– boiler power, S– area of the house, TO- correction factor.

The latter is a reference value and depends on the region of residence. Data about it can be taken from the table.

This technology makes it possible to perform accurate thermotechnical calculations of the heating of a building. At the same time, the heat supply power is checked in relation to the heat losses in the building. In addition, the purpose of the premises is taken into account. For living rooms The temperature level should be between +18°C and +22°C. The minimum heating level for areas and utility rooms is +16°C.

The choice of heating operating mode is practically independent of these parameters. It will determine the future load on the system depending on weather conditions. For apartment buildings Calculation of thermal energy for heating is done taking into account all the nuances and in accordance with regulatory technology. In autonomous heat supply, such actions do not need to be performed. It is important that the total thermal energy compensates for all heat losses in the house.

To reduce costs for heating system It is recommended to use a low-temperature mode when calculating the volume of a building. But then the total area of the radiators should be increased in order to increase thermal output.

Building heating system maintenance

After a correct thermotechnical calculation of the building’s heat supply, it is necessary to know the mandatory list of regulatory documents for its maintenance. You need to know this in order to timely monitor the operation of the system, as well as minimize the occurrence of emergency situations.

The drawing up of an inspection report for the heating system of the building is carried out only by representatives of the responsible company. This takes into account the specifics of heat supply, its type and Current state. During the inspection of the heating system of the building, the following document items must be completed:

Location of the house, its exact address.
Link to the heat supply agreement.
Number and location of heat supply devices - radiators and batteries.
Measuring the temperature in the premises.
Load change factor depending on current weather conditions.

To initiate an inspection of the heating system of your home, you must submit an application to the management company. It must indicate the reason - bad job heat supply, emergency situation or non-compliance of the current system parameters with standards.

According to current standards, during an accident, representatives of the management company must eliminate its consequences within a maximum of 6 hours. Also after this, a document is drawn up about the damage caused to the apartment owners due to the accident. If the reason is unsatisfactory condition, the management company must restore the apartments at its own expense or pay compensation.

Often, during the reconstruction of a building's heating system, it is necessary to replace some of its elements with more modern ones. Costs are determined by the fact of whose balance sheet the heating system is based on. The restoration of pipelines and other components not located in the apartments should be handled by the management company.

If the owner of the premises wanted to change the old cast iron batteries for modern ones, the following actions should be taken:

IN management company a statement is drawn up indicating the apartment plan and the characteristics of future heating devices.
After 6 days, the management company is obliged to provide technical specifications.
According to them, equipment is selected.
Installation is carried out at the expense of the apartment owner. But representatives of the Criminal Code must be present.

For autonomous heat supply In a private home, you don’t need to do any of this. Responsibilities for arranging and maintaining heating at the proper level rest entirely with the owner of the house. Exceptions are technical projects of electrical and gas heating premises. For them, it is necessary to obtain the consent of the management company, as well as select and install equipment in accordance with the terms of the technical specifications.

The video describes the features of radiator heating:

Based on the combination of convenience and cost-effectiveness criteria, probably no other system can compare with one running on natural gas. This determines the wide popularity of such a scheme - whenever possible, the owners country houses they choose her. And recently, owners of city apartments are increasingly striving to achieve complete autonomy in this matter by installing gas boilers. Yes, there will be significant initial costs and organizational hassle, but in return, homeowners get the opportunity to create the required level of comfort in their properties, and with minimal operating costs.

However, verbal assurances about the efficiency of gas heating equipment are not enough for a zealous owner - he still wants to know what energy consumption he should be prepared for, so that, based on local tariffs, he can express the costs in monetary terms. This is the subject of this publication, which was initially planned to be called “gas consumption for heating a house - formulas and examples of calculations for a room of 100 m².” But still, the author considered this not entirely fair. Firstly, why only 100 square meters. And secondly, consumption will depend not only on the area, and one might even say that not so much on it, as on a number of factors predetermined by the specifics of each particular house.

Therefore, we will rather talk about the calculation method, which should be suitable for any residential building or apartment. The calculations look quite cumbersome, but don’t worry - we have done everything possible to make them easy for any homeowner, even if they have never done this before.

General principles for calculating heating power and energy consumption

Why are such calculations carried out at all?

The use of gas as an energy carrier for the operation of the heating system is advantageous from all sides. First of all, they are attracted by the quite affordable tariffs for “blue fuel” - they cannot be compared with the seemingly more convenient and safe electric one. In terms of cost, only available types of solid fuel can compete, for example, if there are no special problems with the procurement or purchase of firewood. But in terms of operating costs - the need for regular delivery, organization proper storage and constant monitoring of the boiler load, solid fuel heating equipment is completely inferior to gas heating equipment connected to the network supply.

In a word, if it is possible to choose this particular method of heating your home, then there is hardly any doubt about the feasibility of the installation.

It is clear that when choosing a boiler one of key criteria is always its thermal power, that is, the ability to generate a certain amount of thermal energy. To put it simply, the purchased equipment according to its intended technical parameters must ensure the maintenance comfortable conditions living in any, even the most unfavorable conditions. This indicator is most often indicated in kilowatts, and, of course, is reflected in the cost of the boiler, its dimensions, and gas consumption. This means that the task when choosing is to purchase a model that fully meets the needs, but, at the same time, does not have unreasonably inflated characteristics - this is both disadvantageous for the owners and not very useful for the equipment itself.

It is important to understand one more point correctly. This is what the specified nameplate power is gas boiler always shows its maximum energy potential. With the right approach, it should, of course, slightly exceed the calculated data for the required heat input for a particular house. In this way, the same operational reserve is laid down, which may someday be needed under the most unfavorable conditions, for example, during extreme cold, unusual for the area of residence. For example, if calculations show that for a country house the need for thermal energy is, say, 9.2 kW, then it would be wiser to opt for a model with a thermal power of 11.6 kW.

Will this capacity be fully utilized? – it’s quite possible that not. But its supply does not look excessive.

Why is all this explained in such detail? But only so that the reader becomes clear with one thing important point. It would be completely wrong to calculate the gas consumption of a specific heating system based solely on the equipment’s nameplate characteristics. Yes, as a rule, the technical documentation accompanying the heating unit indicates the energy consumption per unit of time (m³/hour), but this is again a largely theoretical value. And if you try to get the desired consumption forecast by simply multiplying this passport parameter by the number of hours (and then days, weeks, months) of operation, then you can come to such indicators that it will become scary!..

Often, passports indicate a consumption range - the boundaries of minimum and maximum consumption are indicated. But this probably will not be of great help in calculating real needs.

But it is still very useful to know gas consumption as close to reality as possible. This will help, firstly, in planning the family budget. Well, secondly, the possession of such information should, willingly or unwillingly, stimulate zealous owners to search for reserves of energy savings - perhaps it is worth taking certain steps to reduce consumption to the possible minimum.

Determining the required thermal power for efficient heating of a house or apartment

So, the starting point for determining gas consumption for heating needs should still be the thermal power that is required for these purposes. Let's start our calculations with it.

If you look through the mass of publications on this topic posted on the Internet, you will most often find recommendations to calculate the required power based on the area of the heated premises. Moreover, for this a constant is given: 100 watts per 1 square meter of area (or 1 kW per 10 m²).

Comfortable? - undoubtedly! Without any calculations, without even using a piece of paper and a pencil, you perform simple arithmetic operations in your head, for example, for a house with an area of 100 “squares” you need at least a 10-watt boiler.

Well, what about the accuracy of such calculations? Alas, in this matter everything is not so good...

Judge for yourself.

For example, will rooms of the same area, say, be equivalent in thermal energy requirements? Krasnodar region or regions of the Server Urals? Is there a difference between a room bordering on heated premises, that is, having only one external wall, and a corner one, and also facing the windward north side? Will a differentiated approach be required for rooms with one window or those with panoramic glazing? You can list a few more similar, quite obvious, by the way, points - in principle, we will deal with this practically when we move on to the calculations.

So, there is no doubt that the required amount of thermal energy for heating a room is influenced not only by its area - it is necessary to take into account a number of factors related to the characteristics of the region and the specific location of the building, and the specifics of a particular room. It is clear that rooms within even the same house can have significant differences. Thus, the most correct approach would be to calculate the need for thermal power for each room where heating devices will be installed, and then, summing them up, find general indicator for a house (apartment).

The proposed calculation algorithm does not claim to be a professional calculation, but has a sufficient degree of accuracy, proven by practice. To make the task extremely simple for our readers, we suggest using the online calculator below, the program of which has already included all the necessary dependencies and correction factors. For greater clarity, the text block below the calculator will show brief instructions for carrying out calculations.

Calculator for calculating the required thermal power for heating (for a specific room)

The calculation is carried out for each room separately.
Enter the requested values sequentially or mark the desired options in the proposed lists.
Click “CALCULATE THE REQUIRED THERMAL POWER”

Room area, m²

100 W per sq. m

Indoor ceiling height

Up to 2.7 m 2.8 ÷ 3.0 m 3.1 ÷ 3.5 m 3.6 ÷ 4.0 m more than 4.1 m

Number of external walls

No one two three

External walls face:

The position of the outer wall relative to the winter “wind rose”

Level of negative air temperatures in the region in the coldest week of the year

35 °C and below from - 30 °C to - 34 °C from - 25 °C to - 29 °C from - 20 °C to - 24 °C from - 15 °C to - 19 °C from - 10 °C up to - 14 °C not colder than - 10 °C

What is the degree of insulation of external walls?

External walls are not insulated. Average degree of insulation. External walls have high-quality insulation.

What's underneath?

Cold floor on the ground or above an unheated room Insulated floor on the ground or above an unheated room A heated room is located below

What's on top?

Cold attic or unheated and uninsulated room Insulated attic or other room Heated room

Type installed windows

Number of windows in the room

Window height, m

Window width, m

Doors facing the street or cold balcony:

Explanations for thermal power calculations

We start with the area of the room. And we will still take the same 100 W per square meter as the initial value, but many correction factors will be introduced as the calculation progresses. In the input field (using the slider) you must indicate the area of the room, in square meters.
Of course, the required amount of energy is influenced by the volume of the room - for standard ceilings of 2.7 m and for high ceilings of 3.5 ÷ 4 m, the final values will differ. Therefore, the calculation program will introduce a correction for the height of the ceiling - you must select it from the proposed drop-down list.
The number of walls in the room that are in direct contact with the street is of great importance. Therefore, the next point is to indicate the number of external walls: options are offered from “0” to “3” - each value will have its own correction factor.
Even on a very frosty, but clear day, the sun can affect the microclimate in the room - the amount of heat loss is reduced, direct rays penetrating the windows sensitively heat the room. But this is typical only for walls facing south. As the next data entry point, indicate the approximate location of the external wall of the room - and the program will make the necessary adjustments.

Many houses, both country and urban, are located in such a way that the outer wall of the room most winter turns out to be windward. If the owners know the direction of the prevailing winter wind rose, then this circumstance can be taken into account in the calculations. It is clear that the windward wall will always cool more strongly - and the calculation program calculates the corresponding correction factor. If there is no such information, then you can skip this point - but in this case, the calculation will be carried out for the most unfavorable location.

The next parameter will adjust for the climatic specifics of your region of residence. We are talking about temperature indicators that are typical in a given area for the coldest ten days of winter. It is important that we are talking specifically about those values that are the norm, that is, they are not included in the category of those abnormal frosts that every few years, no, no, and even “visit” any region, and then, due to their atypicality, remain for a long time in memory.

The level of heat loss is directly related to the degree. In the next data entry field, you must evaluate it by choosing one of three options. At the same time, a wall can be considered fully insulated only if thermal insulation work has been carried out in full, based on the results of thermal engineering calculations.

Prices for PIR boards

The average degree of insulation includes walls made of “warm” materials, for example, natural wood(log, timber), gas silicate blocks 300-400 mm thick, hollow brick - masonry of one and a half or two bricks.

The list also includes uninsulated walls, but, in fact, in a residential building this should not happen at all by definition - no heating system will be able to effectively maintain a comfortable microclimate, and energy costs will be “astronomical”.

A considerable amount of heat loss always occurs in the ceilings - floors and ceilings of rooms. Therefore, it would be quite reasonable to evaluate the “neighborhood” of the room being calculated, so to speak, vertically, that is, above and below. The next two fields of our calculator are devoted precisely to this - depending on the specified option, the calculation program will introduce the necessary corrections.

An entire group of data entry fields is dedicated to windows.

— Firstly, you should evaluate the quality of the windows, since this always determines how quickly the room will cool down.

— Then you need to indicate the number of windows and their sizes. Based on this data, the program will calculate the “glazing coefficient”, that is, the ratio of the area of the windows to the area of the room. The resulting value will become the basis for making appropriate adjustments to the final result.

Finally, the room in question may have a door “to the cold” - directly to the street, to the balcony or, say, leading to an unheated room. If this door is used regularly, then each opening will be accompanied by a considerable influx of cold air. This means that the heating system of this room will not have the additional task of compensating for such heat losses. Select your option from the list provided and the program will make the necessary adjustments.

After entering the data, all that remains is to click on the “Calculate” button - and you will receive an answer expressed in watts and kilowatts.

Now let’s talk about how such a calculation would be most conveniently carried out in practice. This seems to be the best way:

— First, take a plan of your house (apartment) - it probably contains all the necessary dimensional indicators. As an example, let's take a completely derivative floor plan of a suburban residential building.

— Next, it makes sense to create a table (for example, in Excel, but you can just do it on a sheet of paper). The table is of any form, but it must list all the rooms covered by the heating system and indicate characteristics each of them. It is clear that the value of winter temperatures for all rooms will be the same value, and it is enough to enter it once. Let, for example, it be -20 °C.

For example, the table might look like this:

Room	Area, ceiling height	External walls, number, location relative to cardinal directions and wind rose, degree of thermal insulation	What's above and below	Windows - type, quantity, size, presence of a door to the street	Required thermal power
TOTAL FOR HOUSE	196 m²				16.8 kW
1ST FLOOR
Hallway	14.8 m², 2.5 m	one, North, windward, y/n – full-fledged	below - warm floor on the ground, above – heated room	There are no windows one door	1.00 kW
Pantry	2.2 m², 2.5 m	one, North, windward, y/n – full-fledged	the same	Single, double glazing, 0.9×0.5 m, no door	0.19 kW
Dryer	2.2 m², 2.5 m	one, North, windward, y/n – full-fledged	the same	Single, double glazing, 0.9×0.5 m, no door	0.19 kW
Children's	13.4 m², 2.5 m	Two, North-East, windward, y/n – full-fledged	the same	Two, triple glazing, 0.9×1.2 m, no door	1.34 kW
Kitchen	26.20 m², 2.5 m	Two, East - South, parallel to the direction of the wind, y/n – full-fledged	the same	Single, double glazing, 3×2.2 m, no door	2.26 kW
Living room	32.9 m², 3m	One, South, leeward, y/n – full-fledged	the same	Two, triple glazing, 3×2.2 m, no door	2.62 kW
Dining room	24.2 m², 2.5 m	Two, South-West, leeward, y/n – full-fledged	the same	Two, triple glazing, 3×2.2 m, no door	2.16 kW
Guest room	18.5 m², 2.5 m	Two, West-North, windward, y/n – full-fledged	the same	Single, triple glazing, 0.9×1.2 m, no door	1.65 kW
Total for the first floor in total:	134.4 m²				11.41 kW
2nd FLOOR
… and so on

- All you have to do is open the calculator - and the whole calculation will take a matter of minutes. And then you need to summarize the results (you can first by floors - and then for the entire building as a whole) in order to obtain the required thermal power necessary for full heating.

By the way, please note that the table shows real calculation results as an example. And they differ quite significantly from those that could be obtained using the ratio 100 W → 1 m². So, only on the first floor with an area of 134.4 m², this difference, to a lesser extent, turned out to be about 2 kW. But for other conditions, for example, for a more severe climate or for less perfect thermal insulation, the difference may be completely different and even have a different sign.

So, why do we need the results of this calculation:

First of all, the required amount of thermal energy obtained for each specific room allows you to correctly select and arrange heat exchange devices - this means radiators, convectors, and “warm floor” systems.
The total value for the entire house becomes a guideline for choosing and purchasing the optimal heating boiler - as mentioned above, take a power a little more than the calculated one so that the equipment never works at the limit of its capabilities, and at the same time is guaranteed to cope with its direct task even with the most unfavorable conditions.
And finally, the same total indicator will become our starting point for further calculations of the planned gas consumption.

Carrying out calculations of gas consumption for heating needs

Calculation of network natural gas consumption

So, let's move directly to the calculations of energy consumption. To do this, we need a formula showing how much heat is produced during the combustion of a certain volume ( V) fuel:

W = V × H × η

To get the specific volume, let’s present this expression a little differently:

V = W / (H × η)

Let's look at the quantities included in the formula.

V– this is the same required volume of gas ( cubic meters), the combustion of which will give us the required amount of heat.

W- the thermal power required to maintain comfortable living conditions in a house or apartment - the same one that we just calculated.

The same one, it seems, but still not quite. A few clarifications are required:

Prices for heated floors

warm floor

Firstly, this is by no means the rated capacity of the boiler - many people make a similar mistake.
Secondly, the above calculation of the required amount of heat, as we remember, was carried out for the most unfavorable external conditions- for maximum cold, and even along with a constantly blowing wind. In fact, there are not so many such days during the winter, and, in general, frosts often alternate with thaws, or are established at a level very far from the indicated critical level.

Further, a correctly adjusted boiler will never operate continuously - the temperature level is usually monitored by automation, choosing the most optimal mode. And if so, then to calculate the average gas consumption (not peak, mind you) this calculated value will be too much. Do it without much fear serious mistake in calculations, the resulting total power value can be safely “halved”, that is, 50% of the calculated value can be taken for further calculations. Practice shows that over the entire heating season, especially taking into account the reduced consumption in the second half of autumn and early spring, this is usually the case.

H– under this designation lies the heat of combustion of fuel, in our case, gas. This parameter is tabular and must comply with certain standards.

True, there are several nuances in this issue.

Firstly, you should pay attention to the type of natural network gas used. As a rule, in household networks gas supply uses a gas mixture G20. However, there are chains that serve consumers a mixture G25. Its difference from G20– higher concentration of nitrogen, which significantly reduces the calorific value. You should check with your regional gas utility to find out what kind of gas is supplied to your homes.
Secondly, the specific heat of combustion may also vary slightly. For example, you can find the designation Hi- this is the so-called lower specific heat, which is used to calculate systems with conventional heating boilers. But there is also a quantity Hs– highest specific heat of combustion. The bottom line is that the combustion products of natural gas contain a very large amount of water vapor, which has considerable thermal potential. And if it is also used usefully, the thermal output from the equipment will increase noticeably. This principle is implemented in modern boilers, in which the latent energy of water vapor, due to its condensation, is also transferred to heating the coolant, which gives an increase in heat transfer by an average of 10%. This means that if a condensing boiler is installed in your house (apartment), then it is necessary to operate with the highest calorific value - Ns.

In various sources, the specific heat of combustion of gas is indicated either in megajoules or in kilowatts per hour per cubic meter of volume. In principle, translation is not difficult if you know that 1 kW = 3.6 MJ. But to make it even easier, the table below shows the values in both units:

Table of values for the specific heat of combustion of natural gas (according to the international standardDINEN 437)

η – this symbol usually denotes the coefficient useful action. Its essence is that it shows how fully the generated thermal energy in a given model of heating equipment is used specifically for heating needs.

This indicator is always indicated in the passport characteristics of the boiler, and often two values are given at once, for the lower and higher calorific value of gas. For example, you can find the following entry Hs / Hi – 94.3 / 85%. But usually, in order to get a result closer to reality, they still operate with the Hi value.

In principle, we have decided on all the initial data, and we can proceed to calculations. And to simplify the task for the reader, below is a convenient calculator that will calculate the average consumption of “blue fuel” per hour, per day, per month and for the whole season.

Calculator for calculating network gas consumption for heating needs

It is necessary to enter only two values - the total required thermal power obtained according to the algorithm given above, and the boiler efficiency. In addition, you need to select the type of network gas and, if necessary, indicate that your boiler is a condensing boiler.

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In a rather unfavorable climate, any building needs good heating. And if heating a private house or apartment is not difficult, heating industrial premises will require a lot of effort.

Heating industrial premises and enterprises is a rather labor-intensive process, which is facilitated by a number of reasons. Firstly, when creating heating circuit It is imperative to comply with the criteria of cost, reliability and functionality. Secondly, industrial buildings usually have quite large dimensions and are designed to perform certain work, for which special equipment is installed in the buildings. These reasons significantly complicate the installation of the heating system and increase the cost of work. Despite all the difficulties, industrial buildings still require heating, and in such cases it performs several functions:

ensuring comfortable working conditions, which directly affects the performance of staff;
protection of equipment from temperature changes to prevent overcooling and subsequent breakdown;
creating a suitable microclimate in warehouse areas so that manufactured products do not lose their properties due to improper storage conditions.

What is the result? Heating industrial workshops will allow you to save on various types of expenses, for example, for repairs or sick leave payments. In addition, if the heating system is chosen correctly, then its maintenance and repair will be much cheaper, and a minimum number of interventions will be required for its operation. It is only important to know that the specific heating characteristics of industrial buildings can be different, and it must be initially calculated.

Choosing a system for heating industrial premises

Heating of industrial premises is carried out using different types of systems, each of which requires detailed consideration. Centralized liquid or air systems are the most popular, but local heaters can also often be found.

The choice of heating system type is influenced by the following parameters:

dimensions of the heated room;
amount of thermal energy required to comply temperature regime;
ease of maintenance and availability of repairs.

Each system has its pros and cons, and the choice will primarily depend on the compliance of the functionality of the selected system with the requirements that apply to it. When choosing the type of system, it is necessary to calculate the heating system of an industrial building in order to have a clear understanding of how much heat the building needs.

Central water heating

In the case of a central heating system, heat generation will be provided by the local boiler house or unified system, which will be installed in the building. The design of this system includes a boiler, heating devices and piping.

The principle of operation of such a system is as follows: the liquid is heated in the boiler, after which it is distributed through pipes to all heating devices. Liquid heating can be single-pipe or double-pipe. In the first case, temperature control is not carried out, but in the case of two-pipe heating, the temperature regime can be adjusted using thermostats and radiators installed in parallel.

The boiler is central element water heating system. It can run on gas, liquid fuel, solid fuel, electricity or a combination of these types of energy resources. When choosing a boiler, you must first take into account the availability of one or another type of fuel.

For example, the ability to use mains gas allows you to immediately connect to this system. At the same time, you need to take into account the cost of the energy resource: gas reserves are not unlimited, so its price will increase every year. In addition, gas mains are very susceptible to accidents, which will negatively affect the production process.

Using a liquid fuel boiler also has its pitfalls: to store liquid fuel, you need to have a separate tank and constantly replenish the reserves in it - and this is an additional expense of time, effort and finance. Solid fuel boilers are generally not recommended for heating industrial buildings, except in cases where the building area is small.

True, there are automated versions of boilers that are capable of independently taking fuel, and in this case the temperature is adjusted automatically, but maintenance of such systems cannot be called simple. For different models of solid fuel boilers, different types of raw materials are used: pellets, sawdust or firewood. The positive quality of such structures is low cost installation and resources.

Electric heating systems are also poorly suited for heating industrial buildings: despite their high efficiency, these systems use too much energy, which will greatly affect the economic side of the issue. Of course, for heating buildings up to 70 sq.m. electrical systems are quite suitable, but you need to understand that electricity also tends to disappear regularly.

But what you can really pay attention to is combined heating systems. Such designs may have good characteristics and high reliability. A significant advantage over other types of heating in this case is the possibility of uninterrupted heating of an industrial building. Of course, the cost of such devices is usually high, but in return you can get reliable system, which will provide the building with heat in any situation.

Combined heating systems usually have several types of burners built in, which allow the use different kinds raw materials.

It is by the type and purpose of the burners that the following designs are classified:

gas-wood boilers: equipped with two burners, they allow you not to worry about rising fuel prices and problems with the gas supply line;
gas-diesel boilers: demonstrate high efficiency and work very well with large areas;
gas-diesel-wood boilers: extremely reliable and can be used in any situation, but power and efficiency leave much to be desired;
gas-diesel-electricity: a very reliable option with good power;
gas-diesel-wood-electricity: combines all types of energy resources, allows you to control fuel consumption in the system, has a wide range of settings and adjustments, is suitable in any situation, requires a large area.

The boiler, although it is the main element of the heating system, cannot independently provide heating to the building. Can a water heating system provide the necessary heating for a building? The heat capacity of water is much higher when compared with the heat capacity of air.

This suggests that the pipeline can be much smaller than in the case of air heating, which indicates better efficiency.

Besides, water system makes it possible to control the temperature in the system: for example, by setting the heating at night at 10 degrees Celsius, you can significantly save resources. More accurate figures can be obtained by calculating the heating of industrial premises.

Air heating

Despite the good characteristics of the liquid heating system, air heating is also in good demand in the market. Why is this happening?

This type of heating system has positive qualities that allow us to appreciate such heating systems for industrial premises:

absence of pipelines and radiators, instead of which air ducts are installed, which reduces installation costs;
increased efficiency due to more competent and uniform distribution of air throughout the room;
air heating system can be connected to a ventilation and air conditioning system, which makes it possible to ensure constant air movement. As a result, exhaust air will be removed from the system, and clean and fresh air will be heated and enter the heating of the production workshop, which will have a very good effect on the working conditions of the working personnel.

Such a system can be additionally equipped with one more advantage: for this it is necessary to install combined air heating, which combines natural and mechanical air impulses.

What is hidden under these concepts? The natural impulse is to take in warm air directly from the street (this possibility exists even when the temperature outside is sub-zero). Mechanical urge takes away cold air, heats it up required temperature and in this form he is sent to the building.

Air heating is excellent for heating large buildings, and heating industrial premises based on an air system is very effective.

In addition, some types of production, for example chemical, simply do not make it possible to use any other type of heating system.

Infrared heating

If it is not possible to install liquid or air heating, or in the case when these types of systems do not suit the owners industrial buildings, infrared heaters come to the rescue. The principle of operation is described quite simply: the IR emitter produces thermal energy, directed at a certain area, as a result of which this energy is transferred to objects located in this area.

In general, such installations allow you to create a mini-sun in the work area. Infrared heaters are good because they heat only the area they are directed at and do not allow the heat to dissipate throughout the entire room.

When classifying IR heaters, the method of installation is first considered:

ceiling;
floor;
wall;
portable.

Infrared heaters also differ in the type of waves emitted:

shortwave;
medium wave;
light (such models have a high operating temperature, so they glow during operation;
long wave;
dark.

IR heaters can be divided into types according to the energy resources used:

electrical;
gas;
diesel

IR systems running on gas or diesel have much greater efficiency, due to which they cost much less. But such devices negatively affect indoor air humidity and burn oxygen.

There is a classification according to the type of work item:

halogen: heating is carried out by a fragile vacuum tube, which is very easy to damage;
carbon: heating element is carbon fiber hidden in a glass tube, which is also not very durable. Carbon heaters consume approximately 2-3 times less energy;
Tenovye;
ceramic: heating is carried out by ceramic tiles, which are combined into one system.

Infrared heaters are well suited for use in all types of buildings, from private homes to bulky industrial buildings. The convenience of using such heating lies in the fact that these structures are able to heat individual zones or areas, which makes them incredibly comfortable.

IR heaters affect any objects, but do not affect the air and do not affect the movement of air masses, which eliminates the possibility of drafts and other negative factors that can affect the health of personnel.

In terms of warming up speed, infrared emitters can be called leaders: they must be started while at the workplace, and there is almost no need to wait for heat.

Such devices are very economical and have very high efficiency, which allows them to be used as the main heating of production workshops. IR heaters are reliable, capable of operating for a long period of time, and take virtually no usable space, are light in weight and require no effort during installation. In the photo you can see different types of infrared emitters.

Conclusion

This article discussed the main types of heating for industrial buildings. Before installing any selected system, it is necessary to calculate the heating of industrial premises. Making a choice always falls on the owner of the building, and knowledge of the tips and recommendations outlined will allow you to truly choose suitable option heating system.

Many people think that heating industrial premises is no different from heating residential buildings. In fact, here it is necessary to take care of many aspects, for example, maintaining the appropriate temperature conditions, the level of dust in the air, as well as its humidity.

In addition, one should take into account the features technological process production, the height and size of the room, as well as the location of equipment in it. The selection, design and installation of a production heat supply system should begin after calculating the required power.

Heating calculation

To carry out a thermal engineering calculation before planning any industrial heating, you need to use the standard method.

Qt (kW/hour) =V*∆T *K/860

V – internal area of the room requiring heating (W*D*H);

∆ T – the value of the difference between the external and desired internal temperature;

K – heat loss coefficient;

860 – recalculation per kW/hour.

The heat loss coefficient, which is included in the calculation of the heating system for industrial premises, varies depending on the type of building and the level of its thermal insulation. The less thermal insulation, the higher the coefficient value.

Air heating

Most enterprises during their existence Soviet Union used a convection heating system for industrial buildings. The difficulty in using this method is that warm air, according to the laws of physics, rises, while the part of the room located near the floor remains less heated.

Today, more efficient heating is provided by an air heating system for industrial premises.

Operating principle

Hot air, which is preheated in the heat generator through air ducts, is transferred to the heated part of the building. Distribution heads are used to distribute thermal energy throughout the space. In some cases, fans are installed, which can be replaced by portable equipment, including a heat gun.

Advantages

It is worth noting that such heating can be combined with various supply ventilation and air conditioning systems. This is what makes it possible to heat huge complexes, something that could not be achieved before.

This method is widely used in heating warehouse complexes, as well as indoor sports facilities. In addition, such a method in most cases is the only possible one, since it has the highest level fire safety.

Flaws

Naturally, there were some negative properties. For example, installing air heating will cost the owners of an enterprise a pretty penny.

Not only do the fans necessary for normal operation cost quite a lot, but they also consume huge amounts of electricity, since their productivity reaches about several thousand cubic meters per hour.

Infrared heating

Not every company is ready to spend a lot of money on an air heating system, so many prefer to use another method. Infrared industrial heating is becoming increasingly popular every day.

Principle of operation

An infrared burner operates on the principle of flameless combustion of air located on the porous part of the ceramic surface. The ceramic surface is distinguished by the fact that it is capable of emitting a whole spectrum of waves that are concentrated in the infrared region.

The peculiarity of these waves is their high degree of permeability, that is, they can freely pass through air currents in order to transfer their energy to a certain place. The stream of infrared radiation is directed to a predetermined area through various reflectors.

Therefore, heating industrial premises using such a burner allows for maximum comfort. In addition, this heating method makes it possible to heat both individual work areas and entire buildings.

Main advantages

At the moment, the use of infrared heaters is considered the most modern and progressive method of heating industrial buildings due to the following positive characteristics:

quick heating of the room;
low energy intensity;
high efficiency;
compact equipment and easy installation.

By performing the correct calculation, you can install a powerful, economical and independent heating system for your enterprise that does not require constant maintenance.

Scope of application

It is worth noting that such equipment is used, among other things, for heating poultry houses, greenhouses, cafe terraces, auditoriums, shopping and gyms, as well as various bitumen coatings for technological purposes.

The full effect of using an infrared burner can be felt in those rooms that have large volumes of cold air. The compactness and mobility of such equipment makes it possible to maintain the temperature at a certain level depending on the technological need and time of day.

Safety

Many people are concerned about the issue of safety, since they associate the word “radiation” with radiation and harmful effects on human health. In fact, the operation of infrared heaters is completely safe for both humans and equipment located in the room.