Heating of industrial premises - possible options. Calculation of heating of a production building Calculation of network natural gas consumption

On this website tab we will try to help you choose the right parts of the system for your home. Any node has an important role. Therefore, the selection of installation parts must be planned technically correctly. The heating system has thermostats, a connection system, fasteners, air vents, an expansion tank, batteries, manifolds, boiler pipes, and pressure-increasing pumps. Apartment heating installation includes various elements.

To make heating calculations, you need to calculate how much heat is required to maintain optimal temperature in the cold season. This value will be equal to the heat that the apartment loses when minimum temperatures(about 30 degrees).

When taking into account heat loss, attention is paid to the level of thermal insulation of windows and doors, the thickness of the walls and the material of the building itself. If the calculation of the apartment heating system is ultimately 10 kW, this value will determine not only the boiler power, but also the number of radiators.

The higher the energy efficiency of an apartment, the less energy is required to heat it. To achieve this result, you should replace the windows with modern energy-saving ones, pay attention to doorways and the ventilation system, and insulate the walls inside or outside the apartment.

The degree of heating of the apartment depends on the movement of the coolant. Its speed may depend on several factors:

• Pipe section. The larger the diameter, the faster the coolant will move.
• Curves and length of the section. According to a complex pattern, the liquid circulates more slowly
• Pipe material. When comparing iron and plastic, then latest version there will be less resistance, which means the coolant speed will be higher.

All these indicators determine hydraulic resistance.

Calculation of heating in industrial buildings

The most common option is water heating. It has many schemes that should be taken into account according to individual characteristics buildings. The main calculations are hydraulic and thermal. High-quality heating pipes and heating mains will help you avoid many problems in the future. This type of heating is most suitable for residential and administrative types of buildings and offices.

The air type is based on the operation of a heat generator that heats the air to circulate it throughout the system. Calculation of an air heating system is the main step in creating an effective system. It is advisable to use in shopping centers, industrial and production buildings.

Direct calculation of the heating system of an industrial building requires an approach qualified specialists and attention, otherwise many negative consequences may occur.

Common mistakes and how to fix them

The calculation of the heating system itself is an important and complex stage in the development of heating. Special computer programs help specialists perform all calculations. However, errors may still occur.

One of the common problems is the incorrect calculation of the thermal power of the heating system or the lack thereof. In addition to the high cost of radiators, their high power will cause the entire system to become unprofitable. That is, the heating will work more than necessary, wasting fuel on it. Heat the room will burn a lot of oxygen and require regular ventilation to reduce its indicator.

Completed: Art. gr.VI-12

Tsivaty I.I.

Dnepropetrovsk 2011

1 . Ventilation as a means of protection in industrial air environment premises

The task of ventilation is to ensure air purity and specified meteorological conditions in production premises. Ventilation is achieved by removing contaminated or heated air from a room and supplying it with fresh air.

Depending on the site of action, ventilation can be general exchange or local. The action of general exchange ventilation is based on the dilution of contaminated, heated, humid air rooms with fresh air to the maximum acceptable standards. This ventilation system is most often used in cases where harmful substances, heat, and moisture are released evenly throughout the room. With such ventilation, the required parameters are maintained air environment throughout the entire room.

Air exchange in a room can be significantly reduced if harmful substances are captured at the points of their release. To this end technological equipment, which is the source of the selection harmful substances, are equipped with special devices from which polluted air is sucked out. This type of ventilation is called local exhaust. Local ventilation Compared to general exchange, it requires significantly lower costs for device and operation.

Natural ventilation

Air exchange during natural ventilation occurs due to the difference in temperature between the air in the room and the outside air, as well as as a result of the action of wind. Natural ventilation can be unorganized and organized. With unorganized ventilation, the intake and removal of air occurs through the density and pores of external fences (infiltration), through windows, vents, and special openings (ventilation). Organized natural ventilation carried out by aeration and deflectors, and can be adjusted.

Aeration is carried out in cold shops due to wind pressure, and in hot shops due to the combined and separate action of gravitational and wind pressure. IN summer time fresh air enters the room through lower openings located at a small height from the floor (1-1.5 m), and is removed through openings in the building's skylight.

Mechanical ventilation

In mechanical ventilation systems, air movement is carried out by fans and, in some cases, ejectors. Forced ventilation. Supply ventilation installations usually consist of the following elements: an air intake device for taking in clean air; air ducts through which air is supplied to the room; filters for air purification from dust; air heaters for heating air; fan; supply nozzles; control devices that are installed in the air intake device and on the branches of the air ducts. Exhaust ventilation. Settings exhaust ventilation include: exhaust openings or nozzles; fan; air ducts; device for purifying air from dust and gases; a device for releasing air, which should be located ? 1.5 m above the roof ridge. When working exhaust system fresh air enters the room through leaks in the enclosing structures. In some cases, this circumstance is a serious drawback of this ventilation system, since an unorganized influx of cold air (drafts) can cause colds. Supply and exhaust ventilation. In this system, air is supplied to the room by supply ventilation and removed by exhaust ventilation, operating simultaneously.

Local ventilation

Local ventilation can be supply or exhaust. Local forced ventilation serves to create the required air conditions in a limited area of ​​the production premises. Local supply ventilation installations include: air showers and oases, air and air-thermal curtains. Air showering is used in hot shops at workplaces under the influence of a radiant heat flow with an intensity of 350 W/m or more. An air shower is a stream of air directed at the worker. The blowing speed is 1-3.5 m/s depending on the intensity of irradiation. The effectiveness of showering units increases when water is sprayed in a stream of air.

Air oases are part of the production area, which is separated on all sides by light movable partitions and filled with air that is colder and cleaner than the air in the room. Air and air-thermal curtains are installed to protect people from being chilled by cold air penetrating through the gate. There are two types of curtains: air curtains with air supply without heating and air-thermal curtains with heating of the supplied air in heaters.

The operation of the curtains is based on the fact that the air supplied to the gate exits through a special air duct with a slot at a certain angle with high speed(up to 10-15 m/s) towards the incoming cold flow and mixes with it. The resulting mixture of warmer air enters the workplace or (if the heating is insufficient) is deflected away from them. When the curtains operate, additional resistance is created to the passage of cold air through the gate.

Local exhaust ventilation. Its use is based on the capture and removal of harmful substances directly at the source of their formation. Local exhaust ventilation devices are made in the form of shelters or local suction. Shelters with suction are characterized by the fact that the source of harmful emissions is located inside them.

They can be made as shelters - casings that completely or partially enclose equipment (fume hoods, display cases, cabins and chambers). A vacuum is created inside the shelters, as a result of which harmful substances cannot enter the indoor air. This method of preventing the release of harmful substances in a room is called aspiration.

Aspiration systems are usually blocked with starting devices of process equipment so that harmful substances are sucked out not only at the point of their release, but also at the moment of formation.

Complete shelter of machines and mechanisms that emit harmful substances, the most advanced and effective method preventing their release into the indoor air. It is important, even at the design stage, to develop technological equipment in such a way that ventilation devices would be organically included in the overall design, without interfering with the technological process and at the same time completely solving sanitary and hygienic problems.

Protective and dust-removing casings are installed on machines where the processing of materials is accompanied by the release of dust and the flying off of large particles that can cause injury. These are grinding, roughing, polishing, sharpening machines metal, woodworking machines, etc.

Fume hoods are widely used in thermal and galvanic processing of metals, painting, hanging and packaging bulk materials, during various operations associated with the release of harmful gases and vapors.

Cabins and chambers are containers of a certain volume, inside of which work is carried out related to the release of harmful substances (sandblasting and shot blasting, painting work, etc.). Exhaust hoods are used to localize harmful substances rising upward, namely during heat - and moisture releases.

Suction panels are used in cases where the use of exhaust hoods is unacceptable due to the entry of harmful substances into the respiratory organs of workers. An effective local suction is the Chernoberezhsky panel, used in operations such as gas welding, soldering, etc.

Dust and gas receivers and funnels are used for soldering and welding work. They are located in close proximity to the soldering or welding site. Onboard suctions. When etching metals and applying electroplating, vapors of acids and alkalis are released from the open surface of the baths; during galvanizing, copper plating, silver plating - extremely harmful hydrogen cyanide; during chrome plating - chromium oxide, etc.

To localize these harmful substances, side suctions are used, which are slot-like air ducts 40-100 mm wide, installed along the periphery of the baths.

2. Initial data for design

heat gain exhaust supply ventilation

· name of the object - woodworking shop;

· option - B;

· construction area - Odessa;

· room height -10 m;

Availability of machines:

1 end CPA - 1.9 kW;

2 Planing SP30-І 4-sided - 25.8 kW;

3 Prireznoy PDK-4-2 - 14.8 kW;

4 Thicknesser single-sided CP6-6- 9.5 kW;

5 Jointer SF4-4 - 3.5 kW;

6 Tenoner 2-sided ШД-15-3 - 28.7 kW;

7 Tenoner one-sided ШОІО-А- 11.2 kW;

8 For drilling and sealing knots SVSA-2-3.5 kW;

9 Band saw - 5.9 kW;

10 Horizontal drilling - 5.9 kW;

11 Drilling and grooving machine SVP-2 - 3.5 kW;

12 Thicknesser single-sided CP12-2 - 33.7 kW;

13 Grinding 3-cylinder SHPATS 12-2- 30.7 kW;

14 Bench - drilling - 1.4 kW;

15 For selecting sockets for C-4 loops - 4.4 kW;

16 For selecting sockets for S-7 locks - 3.3 kW;

17 Chain-forming DSA - 6.2 kW;

18 Universal Ts-6 - 7.8 kW;

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In a rather unfavorable climate, any building needs good heating. And if heating a private house or apartment is not difficult, then for heating industrial premises you will have to put in a lot of effort.

Heating industrial premises and enterprises is a rather labor-intensive process, which is facilitated by a number of reasons. Firstly, when creating heating circuit It is imperative to comply with the criteria of cost, reliability and functionality. Secondly, industrial buildings usually have quite large dimensions and are designed to perform certain work, for which special equipment is installed in the buildings. These reasons significantly complicate the installation of the heating system and increase the cost of work. Despite all the difficulties, industrial buildings still require heating, and in such cases it performs several functions:

• ensuring comfortable working conditions, which directly affects the performance of staff;
• protection of equipment from temperature changes to prevent overcooling and subsequent breakdown;
• creating a suitable microclimate in warehouse areas so that manufactured products do not lose their properties due to improper storage conditions.

Choosing a system for heating industrial premises

The choice of heating system type is influenced by the following parameters:

• dimensions of the heated room;
• amount of thermal energy required to comply temperature regime;
• ease of maintenance and availability of repairs.

Central water heating

The operating principle of such a system is as follows: the liquid is heated in the boiler, after which it is distributed through pipes to all heating devices. Liquid heating can be single-pipe or double-pipe. In the first case, temperature control is not carried out, but in the case of two-pipe heating, the temperature regime can be adjusted using thermostats and radiators installed in parallel.

The boiler is central element water heating system. It can run on gas, liquid fuel, solid fuel, electricity or a combination of these types of energy resources. When choosing a boiler, you must first take into account the availability of one or another type of fuel.

Using a liquid fuel boiler also has its pitfalls: to store liquid fuel, you need to have a separate tank and constantly replenish the reserves in it - and this is an additional expense of time, effort and finance. Solid fuel boilers not recommended for heating at all industrial buildings, except in cases where the building area is small.

True, there are automated versions of boilers that are capable of independently taking fuel, and in this case the temperature is adjusted automatically, but maintenance of such systems cannot be called simple. For different models of solid fuel boilers, different types of raw materials are used: pellets, sawdust or firewood. A positive quality of such structures is the low cost of installation and resources.

Electric heating systems are also poorly suited for heating industrial buildings: despite their high efficiency, these systems use too much a large number of energy, which will greatly affect the economic side of the issue. Of course, for heating buildings up to 70 sq.m. electrical systems are quite suitable, but you need to understand that electricity also tends to disappear regularly.

But what you can really pay attention to is combined heating systems. Such designs may have good characteristics and high reliability. A significant advantage over other types of heating in this case is the possibility of uninterrupted heating of an industrial building. Of course, the cost of such devices is usually high, but in return you can get reliable system, which will provide the building with heat in any situation.

Combined heating systems usually have several types of burners built in, which allow the use of different types of raw materials.

It is by the type and purpose of the burners that the following designs are classified:

• gas-wood boilers: equipped with two burners, they allow you not to worry about rising fuel prices and problems with the gas supply line;
• gas-diesel boilers: demonstrate high efficiency and work very well with large areas;
• gas-diesel-wood boilers: extremely reliable and can be used in any situation, but power and efficiency leave much to be desired;
• gas-diesel-electricity: a very reliable option with good power;
• gas-diesel-wood-electricity: combines all types of energy resources, allows you to control fuel consumption in the system, has a wide range of settings and adjustments, is suitable in any situation, requires a large area.

This suggests that the pipeline can be much smaller than in the case of air heating, which indicates better efficiency.

Air heating

This type of heating system has positive qualities, which allow us to evaluate such heating systems for industrial premises at their true worth:

• absence of pipelines and radiators, instead of which air ducts are installed, which reduces installation costs;
• increased efficiency due to more competent and uniform distribution of air throughout the room;
• An air heating system can be connected to a ventilation and air conditioning system, which makes it possible to ensure constant air movement. As a result, exhaust air will be removed from the system, and clean and fresh air will be heated and enter the heating of the production workshop, which will have a very good effect on the working conditions of the working personnel.

What is hidden under these concepts? The natural impulse is to take in warm air directly from the street (this possibility exists even when the temperature outside is sub-zero). Mechanical impulse takes in cold air, warms it up to required temperature and in this form he is sent to the building.

Air heating is excellent for heating buildings with large footage, and heating industrial premises based on air system, turns out to be very effective.

Infrared heating

In general, such installations allow you to create a mini-sun in the work area. Infrared heaters They are good because they heat only the area to which they are directed, and do not allow the heat to dissipate throughout the entire volume of the room.

When classifying IR heaters, the method of installation is first considered:

• ceiling;
• floor;
• wall;
• portable.

• shortwave;
• medium wave;
• light (such models have a high operating temperature, so they glow during operation;
• long wave;
• dark.

• electrical;
• gas;
• diesel

There is a classification according to the type of work item:

• halogen: heating is carried out by a fragile vacuum tube, which is very easy to damage;
• carbon: the heating element is carbon fiber hidden in a glass tube, which is also not very durable. Carbon heaters consume approximately 2-3 times less energy;
• Tenovye;
• ceramic: heating is carried out by ceramic tiles, which are combined into one system.

IR heaters affect any objects, but do not affect the air and do not affect the movement of air masses, which eliminates the possibility of drafts and other negative factors that can affect the health of personnel.

In terms of warming up speed, infrared emitters can be called leaders: they must be started while at the workplace, and there is almost no need to wait for heat.

Conclusion

This article discussed the main types of heating for industrial buildings. Before installing any selected system, it is necessary to calculate the heating of industrial premises. Making a choice always falls on the owner of the building, and knowledge of the tips and recommendations outlined will allow you to truly choose suitable option heating system.

Expert opinion

Fedorov Maxim Olegovich

Production facilities differ significantly from residential apartments their sizes and volumes. This is the fundamental difference between industrial ventilation systems and domestic systems. Options for heating spacious non-residential buildings exclude the use of convection methods, which are quite effective for heating housing.

The large size of production workshops, the complexity of the configuration, the presence of many devices, units or machines that release thermal energy into the space will disrupt the convection process. It is based on the natural process of rising warm layers of air; the circulation of such flows does not tolerate even small interventions. Any draft, hot air from an electric motor or machine, will direct the flow in the other direction. In industrial workshops and warehouses there are large technological openings that can stop the operation of heating systems low power and sustainability.

In addition, convection methods do not provide uniform heating of the air, which is important for industrial premises. Large areas require the same air temperature at all points in the room, otherwise there will be difficulties for people to work and flow production processes. Therefore, for industrial premises specific heating methods are required, capable of providing the correct microclimate, appropriate.

Industrial heating systems

The most preferred methods of heating industrial premises include:

• infrared

• centralized

• zonal

Centralized systems

Centralized systems are created to ensure maximum uniform heating of all areas of the workshop. This can be important when there are no specific workplaces or the need for constant movement of people throughout the entire workshop area.

Zone systems

Zonal heating systems create areas with a comfortable microclimate in workplaces without completely covering the workshop area. This option makes it possible to save money by not wasting resources and thermal energy on ballast heating of unused or unvisited areas of the workshop. At the same time, the technological process must not be disrupted; the air temperature must meet the technological requirements.

Electric heating

Expert opinion

Heating and ventilation engineer RSV

Fedorov Maxim Olegovich

Important! It should immediately be noted that heating with electricity as the main method of heating practically not used due to its high cost.

Electrical heat guns or air heaters are used as temporary or local heat sources. For example, for production repair work a heat gun is installed in an unheated room, allowing the repair team to work in comfortable conditions that allow required quality work. Electric heaters as temporary heat sources are the most popular, as they do not require coolant. They only need to be connected to the network, after which they immediately begin to generate thermal energy on their own. Wherein, The serviced areas are quite small.

Air heating

Expert opinion

Heating and ventilation engineer RSV

Fedorov Maxim Olegovich

Air heating of industrial buildings is the most attractive type of heating.

It allows you to heat large rooms, regardless of their configuration. The distribution of air flows occurs in a controlled manner, the temperature and composition of the air are flexibly regulated. The operating principle is heating supply air with help gas burners, electric or water heaters. Hot air using a fan and an air duct system, it is transported to production premises and released at the most convenient points, ensuring maximum uniformity of heating. Air heating systems have high maintainability, they are safe and allow you to fully ensure the microclimate in production premises.

Infrared heating

Expert opinion

Heating and ventilation engineer RSV

Fedorov Maxim Olegovich

Infrared heating - one of the newest, which appeared relatively recently, heating methods production premises. Its essence is to use infrared rays to heat all surfaces located in the path of the rays.

Typically the panels are located under the ceiling, radiating from top to bottom. This heats up the floor, various objects, and to some extent the walls.

Expert opinion

Heating and ventilation engineer RSV

Fedorov Maxim Olegovich

Important! This is the peculiarity of the method - It is not the air that is heated, but the objects located in the room.

For more efficient distribution of IR rays, the panels are equipped with reflectors that direct the flow of rays in the desired direction. The method of heating with infrared rays is effective and economical, but is dependent on the availability of electricity.

Advantages and disadvantages

Electric heating

Heating systems used to heat private homes or industrial buildings have their strengths and weaknesses. So, advantages electrical methods heating are:

• absence of intermediate materials (coolant). Electrical appliances themselves generate thermal energy

• high maintainability devices. All elements can be quickly replaced in case of failure without any specific repair work

• an electrically heated system can be very Flexibly and precisely adjustable. At the same time, no complex complexes are required; control is carried out using standard blocks

Infrared heating

Infrared systems have advantages:

• efficiency, efficiency

• oxygen is not burned, air humidity that is comfortable for humans is maintained

• installation such a system is enough simple and accessible for self-execution

• system No worries about voltage surges, which allows you to maintain the indoor microclimate even when connected to an unstable power supply network

• The technique is intended primarily for local, spot heating. Using it to create an even microclimate in large workshops it is irrational

• complexity of system calculation, the need for precise selection of suitable devices

Air heating

Air heating is considered the most in a convenient way heating industrial and residential premises. This is expressed in the following benefits:

• ability uniform heating of large workshops or premises of any size

• the system can be reconstructed, its power can be increased if necessary without complete dismantling

• air heating most safe to use and installation

• system has low inertia and can quickly change operating modes

• exists many options

• dependence on heating source

• addiction depending on availability connection to the electricity network

• upon failure system temperature the room is very falls quickly

Creating a heating system project

Expert opinion

Heating and ventilation engineer RSV

Fedorov Maxim Olegovich

Designing air heating is not an easy task. To solve it, it is necessary to find out a number of factors, the independent determination of which may be difficult. RSV company specialists can make a preliminary one for you free of charge premises based on GREERS equipment.

The choice of one or another type of heating system is made by comparing climatic conditions region, building size, ceiling height, features of the proposed technological process, location of workplaces. In addition, when choosing, they are guided by the cost-effectiveness of the heating method and the possibility of using it without extra costs.

The system is calculated by determining heat losses and selecting equipment that matches them in terms of power. To eliminate the possibility of errors SNiP must be used, which sets out all the requirements for heating systems and gives the coefficients necessary for calculations.

SNiP 41-01-2008

HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

ADOPTED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT from 01/01/2008 by decree of 2008. INSTEAD SNiP 41-01-2003

Heating system installation

Expert opinion

Heating and ventilation engineer RSV

Fedorov Maxim Olegovich

Important! Installation work are manufactured in strict accordance with the design and SNiP requirements.

Air ducts are an important element of the system, which provide transportation of gas-air mixtures. They are installed in each building or room according to individual scheme. The size, cross-section, and shape of the air ducts play an important role during installation, since to connect the fan, adapters are needed that connect the inlet or outlet pipe of the device to the air duct system. Without high-quality adapters, it will not be possible to create a tight and efficient connection.

In accordance with the selected type of system, installations are carried out. electrical cables , is done pipe layout for coolant circulation. The equipment is installed, all necessary connections and connections are made. All work is carried out in compliance with safety requirements. The system is started in the minimum operating mode, with a gradual increase in design power.

Useful video

The air temperature in production premises is set depending on the nature of the work performed in these premises. In the forging, welding and medical areas the air temperature should be 13...15°C, in other rooms 15...17°C, and in the fuel equipment and electrical equipment repair department the temperature should be 17...20°C.

The maximum heat consumption for heating is determined by the formula.

Qo= qo(t in – t n)*V, (3.2)

where qo -specific consumption heat for heating 1m3 with a temperature difference between outside and inside of 1°C, equal to 0.5 kcal/h.m3

t in - internal room temperature;

t n – outside temperature;

V-volume of the room

Let's make a calculation based on the average temperature inside the room, equal to 17o Cub. production building, at average height 4.5, is V= 4.5 * 648= 2916 m3, outside temperature – 26°C.

Qо= 0.5 (17-(-26) 2916= 62694 kcal/h

The maximum hourly heat consumption for ventilation is calculated using the formula

Qв= qв (t в – t Н)*V, (3.3)

where qv is the heat consumption for ventilation of 1 m3 at a temperature difference of 1 °C, equal to 0.25 kcal/h.m3.

Qв=0.25(17-(-26)) 2916 = 31347 kcal. h.

The amount of heat given off by heating devices per hour will be equal to the sum of heat spent on heating and ventilation production premises.

Qn= Qo+ Qв (3.4)

Qn= 62694+31347=94041 kcal/h

Surface heating devices, necessary for heat transfer, is determined by the formula

where Kn is the heat transfer coefficient of the device, equal to 72 kcal/m2h.deg.

t n - average calculated coolant temperature equal to 111 °C

Fn= 2

To heat the production building, it is proposed to use cast iron radiators; each section of such a radiator has a surface area of ​​0.25 m2. The number of sections required to heat the workshop will be equal to

n sec=

For heating we will take batteries of 10 sections, then for the workshop we need 56 batteries.

The annual consumption of equivalent fuel required for heating the workshop can be calculated using the formula,

where is the heating period equal to 190 days;

– fuel efficiency coefficient.

We find the amount of natural fuel using the formula,

where is the coefficient of conversion of standard fuel into natural fuel, equal to 1.17

G n = 24309.9 * 1.17 = 28442.6 kg

We take the amount of coal for heating equal to 28.5 tons.

We find the amount of firewood for ignition using the formula:

G dr = 0.05 Gн (3.6)

G dr = 0.05 * 28442.6 = 1422.13 kg.

We accept 1.5 tons of firewood

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In the cold season, autonomous heating of the production premises provides employees of the enterprise with comfortable conditions for work. Normalization of temperature conditions also has a beneficial effect on the safety of buildings, machines and equipment. Heating systems, although they have the same task, have technological differences. Some use hot water boilers for heating industrial premises, while in others compact heaters are used. Let's consider the specifics of industrial heating and the effectiveness of using various systems.

Requirements for heating industrial premises

At low temperatures, heating of production premises, as required by labor protection, should be carried out in cases where the time workers spend there exceeds 2 hours. The only exceptions are premises in which permanent presence of people is not necessary (for example, rarely visited warehouses). Also, structures are not heated, being inside of which is equivalent to carrying out work outside the building. However, even here it is necessary to provide for the presence of special devices for heating workers.

Occupational safety imposes a number of sanitary and hygienic requirements for heating industrial premises:

• heating indoor air to a comfortable temperature;
• the ability to regulate the temperature due to the amount of heat generated;
• inadmissibility of air pollution with harmful gases and unpleasant odors(especially for stove heating of industrial premises);
• the desirability of combining the heating process with ventilation;
• ensuring fire and explosion safety;
• reliability of the heating system during operation and ease of repair.

During non-working hours, the temperature in heated rooms may be reduced, but not below +5 °C. Wherein industrial heating must have sufficient power to restore normal temperature conditions by the start of the work shift.

Calculation of autonomous heating of production premises

When calculating the autonomous heating of an industrial premises, we proceed from the general rule that a constant temperature must be maintained in the workshop, garage or warehouse, without strong changes. For this purpose, a central boiler room is built, and heating radiators for production premises are installed in the work area. However, at some enterprises there is a need to create separate zones with unequal air temperatures. For the first of these cases, a calculation is made for the use of a central heating system, and for the second, for the use of local heaters.

In practice, the calculation of the heating system of an industrial premises should be based on the following criteria:

• area and height of the heated building;
• heat loss through walls and roofs, windows and doors;
• heat loss in the ventilation system;
• heat consumption for technological needs;
• thermal power of heating units;
• rationality of using this or that type of fuel;
• conditions for laying pipelines and air ducts.

Based on this, the need for heat energy to maintain the optimal temperature is determined. More accurate calculation Heating systems for industrial premises are facilitated by the use of special calculation tables. In the absence of data on the thermal properties of a building, heat consumption has to be determined approximately based on specific characteristics.

Making a choice among various types industrial heating systems, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of production, thermal calculations, cost and availability of fuel - and build feasibility studies on this. Most fully consistent autonomous heating modern production facilities systems of infrared, water, air and electrical types.

Infrared heating of industrial premises

To create the necessary thermal comfort in the workplace, they often use infrared heating production premises. Infrared (IR) local thermal emitters are installed mainly in workshops and warehouses with an area of ​​up to 500 m² and with high ceilings. In each of these devices, a heat generator, a heater and a heat-releasing surface are structurally combined.

Advantages of infrared heating of industrial premises:

• only heating of the floor, walls, workshop equipment and directly people working in the room occurs;
• the air does not heat up, which means the consumption of thermal energy is reduced;
• dust does not rise into the air, which is especially important for enterprises in the electronics, food and precision engineering industries;
• costs for design and installation of heating are reduced to a minimum;
• infrared heating devices do not take up usable space.

IR heaters are divided into stationary and portable, and depending on the installation location, into ceiling, wall and floor. If it is necessary to influence individual workplaces, directed IR radiation is used using small wall heaters. But if you install infrared film heating on the ceiling of a production room, then the heating will be uniform over the entire area. Often, heated floors are also installed on the basis of panels with built-in IR heaters, but with such a system, energy consumption increases.

Infrared gas heating of industrial premises is also used in enterprises. Such heating devices The fuel is natural gas, which is cheaper than electricity. The main advantage of gas IR emitters is their efficiency.

Emitters for infrared gas heating systems for industrial premises are available in several types:

• high-intensity (light) with a heat transfer temperature of 800–1200 °C;
• low-intensity (dark) with a temperature of 100–550 °C;
• low temperature with a temperature of 25–50°C).

A limitation in the use of industrial infrared heaters is the requirement not to place them in rooms with a ceiling height below 4 m.

Water heating of industrial premises

If the enterprise will use a water heating system, for its installation it is necessary to build a special boiler room, lay a pipeline system and install heating radiators in the production premises. In addition to the main elements, the system also includes performance support tools, such as shut-off valves, pressure gauges, etc. To maintain the water heating system of industrial premises, it is necessary to constantly maintain special personnel.

According to the principle of its design, water heating of industrial premises can be:

• single-pipe- regulation of water temperature is impossible here, since everything heating radiators for industrial premises installed sequentially;
• two-pipe- temperature control is permissible and is carried out using thermostats on radiators installed in parallel.

Heat generators for a water heating system are heating boilers. Depending on the type of fuel consumed, they are: gas, liquid fuel, solid fuel, electric, combined. For heating small industrial premises, stoves with a water circuit are used.

You need to choose the type of boiler based on the needs and capabilities of a particular enterprise. For example, the opportunity to connect to the gas main will be an incentive to purchase gas boiler. In the absence natural gas prefer a diesel or advanced solid fuel unit. Electric heating boilers for industrial premises are used quite often, but only in small buildings.

In the midst heating season Failures or accidents may occur in gas and electricity supply systems, so it is advisable to have an alternative heating unit at the enterprise.

Combination boilers for heating industrial premises are much more expensive, but they are equipped with several types of burners: G gas-wood, gas-diesel, and even gas-diesel-electricity.

Air heating of industrial premises

Air heating system on each specific industrial enterprise can be used as the main one or as an auxiliary one. In any case, installing air heating in a workshop is cheaper than water heating, since there is no need to install expensive boilers for heating production premises, lay pipelines and install radiators.

Advantages of an air heating system for a production facility:

• saving work area area;
• energy efficient consumption of resources;
• simultaneous heating and air purification;
• uniform heating of the room;
• safety for the well-being of workers;
• no risk of leaks and freezing of the system.

Air heating of a production facility can be:

• central- with a single heating unit and an extensive network of air ducts through which heated air is distributed throughout the workshop;
• local- air heaters (air heating units, heat guns, air heat curtains) are located directly in the room.

In a centralized air heating system, to reduce energy costs, a recuperator is used, which partially uses the heat of internal air to heat fresh air coming from outside. Local systems do not perform recovery, they only warm the internal air, but do not provide an influx of external air. Wall-ceiling air heating units can be used to heat individual workplaces, as well as for drying any materials and surfaces.

Giving preference air heating production premises, enterprise managers achieve savings by significantly reducing capital costs.

Electric heating of industrial premises

Opting for electrically heating, two options for heating workshop or warehouse premises should be considered:

• using electric heating boilers for industrial premises;
• using portable electric heating devices.

In some cases, it may be advisable to install small electric furnaces for heating industrial premises with a small area and ceiling height.

Electric boilers have an efficiency of up to 99%, their operation is fully automated thanks to the presence of programmable control. In addition to performing the heating function, the boiler can serve as a source of hot water supply. Absolute air purity is ensured, since there is no emission of combustion products. However, the numerous advantages of electric boilers are negated too much high cost the electricity they consume.

Electric convectors can successfully compete with electric boilers in the field of heating industrial premises. There are electric convectors with natural convection, as well as with forced air supply. The operating principle of these compact devices is the ability to heat rooms by heat exchange. The air passes through the heating elements, its temperature rises, and then it goes through the usual circulation cycle inside the room.

Disadvantages of electric convectors: they dry out the air excessively and are not recommended for heating rooms with high ceilings.

Radiant heating panels are comparatively short term were able to demonstrate their excellent energy-saving characteristics. Outwardly, they are similar to convectors, but their difference is manifested in a special device heating element. The advantage of electric radiant panels is their ability to act on objects in the room without needlessly heating the air. Automatic thermostats help maintain the set temperature.

Whatever heating system for the production premises the owner of the company decides to install, his main task should remain concern for maintaining the health and performance of all company personnel.