electrical invention. Electric circuit law. Where is direct current used

In this regard, I would like to wish: lovers - love, lovers - keep, those who bought a Russian Lotto ticket - win!

The day of the broadcast on the NTV channel is traditionally Sunday. Starting from October 17, the broadcast starts at 14:00 Moscow time.

Broadcast of 1271 Russian Lotto draws on TV, dedicated to the Day lovers, will also take place on Sunday, February 17, 2019, starting at 14:00 Moscow time on the NTV channel .

What will be played on February 17, 2019:

What does the ticket look like:

Recall that a short day on Friday 02/22/2019 will be the only "gift" to the Russian defenders in terms of rest, because. the day off from Saturday is not transferred to the next Monday, but to Friday, May 10, 2019.

Grow good seedlings tomatoes in 2019 on the windowsill in the apartment is a whole art. Timing Knowledge timely landing seeds, picking seedlings and following the rules for caring for it result in strong and healthy plants. Experienced gardeners they also advise not to neglect the calendar of the phases of the moon, which, in their opinion, have a huge impact on the development of tomatoes. Below we talk about when to plant tomatoes in 2019 for seedlings and in the ground, taking into account the lunar calendar.

Dates for sowing tomato seeds for seedlings in 2019:

Recall that the seeds should be disinfected before planting (for example, in a 1% solution of potassium permanganate), and then rinsed well. We advise you to soak the seeds for a day in order to increase the future harvest. weak solution boric acid(0.1 g per 0.5 l of water). The dried seeds are sown in small (7-8 cm) trays with soil to a depth of no more than 1-1.5 cm, watered and covered with foil. The temperature of seed germination is + 22-25 degrees, so they are kept away from a cold windowsill. As soon as the first shoots appear, the film is removed and the trays are put on the windowsill. Seedlings should be watered only with warm (+ 20 + -22 degrees) water.

Dates for picking tomato seedlings in 2019:

In March 2019 - from 23 to 27 March; in April 2019 - April 2, 3, 7, 8, 11, 12, 16, 17. April 5, 2019 new moon, so picking on the growing moon from 7 to 17 April 2019 the most preferred.

Terms of care for tomato seedlings in 2019 (watering, fertilizing, hardening):

It is also necessary feed. The first dressing is given 7-10 days after picking, when the plant forms new roots, and then every 8-12 days. For top dressing in water for irrigation dissolve mineral fertilizers or wood ash.

In April 2019, any days will be the best for top dressing from 7 to 18, from 20 to 26, 29 and 30 April. In May 2019 you can feed from 1 to 4, from 7 to 18, 21-23, 26-31 May.

15-20 days before landing in the ground seedlings need to be hardened. It is best to take it to the loggia or balcony, open the window.

During last decade before planting seedlings, the tomato is strongly drawn out, especially if the weather is warm. retard growth You can stop watering, and water only when the leaves wither in the middle of the day.

Terms of planting tomato seedlings 2019 in the ground:

Seedlings in May 2019 can be planted under arcs with covering material already on May 17-18 on the growing moon. Recall that May 19, 2019 is a full moon, and it is better to stop work. better days in may 2019 on the waning moon will be May 26-28 and 31. In June 2019 it is already possible to plant in open ground 1 and 2, 5 and 6 June. June 3, 2019 new moon and activities in the garden are undesirable.

Recall optimal timing planting and caring for tomato seedlings in 2019:
* sowing seeds - from 10 to 12, 15 and 16, 23 and 24 March 2019;
* picking seedlings - from 23 to 27 March; April 2, 3, 7, 8, 11, 12, 16, 17, 2019;
* feeding seedlings every 8-12 days - from 7 to 18, from 20 to 26, 29 and 30 April, from 1 to 4, from 7 to 18, 21-23, 26-31 May 2019;
* planting seedlings in the ground - May 17, 18, 26-28, May 31, June 1, 2, 5, 6, 2019

We also read:
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The date of Pesach is tied to the lunisolar Jewish calendar, and therefore, according to the Gregorian calendar, the number of celebrations changes annually. The Jewish Passover of 2019 begins with the onset of twilight on the 14th day of the spring month of Nisan ( from the evening of April 19, 2019), and lasts 7 days in Israel - from nisan 15 to 21 (April 20, 2019 to April 26, 2019), and 8 days outside of it, including in Russia - on Nisan 22 (until April 27, 2019).

According to ancient tradition, every Jewish holiday begins the night before, after sunset. Therefore, Pesach 2019 is also celebrated on the evening of April 19, 2019 with a festive sedar (night Easter meal). The 14th day of Nisan is also called the Day of preparation for the holiday.

Thus, the date of the Jewish Passover in 2019 will be as follows:
* Beginning - April 19, 2019 (in the evening, at dusk).
* First day - April 20, 2019
*Last day is April 26, 2019 in Israel (April 27, 2019 outside Israel).

We also read:

On the first and last day of Passover 2019, it is forbidden to work, so Nisan 15 (April 20, 2019) and Nisan 21 (April 26, 2019) are declared non-working days in Israel. In addition, April 20, 2019 falls on Saturday - a non-working day with a five-day working week in a number of countries, including Russia.

One of the traditions of the Passover holiday is the eating of "flat unleavened bread" - matzah. This tradition is explained by the fact that when the pharaoh freed the Israelites from slavery, they left Egypt in a hurry, in which they could not wait for the yeast bread dough to rise. Therefore, during the Jewish Passover, leavened bread is not eaten.

Electricity is extremely useful form energy. It easily transforms into other forms, such as light or heat. It can be easily transferred by wire. The word "electricity" comes from Greek word"electron" - "amber". When rubbed, amber acquires electric charge and starts to attract pieces of paper. Static electricity has been known since ancient times, but only 200 years ago people learned how to create an electric current. Electricity brings us heat and light, it runs a variety of machines, including computers and calculators.

What is electricity

Electricity exists thanks to particles that have electric charges. There are charges in every substance - after all, atomic nuclei have a positive charge, and negatively charged electrons circulate around them (see the article ""). Normally, an atom is electrically neutral, but when it gives up its electrons to other atoms, it acquires a positive charge, and the atom that has gained additional electrons is negatively charged. it is possible to give some objects an electric charge, called static electricity. If you rub a balloon against a woolen jumper, some of the electrons will transfer from the jumper to the balloon, and it will acquire a positive charge. The jumper is now positively charged and the ball sticks to it as opposite charges attract each other. Electric forces act between charged bodies, and bodies with opposite (positive and negative) charges attract each other. Items with identical charges, on the contrary, repel. In a Van de Graaff generator, when a rubber band is rubbed against a roller, a significant static charge is generated. If a person touches the dome, his hair will stand on end.

In some substances, for example, in, electrons can move freely. When something sets them in motion, there is a flow of electrical charges called current. conductors are substances that can conduct electricity. If a substance does not conduct electricity, it is called insulator. Wood and plastic are insulators. In order to isolate electric switch placed in a plastic case. Wires are usually made of copper and covered with plastic for insulation.

Static electricity was first discovered by the ancient Greeks over 2,000 years ago. Now static electricity is used to obtain photocopies, faxes, printouts on laser printers. reflected by the mirror laser ray creates point static charges on the laser printer's drum. The toner is attracted to these points and pressed against the paper.

Lightning

Lightning is caused by static electricity that accumulates in a thundercloud as a result of the friction of water droplets and ice crystals against each other. When rubbing against each other and against the air, drops and ice crystals acquire a charge. Positively charged droplets collect at the top of the cloud, and a negative charge accumulates at the bottom. A large spark, called the lightning leader, rushes to the ground, to a point with an opposite charge. Before the appearance of the leader, the potential difference in the upper and lower regions of the cloud can be up to 100 million volts. The leader causes a response discharge, rushing in the same way from to the cloud. inside this discharge is five times hotter than the surface of the Sun - it heats up to 33,000 ° C. The air heated by lightning discharges rapidly expands, creating an air wave. We perceive it as thunder.

Electricity

Electric current is a stream of charged particles moving from a region of high electrical potential to the area of ​​low potential. Particles results in a potential difference, which is measured in volts. For current to flow between two points, a continuous "road" is needed - a circuit. There is a potential difference between the two poles of a battery. If you connect them in a circuit, there will be a current. The current strength depends on the potential difference and the resistance of the circuit elements. All substances, even conductors, offer some resistance to current and weaken it. The unit of current is named ampere(A) in honor of the French scientist André-Marie Ampère (1775 - 1836).

For different devices different current is needed. Electrical appliances, such as light bulbs, convert electrical current into other forms of energy, into heat and light. These devices can be connected in a circuit in two ways: in series and in parallel. IN serial circuit current flows through all the components in turn. If one of the components burns out, the circuit opens and the current is lost. In a parallel circuit, current flows in several ways. If one component of the circuit fails, the current continues to flow through the other branch.

Batteries

Battery is storage chemical energy that can be turned into electricity. The most typical battery used in everyday life is called dry element. In it is electrolyte(substance containing charged particles capable of moving). As a result, opposite charges separate and move towards opposite poles of the battery. Scientists have discovered that the fluid in the body of a dead frog acts as an electrolyte and conducts electricity.

Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) created the world's first battery from a stack of acid-soaked and acid-soaked cardboard disks with zinc and copper disks sandwiched between them. The unit voltage is named after him. volt. A 1.5 V battery is called a cell. Large batteries are made up of several cells. A 9 V battery contains 6 cells. Dry call primary elements. When the electrolyte components are used up, the life of the battery ends. secondary elements These are batteries that can be recharged. car battery is a secondary element. It is recharged by the current generated inside the machine. Solar battery converts solar energy into electrical energy. When illuminated sunlight silicon layers, the electrons in them begin to move, creating a potential difference between the layers.

Electricity in our house

The mains voltage in some countries is 240 V, in others 110 V. This high voltage, and electric shock can be fatal. Parallel circuits bring electricity to various parts of the house. All electronic devices equipped with fuses. Inside them are very thin wires that melt and break the circuit if the current is too high. Each branch circuit usually has three wires: live and ground. Current flows through the first two, and the ground wire is needed for safety. It will divert electric current to the ground in the event of an insulation breakdown. When a plug is plugged into an outlet, the connectors are connected to a live wire and neutral wire, closing the circuit. In some countries, plugs with two connectors are used, without grounding (see fig.).

It is difficult for a modern person to imagine life without electricity. It has firmly entered our lives, and we think little about when it appeared. But it was thanks to electricity that all areas of science and technology began to develop more intensively. Who invented electricity when it first appeared in the world?

History of occurrence

Even before our era Greek philosopher Thales noticed that after rubbing amber on wool, they are attracted to the stone small items. Then the study of such phenomena for a long time no one did. Only in the 17th century, having studied magnets and their properties, the English scientist William Gilberg introduced the new term "electricity". Scientists began to show more interest in it and engage in research in this area.

Gilberg managed to invent the prototype of the very first electroscope, it was called a versor. With the help of this device, he established that, in addition to amber and other stones, small objects can attract to themselves. . The stones include:

Thanks to the created device, the scientist was able to conduct several experiments and draw conclusions. He realized that the flame has the ability to seriously affect the electrical properties of bodies after friction. The scientist stated that Thunder and lightning- phenomena of an electrical nature.

Great discoveries

The first experiments on the transmission of electricity over short distances were carried out in 1729. Scientists concluded that not all bodies can transmit electricity. A few years after a series of tests, the Frenchman Charles Dufay stated that there are two types of electric charge − glass and resin. They depend on the material that is used for friction.

Then scientists with different countries a capacitor was created and galvanic cell, the first electroscope, medical electrocardiograph. The first incandescent light bulb appeared in 1809, which was created by the Englishman Delarue. 100 years later, Earnwing Langmuir developed a light bulb with a tungsten filament filled with an inert gas.

There were many very important discoveries in the 19th century, thanks to which electricity appeared in the world. World-famous scientists made a great contribution to the field of discoveries:

They studied the properties of electricity and many of them are named after them. At the end of the 19th century, physicists make discoveries about the existence of electric waves. They manage to create an incandescent lamp and transmit electrical energy long distances. From that moment on, electricity slowly but surely begins to spread throughout the planet.

When did electricity appear in Russia?

If we talk about electrification in the territory Russian Empire, then in this question no specific date. Everyone knows that in 1879 in St. Petersburg they made lighting throughout the Liteiny Bridge. It was lit with lamps. However, in Kyiv, electric lights were installed in one of the railway workshops a year earlier. This event did not attract attention, so 1879 is considered the official date for the appearance of electric lighting in the Russian Empire.

The first electrical department appeared in Russia on January 30, 1880 in the Russian Technical Society. The department was obliged to supervise the introduction of electricity in everyday life states. Already in 1881, Tsarskoye Selo was fully illuminated. locality and became the first modern and European city.

May 15, 1883 It is also considered a landmark date for the country. This is due to the illumination of the Kremlin. At this time, Emperor Alexander III came to the throne, and the illumination was timed to coincide with such important event. Almost immediately after this historical event, lighting was carried out first on the main street and then in Winter Palace St. Petersburg.

By decree of the emperor in 1886, the "Electric Lighting Society" was established. His duties included lighting the two main cities - Moscow and St. Petersburg. Two years later, the construction of power plants began in all major cities. The first electric tram in Russia was launched in 1892. In St. Petersburg, after 4 years, the first hydroelectric power station was put into operation. It was built on the Bolshaya Okhta River.

An important event was the appearance of the first power plant in Moscow in 1897. It was built on the Raushskaya embankment with the ability to generate variable three-phase current . She made it possible to transmit electricity over long distances and use it without losing power. Construction of power plants in other Russian cities began to develop only before the First World War.

Interesting facts about the history of the appearance of electricity in Russia

If you carefully study some facts of electrification Russian state you can find out a lot of interesting information.

The first incandescent light bulb with a carbon rod was invented in 1874 by A.N. Lodygin. The device has been patented major countries Europe. After a while, it was improved by T. Edison and the light bulb began to be used all over the planet.

Russian electrical engineer P.N. Yablochkov in 1876 he completed the development of an electric candle. It has become simpler, cheaper and more convenient than Lodygin's light bulb in operation.

As part of the Russian Technical Society, a Special Electrotechnical Department was created. It included P.N. Yablochkov, A.N. Lodygin, V.N. Chikolev and other active physicists and electrical engineers. The main task of the department was to promote the development of electrical engineering in Russia.

In our time, life without electricity will simply stop. However, this was not always the case - people had never heard such a word before. Over the centuries, thanks to the efforts of generations of talented scientists and researchers, humanity has moved towards the discovery and use of this wonderful natural phenomenon. Development electric current can be safely considered one of the main achievements of mankind.

Discovery of electricity: first steps

There is no exact answer to the question of when electricity appeared. As a natural force, it has always existed, but the long way to the invention and use of electricity began in the 8th century BC. History even preserved the name of the person who gave the name to this phenomenon. The philosopher Thales of Millet, who lived in Ancient Greece drew attention to the fact that amber rubbed with wool can attract small objects to itself due to some kind of force. “Amber” in Greek means “electron”, hence “electricity” came from.

The history of electricity relates the real origin of research in this area to the middle of the 17th century, and it is associated with the name of the burgomaster from the German Magdeburg, Otto f. Guericke (part-time physicist and inventor). In 1663, after studying the works of Thales, he created a special machine for studying the effects of electrical attraction and repulsion, this was the world's first electrical mechanism. The device consisted of a sulfur ball, which was spinning on a metal rod and, like amber, attracted and repelled various objects.

Among the pioneers who contributed to the appearance of electricity in our lives, we can name the Englishman W. Gilbert, who served as a physicist and physician at court. He is considered the founder of electrical engineering (the science of the properties and applications of electricity), invented the electroscope and made several remarkable discoveries in this area.

New discoveries

In 1729, the Englishmen Stephen Gray and Granville Wheeler first discovered that electric current freely passes through some bodies (called conductors) and does not pass through others (non-conductors), this was the first step towards the use of electricity for industrial purposes.

In England, for the first time in the world, they are trying to transmit electricity over some distance, the scientist S. Gray was engaged in this, in the process of experiments he also encountered varying degrees of conductivity of bodies.

Dutch professor of mathematics P. van Muschenbroek is called the one who invented the first capacitor for electricity - this is the famous "Leiden jar" (named after the inventor's hometown). The device was a conventional glass jar, sealed at both ends with thin sheets of tin-lead alloy. Thus, it becomes possible to accumulate electricity.

The famous American politician Benjamin Franklin was also among those who discovered electricity for widespread use in life. He empirically determined that electric charges are divided into positive and negative, and also studied the electrical nature of lightning.

Based on the discoveries of Franklin in Russia, scientists Richman and the great Mikhailo Vasilievich Lomonosov invented a lightning rod, proving in practice that lightning is obtained from the potential difference of atmospheric electricity. Lomonosov in general had an enormous influence on the study of electrical phenomena (especially atmospheric ones).

The young science of electricity continues to develop rapidly - over the course of the 18-19 centuries, more and more new discoveries and inventions appeared, new scientific treatises were written, the main subject of which was electric current.

So, in 1791, a book was published on electricity in the muscles of humans and animals, which occurs during their contraction, the author was the Italian physicist Galvani. Another Italian, Alessandro Volta, was the one who created in 1800 a hitherto unknown current source called the “galvanic cell” (in honor of the same Galvani), which after a few hundred years appears in the form of a well-known battery.

The “Voltaic Pillar” was made in the form of a pillar itself, cast from zinc and silver, between the layers of which salted paper was laid.

A few years later, in Russia, a professor of physics from St. Petersburg, V. Petrov, presents a powerful electric arc to the scientific world, calling it the Voltaic arc. He is the one who came up with the idea of ​​using light from electricity for indoor lighting. Possibilities for using electrical phenomena in economic life were demonstrated. The battery assembled by the scientist was really gigantic (length - 12, and height - about 3 meters), its voltage was constant and amounted to 1700 volts. This invention marked the beginning of experiments on the creation of incandescent lamps and methods of electric welding of metals.

Great discoveries in the field of electricity

Petrov's experiments in Russia contributed to the fact that in 1809 the scientist Delarue in England designed the world's first incandescent lamp. A hundred years later, an American chemist and Nobel Laureate I. Langmuir released the first light bulb, which had a luminous tungsten spiral placed in a sealed flask with an inert gas. This gave rise to a new era. Many scientists in Europe, and in the USA, and in Russia conducted numerous experiments and studies in order to better understand the nature of electricity and put it at the service of man.

So, in 1820, the Dane Erstred revealed the interaction of electrical particles, and in 1821 the famous Ampère put forward and proved the theory of the connection between magnetism and electrical phenomena. The properties of the electromagnetic field were studied in depth by the Englishman M. Faraday, who also discovered the law of electromagnetic induction, which states that electrical impulses arise in a closed conducting circuit with a temporary change in the magnetic flux, and also designed the first electric generator. The work of these scientists and dozens of others lesser known led to the emergence of a new science, which the German engineer Werner von Siemens gave the name "electrical engineering".

In 1826, G.S. Ohm, after numerous experiments, put forward the law of the electrical circuit (also known as "Ohm's law"), as well as new terms: "conductivity", "electrical driving force”, “voltage of electric current”. His follower, A-M. Ampere, brought out famous rule « right hand”, i.e. determination of the directions of the flow of electric current using a magnetic needle. He also invented a device for amplifying the electric field - coils copper wires around iron cores. These developments became the forerunners of one of the main inventions in the field of electrical engineering (electromagnetic telegraph) by the German scientist Samuel Thomas Semmering.

In Russia, the inventor Alexander Lodygin came up with a light bulb that most closely resembles modern analogues: a vacuum bulb, inside of which is placed a spiral filament made of refractory tungsten. The scientist sold the rights to this invention to the American corporation General Electric, which launched them into mass production. Therefore, it would be fair to consider the Russian as the discoverer of light bulbs, although in all American physics textbooks their scientist T. Edison, who also made a significant contribution to the invention of electricity, is listed as the “father of the light bulb”.

Modern round of research

Recent grandiose discoveries in the field of electricity are associated with the name of the great Nikola Tesla, the significance and scope of which is still not appreciated. This brilliant man has invented things that have yet to be used:

• synchronous generator and asynchronous electric motor who made the industrial revolution in the modern world;
• fluorescent lamps for lighting large spaces;
• the concept of radio was introduced by Tesla a few years before the "official father" of radio - Marconi;
• remotely controlled instruments (the first was a boat on large batteries, controlled by radio);
• an engine with rotating magnetic fields (on this basis, the latest cars that do not need gasoline are now being produced);
• industrial lasers;
• "Laser Tower" - the world's first device for wireless communication, the prototype of the worldwide Internet;
• many household and industrial electrical appliances.

Modern life cannot be imagined without electricity, this type of energy is used by mankind most fully. However, not all adults are able to remember from school course physics definition of electric current (this is a directed flow of flow elementary particles having a charge), very few people understand what it is.

What is electricity

The presence of electricity as a phenomenon is explained by one of the main properties of physical matter - the ability to possess an electric charge. They are positive and negative, while objects with opposite signs are attracted to each other, and “equivalent”, on the contrary, repel. Moving particles are also the source of the magnetic field, which once again proves the connection between electricity and magnetism.

At the atomic level, the existence of electricity can be explained as follows. The molecules that make up all bodies contain atoms, made up of nuclei and electrons circulating around them. These electrons can, under certain conditions, break away from the "mother" nuclei and move to other orbits. As a result, some atoms become "understaffed" electrons, and some of them in excess.

Since the nature of electrons is such that they flow where they are lacking, the constant movement of electrons from one substance to another constitutes an electric current (from the word "flow"). It is known that electricity has a direction from the "minus" pole to the "plus" pole. Therefore, a substance with a shortage of electrons is considered positively charged, and with an excess - negatively, and it is called "ions". When it comes to contacts electrical wires, then the positively charged is called "zero", and negatively - "phase".

In different substances, the distance between atoms is different. If they are very small, the electron shells literally touch each other, so the electrons easily and quickly move from one nucleus to another and back, which creates the movement of an electric current. Substances such as metals are called conductors.

In other substances, the interatomic distances are relatively large; therefore, they are dielectrics, i.e. do not conduct electricity. First of all, it's rubber.

Additional Information. When electrons are emitted by the nuclei of matter and their movement, energy is generated that heats the conductor. This property of electricity is called "power", it is measured in watts. Also, this energy can be converted into light or another form.

For a continuous flow of electricity through the network, the potentials at the end points of the conductors (from power lines to house wiring) must be different.

The history of the discovery of electricity

What is electricity, where does it come from, and its other characteristics are fundamentally studied by the science of thermodynamics with related sciences: quantum thermodynamics and electronics.

To say that any scientist invented the electric current would be wrong, because since ancient times, many researchers and scientists have been studying it. The term “electricity” itself was introduced by the Greek mathematician Thales, this word means “amber”, since it was in experiments with an amber stick and wool that Thales managed to generate static electricity and describe this phenomenon.

The Roman Pliny also studied the electrical properties of resin, and Aristotle studied electric eels.

At a later time, the first who thoroughly began to study the properties of electric current was V. Gilbert, the doctor of the English queen. The German burgomaster from Magdeburg O.f Guericke is considered the creator of the first light bulb from a grated sulfur ball. And the great Newton brought proof of the existence of static electricity.

At the very beginning of the 18th century, the English physicist S. Gray divided substances into conductors and non-conductors, and the Dutch scientist Peter van Mushenbroek invented a Leyden jar capable of accumulating an electric charge, that is, it was the first capacitor. The American scientist and politician B. Franklin was the first to deduce the theory of electricity in scientific terms.

The entire 18th century was rich in discoveries in the field of electricity: the electrical nature of lightning was established, an artificial magnetic field was constructed, the existence of two types of charges (“plus” and “minus”) and, as a result, two poles was revealed (naturalist from the USA R. Simmer) , Coulomb discovered the law of interaction between point electric charges.

In the next century, batteries were invented (the Italian scientist Volta), an arc lamp (the Englishman Davy), as well as a prototype of the first dynamo. The year 1820 is considered the year of the birth of electrodynamic science, the Frenchman Ampère did it, for which his name was given to the unit for reading the strength of the electric current, and the Scotsman Maxwell deduced the light theory of electromagnetism. Russian Lodygin invented an incandescent lamp with a rod made of coal - the progenitor modern light bulbs. A little over a hundred years ago, the neon lamp was invented by the French scientist Georges Claude.

To this day, research and discoveries in the field of electricity continue, for example, the theory of quantum electrodynamics and the interaction of weak electric waves. Among all the scientists involved in the study of electricity, a special place belongs to Nikola Tesla - many of his inventions and theories about how electricity works are still not appreciated.

natural electricity

For a long time it was believed that electricity "in itself" does not exist in nature. This misconception was dispelled by B. Franklin, who proved the electrical nature of lightning. It was they, according to one of the versions of scientists, who contributed to the synthesis of the first amino acids on Earth.

Electricity is also generated inside living organisms, which generates nerve impulses that provide motor, respiratory and other vital functions.

Interesting. Many scientists consider the human body to be autonomous electrical system, which is endowed with the functions of self-regulation.

Representatives of the animal world also have their own electricity. For example, some fish species (eels, lampreys, stingrays, anglers, and others) use it for protection, hunting, foraging, and orientation in underwater space. A special organ in the body of these fish generates electricity and accumulates it, as in a capacitor, its frequency is hundreds of hertz, and the voltage is 4-5 volts.

Getting and using electricity

Electricity is the backbone of our time. comfortable life, therefore, humanity needs its constant development. For these purposes, various types of power plants are being built (hydroelectric, thermal, nuclear, wind, tidal and solar), capable of generating megawatts of electricity with the help of generators. This process is based on the transformation of mechanical (energy of falling water at hydroelectric power plants), thermal (burning of carbon fuel - hard and brown coal, peat at thermal power plants) or interatomic energy (atomic decay of radioactive uranium and plutonium at nuclear power plants) into electrical energy.

A lot of scientific research devoted to the electrical forces of the Earth, they all seek to use atmospheric electricity for the benefit of mankind - the generation of electricity.

Scientists have proposed many interesting current generator devices that make it possible to extract electricity from a magnet. They use abilities permanent magnets commit useful work in the form of torque. It occurs as a result of repulsion between like-charged magnetic fields on stator and rotor devices.

Electricity is more popular than all other energy sources because it has many advantages:

• easy movement to the consumer;
• quick conversion to thermal or mechanical view energy;
• new areas of its application are possible (electric vehicles);
• discovery of new properties (superconductivity).

Electricity is the movement of differently charged ions inside a conductor. This great gift from nature, which people have known since ancient times, and this process has not yet been completed, although mankind has already learned how to extract it in huge volumes. Electricity plays a huge role in the development modern society. We can say that without it, the life of most of our contemporaries will simply stop, because it is not for nothing that when the electricity is turned off, people say that they “turned off the light”.

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